Effect of barrier layer on moisture absorption of thin carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic mirror substrates

Hisamitsu Awaki; Tessei Yoshida; Chisato Oue; Nozomi Aida; Hironori Matsumoto; Tomohiro Kamiya

doi:10.1117/1.JATIS.5.4.044001

8 October 2019 Effect of barrier layer on moisture absorption of thin carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic mirror substrates

Hisamitsu Awaki, Tessei Yoshida, Chisato Oue, Nozomi Aida, Hironori Matsumoto, Tomohiro Kamiya

Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems, Vol. 5, Issue 4, 044001 (October 2019). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JATIS.5.4.044001

Abstract

Carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) has a higher strength-to-weight ratio and forming flexibility than metals, making it suitable for fabricating lightweight x-ray mirrors. However, CFRP has the disadvantages of print-through and deformation due to moisture absorption, which have prevented its use in optical mirrors. To expand the application of CFRP, we studied the formation of a moisture barrier layer on CFRP substrates. We formed a flattening layer a few micrometers thick on a CFRP substrate, following which we coated the substrate with SiO_x as a moisture barrier. The effect of moisture absorption was then evaluated using accelerated aging tests. We found that the diffusivity of the CFRP substrate at 60°C and a relative humidity of 100% was ∼2 × 10^− 6 mm² h^− 1, which is 1/500th that of the barrier-less substrate. In the tests, the moisture absorption rate increased after ∼800 h. As we observed cracks on the flattening layer after 600 h, the rate increase could be associated with these cracks. Considering the damage to the barrier layer, we propose a modified model for the time profile, which is congruent with the observed time profile of the moisture content.

1. Introduction

With the advent of telescopes, it has become possible to detect weak light and detailed structures in the universe that cannot be observed by the human eye. In the x-ray band, many discoveries have been made using x-ray telescopes. Since x-ray optics work in grazing-incidence configuration, the effective area is much smaller than the surface area of the mirror. It is difficult to fabricate the mirrors that have both a high spatial resolution and a large effective area. The design of x-ray telescopes is roughly classified into two types based on the mirror configuration: one type focuses on achieving a high spatial resolution,¹^–³ while the other focuses on achieving a large effective area.⁴^–¹² To respond to recent scientific requirements, future large facilities such as Athena and Lynx should achieve an angular resolution much better than 30 arc sec [5 arc sec half-energy diameter (HED) for Athena,¹³ 0.5 arc sec HED for Lynx¹⁴].

For developing a lightweight, high-throughput telescope with subarc min angular resolution, we study thin carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) mirror with the original monolithic Wolter-I geometry.¹⁵^–¹⁷ In our CFRP mirror, thin CFRP is used as the mirror substrate instead of the thin aluminum foil often used in the conventional lightweight telescopes such as ASCA XRT. A smooth surface on the CFRP substrate can be formed using a replication method.¹⁵ CFRP has a low specific weight of $\sim 1.7$ , which is 0.6 times that of aluminum. Furthermore, the coefficient of elasticity of CFRP is 7 times that of aluminum, while its coefficient of thermal expansion is two orders lower than that of aluminum. Moreover, the forming flexibility of CFRP makes it possible to form original monolithic Wolter-I substrates. The monolithic Wolter-I mirror has the advantage of reducing the degradation of image performance due to alignment errors, and the reduction of the alignment error is particularly important to manufacture a large-area telescope. However, there are known disadvantages of using CFRP as a substrate for high-precision optics¹⁸^–²⁸ and, in particular, x-ray mirrors.²⁹ One is the microscale deformation of the substrate surface, which is called print-through. Print-through is caused by both the cure shrinkage of resin and the difference of thermal expansion coefficient between the resin and the carbon fiber. We previously demonstrated that it is possible to reduce the effect of print-through in the replication process.³⁰ Another disadvantage of CFRP is the long-term deformation resulting from the aging effect due to the swelling phenomenon. The swelling phenomenon is caused by moisture absorption, which originates from the resin. Sugita et al.³¹ measured the deformation of a CFRP substrate after drying and moisture absorption and found that the history of drying and moisture absorption influence the deformation. Thus, it is crucial to make the change of the moisture content in CFRP small, in order to suppress the deformation. One method that reduces the effect of moisture absorption utilizes a barrier layer on the CFRP surface. We previously coated a thin CFRP substrate with functional sheets having a low water-vapor transmissivity and found that such coating is effective for reducing moisture absorption.³¹

Although it is easy to laminate a flat CFRP substrate with functional sheets, it might not be easy to laminate a CFRP substrate with a complex geometry, such as Wolter-I optics. Thus, in the present study, we coated a moisture barrier layer on the CFRP substrate, instead of using functional sheets, and evaluated its moisture absorption effect by using accelerated aging tests. We previously found that the time profile of moisture absorption in a CFRP substrate with a barrier layer cannot be reproduced by a simple diffusion model.³¹ To evaluate the effect of the moisture barrier, in the present study, a model characterizing the time profile of the moisture absorption is proposed to represent the time profile considering damage to the moisture barrier.

2. Fabrication of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Sample

2.1.

Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Substrate

In the fabrication of flat CFRP substrates for studying the moisture barrier, we utilized a prepreg sheet as the substrate material. Prepreg is a reinforcing fabric that has been preimpregnated with a resin. By including the proper curing agent for the resin, it is easy to fabricate the CFRP substrate by laying the prepreg into a mold and by applying pressure and heat to the laminate for curing. Commercial prepregs also have the advantages of uniformity and repeatability. We used the UD prepreg sheet for our experiment, which consists of high-elasticity-type pitch fibers with epoxy resin and is developed by Nippon Graphite Fiber (model no. E7026B-05S). The thickness of the prepreg is $50 μ m$ . Table 1 lists the properties of the prepreg sheets. The molds for CFRP-forming are 10-mm-thick float-plate glasses that hold the prepreg sheets on the top and bottom sets. We adopted quasi-isotropic 8-ply lamination with the laminated constitution of [0/45/−45/90] s. Further details are described in our previous report.³¹

Table 1

Properties of the prepreg sheets used in our experiment.

Model no.	E7026B-05S
Thickness	$50 μ m$
Fiber	YSH-70A
Filament diameter	$7 μ m$
Resin content	35%

After laminating the prepreg sheets on the mold, we employed a vacuum-bagging method for applying pressure on the laminated prepreg. In this method, both the prepregs and the mold are bagged with seal film and pressed at atmospheric pressure. The laminate was cured for 3 h at 130°C in the vacuum bag. The CFRP substrates were $\sim 100 - mm$ wide, 100-mm long, and 0.38-mm thick.

2.2.

Barrier Coating

We previously performed a precursor experiment for a moisture barrier in 2015.³¹ In that experiment, both sides of a CFRP substrate were covered with a moisture barrier film, and it was noted that a moisture barrier film with low water-vapor transmissibility of $< 0.1 g \cdot m^{- 2} \cdot {day}^{- 1}$ showed high-barrier properties. In particular, a barrier film coated with ${SiO}_{x}$ worked well. However, as mentioned previously, it would not be easy to deposit the film on a CFRP substrate with a complex geometry. Thus, in the present study, we performed barrier coating on the CFRP substrate instead of depositing a barrier film.

First, we performed direct ${SiO}_{x}$ barrier coating on a CFRP substrate by conventional plasma chemical vapor deposition method. In this method, the monomer gas (HMDSO) is decomposed in a vacuum chamber so that a thin ${SiO}_{x}$ layer is formed on the CFRP. However, the coating did not work well, because a thin layer of ${SiO}_{x}$ was not uniformly formed on the substrate owing to irregularities on the substrate. Next, we formed a flattening layer on the CFRP substrate prior to coating ${SiO}_{x}$ on the CFRP substrate. We fabricated two samples, sample 1 (ID 180829) and sample 2 (ID180831), for evaluating the reproducibility of the effects of the moisture barrier. The flattening layer of sample 2 was successfully formed on the substrate, while a small portion of the flattening layer of sample 1 was removed from the substrate because the CFRP substrate repelled the gel used for forming the flattening layer. Figure 1 shows a picture of sample 2. Figure 2 displays a thickness measurement of the flattening layer. This figure was obtained by using the OLS4000 three-dimensional (3-D) Laser Measuring Microscope (Olympus Co. Ltd.), which has the capability to measure multiple layers of transparent material. As the flattening layer on the CFRP substrate is transparent, we can measure the surface of both the flattening layer and the carbon fibers in CFRP. We estimated the thickness of the flattening layer as a few micrometers through this measurement. Note that the ${SiO}_{x}$ coating is so thin that we cannot recognize it in this measurement. The surface roughness of the substrate after ${SiO}_{x}$ coating was measured to be a few tens of nanometers with a low-frequency cutoff ( $cutoff wavelength = 80 μ m$ ) by using OLS4000.

Fig. 1

A picture of sample 2 (ID 180831). The size is 100-mm square.

Fig. 2

Thickness measurement of the flattening layer obtained using a 3-D laser measuring microscope. This is a type of cross-sectional view of the CFRP with the flattening layer, although the bright part in this panel displays the surface viewed from above.

3. Moisture Absorption

3.1.

Test of Moisture Absorption

The CFRP mirror will experience moisture absorption due to the humid air during storage on the ground even if the mirror is used in space. Thus, the moisture absorption on the ground should be minimized to reduce the deformation of the CFRP substrate. Since a low water transmissivity was expected due to the water barrier layer on the CFRP, we performed accelerated moisture absorption tests on the flat CFRP substrate at 60°C and a relative humidity (RH) of 100%. The absorption rate was estimated to be $\sim 180$ times that in a laboratory environment.³¹ The following test procedure was employed.

1. The sample was dried in a thermal vacuum environment for 72 h at 60°C.
2. The weight [ $W_{d}$ in Eq. (1)] of the sample under the dried condition was measured.
3. The sample was exposed to the moist environment at 60°C and an RH of 100%.
4. The weight [ $W_{w}$ in Eq. (1)] of the sample was measured.
5. Steps (3) and (4) were repeated.

The weight was measured with the electric balance HJ-320 produced by Shinko Denshi Co. Ltd. The repeatability of the measurement is 0.001 g. In step (3), the sample was placed in a closed container during the test. In the container, the sample was mounted above the surface of a pool of deionized water. The container was placed in an isothermal oven, following which the inside of the container was conditioned to an RH of 100% at 60°C. In step (4), the sample had moisture on the surface immediately after taking it out of the container. Therefore, we wiped the moisture and waited a few minutes for the sample to cool to the laboratory temperature. It took $\sim 5$ to 10 min to measure the weight, which is considered as lost time in the estimation of duration.

The moisture content $M$ of the sample was estimated as

Eq. (1)

M (%) = \frac{W_{w} - W_{d}}{W_{d}} 100 .

Figure 3 shows the time profiles of moisture content. For determining the effect of the moisture barrier, we also plotted the time profile of a sample without a moisture barrier (no coating in Fig. 3). This time profile is quoted from a previous report.³¹ As expected, the moisture absorption rates of samples 1 and 2 are less than that without the moisture barrier and the moisture content of sample 1 is greater than that of sample 2. This is caused by the defect of the flattening layer, as mentioned in Sec. 2.2. The absorption rate increases after a duration of $\sim 800 h$ . Around a duration of 600 h, cracks on the moisture barrier were observed in both samples 1 and 2. In sample 1, we observed another type of damage—specifically, circular damage on the moisture layer around a duration of 100 h—and the number of circular damage patterns increased with time. The circular damage consists of many small lumpy structures (see Fig. 4). The 3-D measurement of the circular damage indicates that the small lumpy structure is caused by the detachment of the moisture barrier from the substrate. The detachment is likely the result of weak attachment of the flattening layer of sample 1, owing to the water repelling.

Fig. 3

Time profiles of moisture content with respect to duration in units of hours.

Fig. 4

Circular damage observed in sample 2 after the moisture absorption test. (a) Color image of the circular damage and (b) 3-D image of the circular region in (a).

3.2.

Evaluation of Moisture Barrier

It is known that the diffusion of moisture in CFRP follows Fick’s law.³²^,³³ The moisture content with respect to time is expressed as

Eq. (2)

M (t) = M_{m} \cdot 4 \sqrt{\frac{D t}{π h^{2}}}, \frac{D t}{h^{2}} \leq 0.05, M (t) = M_{m} \cdot [1 - \frac{8}{π^{2}} \exp (\frac{- π^{2} D t}{h^{2}})], \frac{D t}{h^{2}} > 0.05,

where

D

is the diffusivity of CFRP,

h

is the thickness of CFRP, and

M_{m}

is the saturated moisture content. We previously pointed out that the time profiles of moisture content with a moisture barrier were not well fitted with a simple diffusion model, because the damage of the moisture barrier induced an increase in the moisture absorption.³¹ As expected, the time profiles in Fig. 3 were not well fitted with the simple model, and damage to the barrier was observed. Therefore, we propose a modified model that considers the damage.

We assume that the increase rate of the damage area is proportional to the current damage area. The undamaged area $A$ is expressed as

\frac{d A}{d t} = - α A .

The damage area is deduced to be $A_{m} [1 - \exp (- α t)]$ , where $A_{m}$ is the total area of the substrate. Because a CFRP substrate is so thin that the timescale for moisture to diffuse in the thickness direction is smaller than that for damage to progress, the moisture content is considered to be virtually proportional to the damage area. Thus, the moisture content, $M_{d} (t)$ , caused by the damage is expressed as $M_{d} (t) = M_{dm} [1 - \exp (- α t)]$ , where $M_{dm}$ is the saturated moisture content caused by damage. As the damage was observed at a duration of $\sim 600 h$ , it is considered that a threshold ( $t_{th}$ ) exists in the duration at which moisture absorption is affected by the damage. Thus, the equation of $M_{d} (t)$ should be modified as

Eq. (3)

M_{d} (t) = M_{dm} {1 - \exp [- α (t - t_{th})]}, t > t_{th} .

There is an upper limit on the moisture content, which is equal to the sum of the upper limits of Eqs. (2) and (3). The increase in the moisture content resulting from the damage causes a decrease in components from diffusion. The effect is taken into account by resetting $M_{m} = M_{up} - M_{d} (t)$ and $M_{dm} = M_{dm} - M (t)$ in Eqs. (2) and (3), where $M_{up}$ is the upper limit of moisture content.

We fitted our data with the proposed model. In the fitting, we fixed $M_{up}$ at 1.5%, which is the saturated value in the sample without the coating. The best-fit parameters are listed in Table 2, and the best-fit curves are shown in Fig. 5. The dotted and dashed lines in Fig. 5 display the moisture content resulting from diffusion and damage, respectively. The time profiles are well fitted with this model with a reduced $χ^{2}$ of $\sim 1.2$ . The diffusivity $D$ of the coated samples is $\sim 1 / 500$ times that of the sample without the coating. Furthermore, the diffusivity of the coated samples is less than that of the moisture barrier film samples and virtually equal to that of the cocured sample with Super-Inver foil in our previous report ( $2.10 \times 10^{- 6}$ ).³¹ This result indicates that the moisture barrier works well. The small diffusivity of the order of $10^{- 6}$ is caused by the absence of a barrier coating on the side of the CFRP substrates, and the difference between samples 1 and 2 is attributed to the deficit of the flattening layer of sample 1. The fitting results indicate that the damage properties of sample 1 are consistent with those of sample 2, although there are many circular damage patterns in sample 1. It is likely that the barrier layer in the circular damage region detached from the substrate while maintaining similar barrier performance to that of sample 2. If the method of forming the barrier layer is similar, it will exhibit the same performance.

Table 2

List of best-fit parameters.

	D (×10−6 mm2 h−1)	α (×10−4 h−1)	tth (h)	Mup	χ2/degree of freedom
Sample 1	$3.50 \pm 0.83$	$12.5 \pm 3.6$	$730 \pm 200$	1.5% (fix)	15.6 (15)
Sample 2	$1.15 \pm 0.24$	$9.5 \pm 1.1$	$883 \pm 72$	1.5% (fix)	18.8 (15)
No coating	$968 \pm 32$	—	—	1.5% (fix)	—

Note: errors: 1σ level.

Fig. 5

Moisture contents of (a) sample 1 and (b) sample 2. Because the moisture content is a function of the square root of duration in Fick’s law, we plot the data as a function of the square root of duration. The dotted and dashed lines represent the moisture content resulting from diffusion and damage, respectively.

4. Summary and Conclusions

We have evaluated the performance of the ${SiO}_{x}$ barrier coating on the thin CFRP substrate. In the moisture absorption test, under a condition of 60°C and an RH of $\sim 100 %$ , the acceleration rate was estimated to be $\sim 180$ times that in the laboratory environment. We obtained a high barrier performance equivalent to that with the Super-Inver foil reported previously, while the rate of moisture absorption increased at a duration of $\sim 800 h$ , which corresponds to 16 years in the laboratory environment. The diffusivity of the samples with a barrier was only $\sim 1 / 500$ times that of the sample without a barrier. Cracks on the barrier layer of both samples 1 and 2 were observed at $\sim 600 h$ , and the number of damages increased with time. Thus, we consider that the increase of the moisture content could be induced by these damages.

To evaluate the effect of the moisture barrier, the time profile of the moisture content should be modeled accurately. We proposed a modified model that considers the damage to the moisture barrier, instead of the simple diffusive model based on Fick’s law. The observed time profile was well fitted with the proposed model. The time profile of the moisture content caused by damage was characterized in the model with $α$ of $\sim 10^{- 3} h^{- 1}$ and $t_{th}$ of $\sim 800 h$ . The time profile of sample 1 was virtually identical to that of sample 2. If the method of forming the barrier layer is similar, it will exhibit the same performance.

The formation of the barrier layer on the CFRP will suppress the deformation of the CFRP products due to the change in humidity so that it leads to the opening of the application of CFRP mirrors to the astronomical field. This barrier technology will be useful for x-ray mirrors that require a long-term stability in space. In our development of the CFRP mirror, the dimension stability of the CFRP mirror will be evaluated.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to C. Watanabe and M. Kuroshima for their support in the fabrication and measurement of the carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) substrate, as well as to Dai Nippon Printing Co. Ltd. for coating ${SiO}_{x}$ on the CFRP substrates. This work was financially supported by both Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI (Grant Nos. 17K18782 and 15H02070) (HA) and Ehime University (Research Unit). The development of the CFRP mirror has been advanced based on the results of SPring-8 experiments (2016B1291 and 2017B1098). The authors have no relevant financial interests in the paper and no other potential conflicts of interest to disclose.

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Hisamitsu Awaki, Tessei Yoshida, Chisato Oue, Nozomi Aida, Hironori Matsumoto, and Tomohiro Kamiya "Effect of barrier layer on moisture absorption of thin carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic mirror substrates," Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems 5(4), 044001 (8 October 2019). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JATIS.5.4.044001

Received: 9 May 2019; Accepted: 16 September 2019; Published: 8 October 2019

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KEYWORDS

Absorption

Mirrors

Coating

Diffusion

X-rays

Aluminum

Humidity

1.

Introduction

2.

Fabrication of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Sample