Theory of spin-charge conversion effects in spintronics are presented in terms of correlation functions of physical observables, spin and electric current. Direct and inverse spin Hall effects and spin pumping effect are studied considering metallic systems with random spin-orbit interaction and spatially nonuniform Rashba interaction. The theory is free from ambiguity associated with spin current, and provides a clear physical picture of the spin-charge conversion effects. In the present approach, the spin current transmission efficiency turns out essentially to be the nonuniform component of magnetic susceptibility.

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Gen Tatara, "Spintronics theory without spin current (Conference Presentation)," Proc. SPIE 11090, Spintronics XII, 110900E (Presented at SPIE Nanoscience + Engineering: August 11, 2019; Published: 10 September 2019); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2528093.6083790610001.