A method based on the Zernike coefficients transformation is proposed for the wavefront sensing of a sparse aperture system. We deduce a matrix that allows the Zernike transformation between the sub-apertures’ wavefronts and the global counterparts in a sparse aperture system. With the matrix and the given global aberrations, the aberrations of the sub-apertures can be calculated through the transformation. The simulation results indicate that the increase of filling factor of the sparse aperture system could lead to the increase of orders of the Zernike polynomials, which describe the sub-aperture’s wavefront. The root mean square value of the detected Zernike coefficients of the sub-aperture is determined by its azimuth angle when the filling factor is fixed.
The use of sparse aperture can reduce the size and weight of the large aperture telescope. The sphere or aspheric surface commonly used is difficult to increase the field of view of the system and improve the image quality. Compared with spherical or aspherical surfaces, optical freeform surface has more design freedoms. This paper designs a two-mirror sparse aperture telescope. The primary mirror is made of three sub-mirrors arranged in the Golay3 configuration while the primary is a freeform surface defined by Zernike polynomials. The results show that the full field of view increases up to 0.32° in the optical system when the primary mirror uses a freeform surface. The image quality meets the requirements form its modulation transfer function.
Sparse aperture structure can solve the problems that single-aperture structure with large aperture is difficult to process. It can solve the problem that large aperture is easy to be deformed and can reduce the weight and size of the optical system. The most ideal state of the sparse aperture is to obtain more light information with the smallest light-passing area. The current goal is to obtain the best image quality by researching the arrangement of sparse aperture. However, most of the current sparse aperture structures have the same sub-aperture’s diameter, which leads to a rapid decline of system's modulation transfer function in the mid-frequency band. In this paper, the structure of three sub-apertures surrounding the large sub-aperture called quasi four-mirror structure is proposed through theoretical analysis and MATLAB simulation. The proportion of the diameter of the central mirror of the structure and the diameter of the surrounding sub-aperture is established. This proportional relation can ensure that the actual cutoff frequency is maximized while the filling factor of the entire system is minimized, thereby obtaining higher frequency information. The structure also has a feature that allows uniform acquisition of the mid-frequency information to obtain more detail information of image. The results of imaging simulation show that the imaging quality of the structure is better than that of the four-mirror structure when the filling factor and the light-passing area are equal. The sparse aperture structure of the quasi four-mirror structure proposed in this paper can be applied not only to large-scale astronomical telescopes, but also to medical endoscopes.
Sparse aperture optical system is arranged by a number of small apertures or reflective optical systems according to certain rules. It reduces the processing difficulty, the weight and the cost of the telescope system while its resolution is equivalent to that of a single-aperture telescope system. In this paper, the Cassegrain telescope system with three sub-mirror sparse aperture primary mirror as the spherical surface is used as the initial structure and optimized. The freeform surface is introduced into the sparse aperture optical system to increase the freedoms of optical design, balance aberrations and improve the imaging quality. On this basis, the three sub-mirror sparse aperture with freeform surface is designed and its image quality is analyzed.
A method of measuring water colority based on HSV chromaticity (H hue, S saturation, V value) system is proposed. The measurement system is composed of halogen lamp, sample cell and spectrometer. The spectrum data of transmission light captured by spectrometer is used to calculate the XYZ tristimulus values which is then converted to HSV chromaticity. The colority and saturation value shows a good functional relationship which is calibrated in the experiment. Therefore the water colority can be calculated by the saturation in the HSV chromaticity. Since the hue value is acquired at the same time, the method can be adopted to test water sample with different hue. Moreover, the V value is an independent component, so the instability of light source has no influence on the measurement. The colority obtained by the calibrated function coincides with the standard solution.
KEYWORDS: Imaging systems, Sensing systems, Objectives, Genetic algorithms, Error analysis, Contrast transfer function, System on a chip, Optical transfer functions, Americium, Physics
The phase diversity wave-front sensing (PDWFS) technique is a posteriori image-based wave-front sensing method which utilizes two images collected simultaneously whose pupil phase differs from each other in a known manner, typically the defocus phase diversity. Here, we present a new method of implementing phase diversity on the sparse aperture imaging system that adds an intentional piston phase to one subaperture. The objective function is firstly derived for the sparse aperture imaging system, then the genetic algorithm is used to minimize the objective function to estimate the piston errors of the subapertures. Digital simulations are conducted for varying amounts of piston phase diversity and levels of noise, the performance of sub-aperture phase diversity is evaluated by comparing with the conventional defocus phase diversity. The results show that the conventional defocus phase diversity performs better than the sub-aperture phase diversity when there is no noise, while the sub-aperture phase diversity outperforms the conventional defocus phase diversity when the noise strength increases. Sub-aperture phase diversity may be an useful alternative if the conventional defocus phase diversity method fails.
In order to eliminate the noise in images acquired by the sparse aperture system, the modeling and filtering of electrical and optical noise are analyzed by the case of three-mirror aperture optical system. The study shows that the median filter can be applied to remove Gauss and salt & pepper noise, meanwhile high-pass filter with Gauss function can eliminate the influence of non-uniform illuminating on imaging. The Lucy-Richardson algorithm is used to restore the image, by which the resolution is heightened.
KEYWORDS: Wavefront sensors, Imaging systems, System on a chip, Monte Carlo methods, Numerical simulations, Error analysis, Americium, Fourier transforms, Zernike polynomials, Deconvolution
The phase diversity wavefront sensing (PDWFS) technique is an a posteriori image-based wavefront sensing technique which has been successfully implemented to the Hubble Space Telescope. The analytical form for the phase diversity Cramér-Rao lower bound(CRLB) of Golay3 aperture is firstly derived. Monte Carlo analysis of the PDWFS CRLB is used due to the dependence of CRLB on the true values of aberration parameters being estimated. Then the ensemble average of mean-squared errors(MSE) quantities of CRLB is used to evaluate the performance of imaging schemes with different photon distributions and different amounts of defocus. The numerical simulation shows that for a point source target, if a third image implies the inclusion of extra photons, the MSE would be reduced to a degree in accordance with the amount of the extra photons, the MSE remains nearly unchanged if the totoal photons is finite, no matter for a two-channel or a three-channel system. We also find that varying the defocus of one image becomes meaningless if the defocus of the other image is at a high level.
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