From Event: SPIE OPTO, 2019
In two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as black phosphorus, the hysteresis attributed to surface and interfacial disorder can severely limit applications in electronics. In this work, we characterize the hysteresis in Al2O3-encapsulated black phosphorous samples by studying conductivity switching transients in response to an applied step gate bias. Using the dispersive diffusion model for relaxation in disordered systems, the so-called bimolecular and unimolecular recombination limits were observed in low-disorder pristine and high-disorder oxidized BP samples, respectively. Two different heavy-tail lineshapes ( the algebraic decay and the stretched exponential relaxation ) were clearly distinguished in the low- and high-disorder limits, respectively. The parameterization of these transients allows temperature dependence of the line-fit parameters to be tracked. If interpreted under the continuous time random walk model, the observed temperature dependence of the dispersion parameter beta would result from a disorder-induced tail of localized trap states.
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Matthew Grayson, Lintao Peng, Spencer Wells, and Mark Hersam, "Characterizing hysteresis in 2D materials via heavy-tail switching transients in black phosphorous (Conference Presentation)," Proc. SPIE 10926, Quantum Sensing and Nano Electronics and Photonics XVI, 109262B (Presented at SPIE OPTO: February 07, 2019; Published: 8 March 2019); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2514105.6009104752001.