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The field of solid state image sensors is very diversified in design, technology and applications. It covers linear as well as two-dimensional imaging arrays, monolithic silicon IC's as well as hybrid devices, infra-red as well as UV sensing and measuring, astronomical, facsimile and video equipment.
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This paper describes an extension of the MTF concept to solid state imagers optically coupled to fiber-optic faceplates. An analysis of the image formation is presented and the limitations of the conventional MTF concept are discussed. An MTF simulation is performed for a fiber-optic faceplate with a 5μm fiber diameter, a line-scan CCD image sensor with a 13μm pixel pitch and the same sensor optically coupled to the faceplate. The MTFs of the sensor with and without the faceplate, measured using a knife-edge technique, are compared to the simulated MTFs and found to be in good agreement provided that imperfect Extra Mural Absorption (EMA) is included in the analysis.
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This paper presents some results OTIMed in our Laboratories in the field of low light level detection. In order to read out images from electronic tubes and to convert them into video signals, both fibre optic coupled CCD's (FO-CCD's) and thinned backside electron bombarded CCD's (EB-CCD's) nave peen investigated. Tne present studies are pased on several versions of the NXA 1010 solid state image sensor from Philips, whicn includes two interlaced fields of 604 H x 288 V pixels, in a frame transfer structure. The performance of F0-NXA 1010 and of EB-NXA 1010 is described in the scope of their application in low light level TV cameras, including eitner 1st or 2nd generation image intensifiers and CCD's.
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Infrared (IR) imaging is the remote sensing of the spatial and time variations in the intensity of IR radiation emitted or reflected from a scene. The applications are mainly military (missile seekers, reconnaissance and surveillance, target detection and tracking ...), industrial, geologic and medical. The ever increasing demands on the performances of military thermal imaging has contributed to a growing effort devoted to sensors in the last 10 years, leading to the implementation of solid state focal plane arrays (FPAS). The key issue was to achieve a large number of sensitive IR detectors and readout circuits with uniform photoresponse and large signal to noise ratio to approach Background LImited Performances (BLIP).
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A linear CCD-imager has been developed for detection of gas-phase electron diffraction patterns. The gain of the photosites is calculated and compared with experimental results. The influence of the process modification for optimal electron gain, on optical and electrical characteristics is discussed.
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A focal plane for the Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) is presented. It consists of 10 elementary modules of 300 InGaAs photodiodes multiplexed by a silicon CCD, butted to form a line of 3000 detectors. NEP is 5.10-13 W.
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Photovoltaic or photoconductive devices employing Hg1-xCdx Te alloys (MCI), have a widespread range of infrared detection applications, recently extended to the 1.3 μm and 1.5 μm channels of fibre optical communications. The IR image detection with a high quality, including modern focal plane imaging techniques, needs a high degree of perfection of the electronic characteristics of the monocrystalline MCT layers. This implies a good control over the structural properties of the crystals and for this purpose an understanding of the MCT Material Science specific properties is expected to delimit the actual application range of these narrow-gap semiconductors. In this talk, a particular emphasis is put upon the problem of lattice mismatch-induced defects of bulk and interfaces in MCT hetero-epitaxial layers (grown on various substra-tes as Cd Te, InSb, GaAs.. etc...) and this shows that the epitaxial growth of tviCT is not merely a straightforward extrapolation of the successful III- V semiconductor methods.
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This paper presents a hybrid IRCCD-detector, consisting of a PV-InSb-detectorarray with 2 * 32 detectorelements in' "staggered-array-configuration" and of two symmetrical Si-CCD-circuits, each with 32 parallel coupling-stages. The IRCCD-hybrids are mounted into a dewar housing.
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Pyroelectric PVDF detectors have been designed and elaborated from a biaxially oriented material which is poled through the standard method (electric field-temperature). A model of this process based on the ARRHENIUS law has been derived. Increase of the properties of the detector is achieved by the deposition of an absorbing layer on top, by using a me-chanical attachment allowing shocks and vibrations absorption to reduce the piezoelectric effects and by matching the detector with the following preamplifier. Approach to a linear array is presented.
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Arrays with more than 1000 infrared detectors are now available, making easier the design of powerful infrared thermal imagers. Two major drawbacks have to be solved: inhomogeneities of responses and aliasing created by undersampling. The solutions of these problems must take in account the whole chain from source to signal processing.
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There is a continuing growth of interest in the uncooled Thermal Detectors of infrared radiation. Of the thermal detectors, the pyro-electric and dielectric properties of the ferroelectric materials remain as the most promising route for high performance sensors. This paper reviews some of the key areas for research in ferroelectric detector arrays.
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Pushbroom or linear image sensors are gaining interest for earth observation instruments, due to their good signal to noise ratio. As most remote sensing applications deal with absolute radiometry, not only the short term accuracy, but also the long term stability of the imager is of utmost importance. This paper discusses the low frequency noise properties of MOS devices because they usually are the most dominant noise source in the imager architecture.
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Photocathodes allow the detection of a wide spectrum of photon energies, ranging from the near infrared to the soft X-rays. Multiplication of the photoelectrons by secondary emission and conversion into photons by luminescence are used in an important family of photoelectronic imaging detectors : the image intensifiers and image converters.
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Image intensification has been widely used in the last decades in several fields of application. Inbetween military night vision and medical X-ray diagnosis, a number of scientific and industrial techniques make use of image intensification.
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This system has been designed to perform real time correlation of events coming from crossed beam collision experiments. The detectors utilize two microchannel plates and a resistive and capacitive collector to compute the impact point coordinates of the collision products using the rise time method. A coincidence technics allows a time-correlation of the detected events.
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Among the magnetic-focus Vidicons, the replacement of magnetic deflection by electrostatic-deflection provides a high image quality on a larger format and advantages for the camera portability and versatibility. In addition, the mechanical ruggedness of the tube is improved.
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We report work in progress in a development programme to produce a high gain photon event counting image intensifier intended for use as the primary detector in an image photon counting system for use on large telescopes. The intensifier uses two microchannel plates in the 'chevron' configuration with proximity focusing for electron image transfer.
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For maximum efficiency, the spectrograph and the receiver have been studied simultaneously, during all the phases of the project. The "Casshawec" spectrograph is used at the Cassegrain focus of the C.F.H. Telescope. The optical system is of the type called "a pupille blanche" (white pupil"). This system is luminous and also it is very convenient for electronographic receivers. The camera is similar to the electrostatic cameras already used, but with an increased diameter (40 mm), an electronic magnification of 0.6 and a plate holder containing 24 plates. The spectrograph equiped with the camera has been used succes-sfully on the sky, in March 1986. It has been possible to study extendedoobjects, with a slit having an height on the sky equal to 6', a dispersion of 21 Å/mm, at 0 0 4000 Å, and a resolution of 0,5 Å.
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The viewing range, for a give optical system, is porposed as figure of merit fot the comparison of image intensifiers. This range may be equally computed or measured provided all parameters are perfectly kept under control. This is illustrated by a comparison between 2nd And 3rd generation wafer tubes. The new super 2nd generation of Philips, analysed in this way, appears to compare favourably with just-at-dpecifications 3rd generation tube.
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X-ray microscopy with synchrotron radiation is a way of obtaining, on biological objects, informations which can be different of what is seen with usual microscopes and microanalysers. Living specimens can be observed and x-ray absorption analysis can be performed by scanning the wavelength during observation. Contact imaging with a photoelectronic high resolution detector is a possible approach to this problem. It has been applied to a x-ray microscope which is now mounted on one of LURE's beam lines, for alignments. First x-ray images at low magnification have been obtained.
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The subject of this paper is a computer-programmable method which makes possible to evaluate the focusing properties of real image converters. The proposed method is based on the electron trajectory calculation.
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Photochemical reactions are the oldest and most widely used base for image recording. Especially silver halide compounds combine - in the same medium - high sensitivity to light for detection with extremely high capacity for storage.
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The performance of silver halide as a detector is reviewed with respect to theoretical limits, and sources of inefficiency are identified. A brief comparison is made with electronic sensors, focusing on the requirements of astronomical imaging.
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Phase reflection holograms have been made by processing diluted emulsions in semiphysical developers. The silver concentration of the emulsion, the exposure, and the activity of the developer, which determine the colloidal silver formation in these holograms, are investigated.
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Transmission and reflection silver-halide gelatin holograms are recorded starting with Agfa 8E75 HD plates and the processing conditions to optimize their properties are investigated. It is shown that silver-halide gelatin is an alternative to dichromated gelatin for the fabrication of high-efficiency, low-noise transmission holographic optical elements. Concerning reflection elements,several promising results are presented.
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This session on medical imaging, introduced by the invited paper given by C. BENCHIMOL, is a good illustration of the variety of the techniques used in this field largely dominated by X-ray imaging. In particular for this application, different papers show results of works on the caracterization or the improvement of X-ray detectors such as film screen systems (M. MIRANDE et al) or laser stimulated screens (M. CUZIN).
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The development of medical imaging modalities such as X-ray Computer Tomography (C.T.) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (M.R.I.) have made possible the availability of geometrically accurate three dimensional data of the human anatomy. However, these data are obtained in the form of a series of slices or in a three dimensional scalar field. Obviously, the human visual perception process is not at all adapted to this type of abstract objects as opposed to the usual world which consists of opaque surfaces occulting each other.
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The modulation transfer function, noise power spectrum and sensitometric response which are the most significant parameters for characterising the image information transfer efficiency of screen-film systems have been determined experimentally on various systems used in medical X-ray diagnosis. By use of an equation introduced by Dainty and Shaw /2/ the Detective Quantum Efficiency DQE has been calculated from these parameters. In particular the low spatial frequency aspects of the noise power spectrum and of the DQE, which are the ones most relevant in medical X-ray diagnosis, will be considered in more detail.
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Tomography by film requires quantitative measurement of the Radon transform of an object from its radiography. In order to get rid of Compton scattering we propose to use a multihole collimator arrangement with two reception levels. Informations are combined to obtain an x-ray image free of scattered radiation on which calibration is achieved.
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L'utilisation de materiaux mdmorisant des doses faibles de rayons X ou gamma (de type BaFC1) est envisagde pour l'imagerie. L'information est lue par un laser qui scrute l'image latente point par point. Quelques parametres intervenant dans la qualitd d'image sont examines.
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Color CCD endoscopes with sequential three color illuminations have the advantage of a high spatial resolution but are sensitive to object motion. A digital method for the restoration of color-shifted images is proposed.
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We describe an X-ray solid state detector of 1024 pixels. We give the principle of operation, the performance, and mention the main advantages of using this detector in the industrial non destructive testing systems and medical radiologic systems.
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X ray to visible conversion is performed in an array of scintillating optical fibers designed for contact imaging with synchrotron radiation. The advantages of the device in terms of spatial resolution and detection quantum efficiency for high-flux imaging over 5 keV are discussed. We present experimental results with a scintillating liquid core fiber array of 10 μm spatial resolution.
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The different image sensors using a photoconductor as X ray to electric charges converter and optical techniques for image adressing or read out are reviewed, with a special attention to Bi12SiO20 X ray photoconductor.
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A prototype inexpensive analog microcomputer-based optical pseudocolor encoder has been developed for applications in diagnostic imaging. The system is capable of handling a large amount of information and has a high signal to noise ratio. It may be useful as a relatively economical means for transforming gray-scale images into color coded images. Pseudocoloring may be beneficial in achieving better diagnostic accuracy over gray-scale display because it has been shown to be able to increase the sensitivity of the observer to the display and it allows multi parameter presentation.
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Non-destructive tomographic images for a semi-transparent bottle and fingers of man have been obtained in real time by using HAMAMATSU C1587 synchroscan streak camera and a colliding pulse mode locked ring dye laser which emits 615nm laser pulses with 100 femtosecond duration, as a probe. This new technique, Laser pulse tomography, has been invented by adopting the streak camera to analyze time delays of reflected and transmitted light from/through the object. Experimentally, spatial resolutions of approx. 1 mm for the tomographic direction and approx. 0.4 mm for the spatial direction on the objects have been achieved for the first time.
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This session was the heart of the conference. J.M. WOZNICKI presented a routine for calculation of the polychromatic transfer function of an image intensifier. Starting with electrons energetic and spatial distributions of the photocathode, and with the electrostatic data of the electron device, the program is able to give numerically the polychromatic transfer function of any real device. Results were presented, computed over nine optical wavelengths, giving a low chromatism which was found rather optimistic by one attendee.
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The ultimate limit in image processing is imposed by the quantum nature of light. This short review covers three recent developments in quantum-limited analysis: triple correlation techniques, image recognition' and classification and space-time image processing.
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Polychromatic MTF evaluation method using electron trajectory analysis is presented. Two procedures which leads to essential decrease of the computing time are proposed.
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1.1, The Staring Array Imaging System RSRE and Mullard have been developing 8-12um 2-D Cadmium Mercury Telluride (CMT) detector arrays for several years. More recently 3-5um CCD 2D CMT arrays have also become available. RSRE amd Marconi Command and Control Systems (MCCS) have developed an experimental modular staring array thermal imaging sytem (MIDGE). This imager can be used to evaluate the performance of the various array formats now availabe and also used to try out different image processing techniques. The imager will accept all the now currently available formats and is capable of expansion to 256 x 256 elements. It is computer controlled and linear calibration non uniformity correction is applied to all detectors at the frame rate. Images can be transferred to another computer, processing is done to 16 bits, with 12 bits output, and 8 bits display.
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This paper discusses the applicatton of a signal processtng technique known as Adaptive Noise Cancellatton to the problem of reductng notse Levels at the output of an Infrared detector. The detection system is considered to relation to self-modulating sources. Two forms of adaptive processing are compared and both methods are shown to improve signal-to-noise ratio and thus increase detector performance.
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By analogy with optics, the spatial resolution of image sensors is generally characterized by the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF). This notion assumes that the system concerned has the same properties as a linear filter, which is not the case for integrated image sensors, since they have a discrete photoelement structure. These sensors must in fact be considered as integral samplers. It is possible to extend the notion of MTF to them by giving simultaneously the characteristic function, of the pixel and the photoelement pitch. But sampling involves various phenomena occuring in the Fourier space. So we compared different MTF measuring methods by computer simulation and the scanning knife edge appeared to be the best one. The measurement is performed with an experimental bench providing an accurate focusing
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The image quality criteria based on the MTF of the image-forming instrument are faced with a practical problem when they are used for evaluating on-axis and off-axis samples together. For off-axis samples it is necessary to average the tangential and sagittal sections and to compare the result with the single on-axis MTF curves. A convenient solution to this problem is to consider the actual two-dimensional MTF. A simplified method for relating the one dimensional sections which are usually measured (tangential and sagittal) to the corresponding real two-dimensional function is given.
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Criteria relating physically measurable data of photographic images to the quality perceived by a human observer have been critically reviewed. It was found that the weight attributed to different spatial frequencies in the image depends on the total spatial frequency range reproduced. A new, simple, non-linear, performance-dependent criterion has been derived that yields superior correlation between MTF and subjective image quality with good discrimination over the entire quality scale.
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A model for the signal modulation and noise characteristics of a detector-laser printer system is described. The model is used to express the system NEQ in terms of the separate detector and display stages. A general approach to the analysis of two-stage imaging systems is then described and compared with recent results for x-ray detection via screen-film combinations.
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The invited paper given by J. SAUDINOS is an introduction to high energy proton radiography with examples of applications to human body and objects. Such technique permits to look through much thicker objects than it is possible with hard X-ray. In addition high energy proton penetration length is increasing versus the Z of the elements, at the contrary of the X-ray penetration length.
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The use of high energy particles to do imaging was proposed first in 1946 by R. WILSON but it is only during the last decade that various ways were considered and tried. They relied mostly on the following mechanisms : variations of the particle range due to variations in density objects using various beams (alphas and neons in BERKELEY, protons in LOS ALAMOS, variations of the proton beam intensity distribution near the edge of materials created by the Multiple Coulomb Scattering effect (HARWELL). These two methods are based on the electromagnetic interaction and measures at one time, one projection. To obtain tomographic information like in the X-ray scanner, one has to repeat the measurements under a considerable number of angles. In 1975, a third method, the nuclear scattering radiography (N.S.R.) was introduced at C.E.R.N. : it relies to strong nuclear interaction and measures directly the density inside elementary volumes, without any relative motion of the beam and the object.
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Some commercial CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) line detectors have been found to be useful in detecting soft X-rays, but a silicon -based line detector is sensitive also to synchrotron radiation. The application of a line detector to X-ray stress measurement using soft X-rays is also briefly discussed.
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We have developped a 2 Dimensionals X Ray Detector for Application in our laboratories mainly small angle scattering an Diffraction experiments. It is a propertionnal counter able to replace the photographic film in the time dependant experiments. The use of linear sensitive position detector for x rays experiments has been introduced for 20 years. The PSD has been improved for this time and it is commonly used in stead of films we have designed a two dementional x ray detector to be set on conventional x ray mounts. In some cases this 2D PSD takes avantage onto the film mainly because the intensity at each location point is proportionnal to the actual number of photons impingin the detector. The 2D PSD associated with a data acquisition system display the image of x rays in real time and the digitalised data canbe treated rapidely.
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Flash X-Ray Radiography is commonly used as an important diagnostic concerning hydrodynamic behaviour studies for strong shocked material, essentially phenomena that alter the free surface of the material usually called matter ejection. After reflection of a strong shock wave on the free surface of a metallic sample, matter ejection phenomena stems mainly from geometrical defects present on this surface.
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Astronomical images have some unique characteristics : - They cover all the spectrum of electromagnetic radiations, from γ rays to radiowavelengths. For example, two detectors, the first for γ rays and the second one for infrared radiations are presented.
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A variety of imaging devices are necessary in astronomy, not only to vocer the observable electromagnetic spectrum but also because of constraints on time resolution and signal-to-noise. Representative imagers are listed and a few specific applications discussed.
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The gamma-ray telescope SIGMA uses a coded aperture mask located above a position sensitive detector. The image recorded on the detector, which is to be deconvolved to give the sky map, suffers from defaults due to the intrinsic ANGER camera properties. A correction method has been developped, and tested with the help of a labOratory model of the experiment.
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We recall the geometric and photometric properties of this electronographic camera and its use since it has been put into operation in Hawaii (1982). A program of deep sounding of the Universe was started in 19 85 ; deep plates, in U, B, V colors, were taken in the direction of the North galactic Pole. We show the preliminary results of this study. With a single plate, one measures faint objects up to the magnitude B = 25,7. The color-magnitude diagram of these objects is established : the fainter they are, the bluer they appear ; this gives information on the state of the galaxies in the Past.
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The faint object detection plays always an important part in astronomical image analysis. Classical adapted filtering must be carefully used. We have to take into account the background variations, some defects and the bright object neighbourhoods. We describe in this paper the methods used in two cases of image processing for electronographic plates taken at the Cassegrain focus of the CFH Telescope with the Large Field Electronic Camera.
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A compact Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor using an intensified CCD detector is described. The general lay-out, the signal processing and the preliminary results are presented. For very high resolution imaging, such a sensor can be applied to image quality evaluation and image deconvolution.
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The linear array concept for ESO's Very Large Telescope (VLT) project opens the possibility of observations with very high angular resolution. Realistic target for an interferometric operation is the infrared range from 5 to 20μm and later a gradual expansion to shorter wavelengths. In the interferometric mode the gain of the 8-meter diameter single apertures of the VLT is only given if adaptive optics is applied for a real-time partial or full phase compensation of the degradations due to atmospheric turbulences.
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Large optical telescopes (diameter 'Am) used for astronomy have a theoretical diffraction-limited angular resolution of ~0.03 arcsec. However, when used for conventional long-exposure imaging, the resolution is degraded to ~l arcsec by phase perturbations due to the Earth's atmosphere. We discuss methods to overcome this so-called "seeing" limit, with particular reference to a method based on the use of a mask in the aperture plane of the telescope. We discuss results from preliminary tests of this method.
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We are developping a 40 mm photocathode photon counting camera for astronomical use, mainly stellar interferometry and multislit spectroscopy. Light intensification is performed by a stack of two image intensifiers; the first, a 1st generation one, provides the resolution, the quantum efficiency and the peak shaped pulse amplitude distribution. It is followed by a microchannel one which provides most of the gain. Readout of the intensified image is achieved by 4 CCD cameras (288 x 384 pixels each). They are coupled to the intensifier stack with a fiber optic reducer and 4 fiber optic cylinders to split the image in 4 quadrants. The video signals of the CCDs are digitized and 4 wired processors compute on line the photocenter of each event with an accuracy of 1/4 CCD pixel. This provides a total image sampling of 3072 x 2304 pixels, their size beeing 13 x 13 μm in the input photocathode plane. Coordinates of the centers of the events are sent to a VME bus based microcomputer that performs preproing and storage of the information.
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We describe a new method of imagery, which allows a spatial and spectral analysis of infrared sources, in the presence of atmospheric turbulence. This technique has been tested on the 1 m infrared telescope of CERGA observatory. First results verify its feasibility.
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An infrared camera for use in ground based astronomical observations in the 1-5 microns region of the spectrum under low photon flux , has been developped in Meudon Observatory . This camera uses a 32 x 32 pixels InSb Charge Injection Device built by SAT (*) . We hereafter present a description of the camera , its performances and some results , recently obtained at OPMT and ESO with 2 and 2.2 m telescopes .
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The Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) is designed to study the astonomical sources in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV: 80 to 800Å). Scheduled for launch in late 1990, it will carry out the first all-sky survey at these wavelengths. After six months, the EUVE will be used entirely on a Guest Observer basis for spectroscopy.
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The Endeavour Space-Shuttle-Based Ultraviolet imaging experiment will perform broad and narrow band astronomy with a pair of coaligned telescopes coupled to an advanced multi-channel photon-counting detector. The detector is designed for space astronomy roles including the joint ESA/NASA/Australia LYMAN ultraviolet mission.
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The technique of registering and stacking (averaging) digitized images is evaluated for multiobject stellar photometry. Despite the deleterious effect of adding noise during microdensitometry, we achieve improved dynamic range, improved resolution, and (by effectively correlating the exposures) an image which is actually cosmetically superior to a single exposure of equivalent duration.
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The expression "photo-optical detection" is meant here to designate every process or device by which an incoming writing beam impinging on the image detector modifies the phase or amplitude of a reading beam.
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The function of an optically addressed spatial light modulator (SLM) is to convert the intensity distribution of an incident scene into a coherent image, or into a high brigthness incoherent image. The applications of these transducers are therefore very large since they extend, from the field of coherent optical processing and computing (Incoherent to coherent conversion) to the high resolution video image projection. A great interest is now devoted to the technological developments of these devices in several laboratories using different approaches. The basic principle of operation of an optically addressed light valve is the following. A photosensitive layer detects the incident intensity distribution and induces a charge distribution onto a material which modifies its optical properties as a function of the photoinduced voltage. Finally, the incoherent or coherent illumination beam transmitted (or reflected) by the SLM sees its amplitude or phase spatially modulated. In the last few years, the list of spatial light modulators under research and development expanded considerably.
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The combined photoelectric and electrooptic properties of the BSO-crystal lead to a new possibility of realizing a real time spatial light modulator. Under certain geometrical conditions the crystal becomes birefringent in dependence on the local illuminance. Together with a suitable polarizer setup the crystal works as well as an incoherent to coherent converter as for contrast inversion.
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Lateral shear between two infrared (10.6μm) beams is produced in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer; these infrared interferograms are recorded on a dynamic recording medium and visualized by means of a reconstruction with a HeNe laser beam. Measurements of the thickness of an Aluminium deposit, the analysis of a Gaussian beam and of an afocal system were performed in real-time.
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The simple laser scan pattern having 3 directions and 10 scan lines is designed by computer simulation to increase bar-code readability and to simplify the scanner optics. This scan pattern is generated by holographic scanner including multi-direction scanning. By applying this method,the shallow type point-of-sale(POS) bar-code reader having 160mm height of the equipment has been produced.
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It has been shown recently that integrated photoluminescence (PL) measurements can be used as a probe of the "electronical quality" of semiconductor surfaces and is perfectly well adapted to control individual steps in the processing of semiconductor devices based on InP.
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An electronic system is described which effectively subtracts non magnetic contrast of magneto-optical images. At the same time noise is reduced to such a degree that the contrast visibility in domain observation is expanded by at least an order of magnitude. Improvements of longitudinal Kerr effect images are shown.
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Magnetic tape has a potential storage density quite comparable to that of optical media. Furthermore it takes advantage of a long history of industrial development leading to low price high quality and availability. Tests on commercial VTR showed that the noise limitation to very high density lies in the head and playback amplifier noise rather than in the tape itself. Another strong limitation to high density recording on tape is the inability to integrate headstacks to a very high level.
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Radar imaging is a typical case where a coherent processing of the data allows a significant enhancement of the resolution. An explanation of the theoretical possibilities of the system in terms of resolution will be given first. Then the basic principles of the full scale processing are exposed : pulse compression in order to achieve the range resolution, transposition of the data followed by azimuthal correlation to get the final image. Orders of magnitude of the resolution with and without coherent compression techniques will be given along with the associated processing.
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The star trackers designed by SODERN for space applications use two kinds of detectors, the image dissector tube and the solid state device (CCD, CID...), both having their own operating modes.
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X-ray flash radiography is a suitable technique for high speed phenomena study but provides images with a sometimes insufficient resolution. The efficiency of five different restoration methods to improve image quality is compared on an actual radiography.
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Through the use of a static theoretical approach, it is found that the high limit of the spatial frequency response of photothermoplastic materials depends not only on the thickness of the thermoplastic layer, but also on several other material and recording parameters.
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At low light levels detection of objects with the aid of image intensifier systems is noise-limited. A novel yet simple digital measurement technique is presented whereby only the frequency response of the measurement system to the white noise in the input light signal is used for the accurate determination of the signal-to-noise ratio.
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We have realized a large area photoalectronic image device based on a position-sensitive photomultiplier coupled to an electrostatic image intensifier. The spatial resolution for 122 keV gamma rays is in the range of 3-4 mm in fwhm depending on the image reduction factor varying from 7 to 18.
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The paper gives an approximate television tracker range equation based on the concept of the radiology and signal-to-noise of television system, and describes the physical process and mathematical method of reckoning range equation. The range equation is useful to the desing and development of a system. This paper also discusses the demand and selection standard of the television tracker system to the imaging device and gives some possible approaches to increase the range.
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We present an equivalent bilinear system to a microdensitometer that describes the transformation from the light-amplitude- transmittance of a film sample to the light intensity output of microdensitometer. This system is characterized by a bilinear transfer function which does not depend on the sample being measured. The expression for mean intensity transmittance is obtained in which the response to the mean amplitude transmittance of a sample can be linearized while the response to the film grain noise remains bilinear.
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A method for the realisation of a multiple matched filter able to detect different characters in successive planes is proposed. It is based on the fact that when registering the filter for each pattern by placing it in a position that is not in the front focal plane then the corresponding correlations will appear also in different planes. An experimental realisation of the method is presented for the recognition of two characters of similar structure.
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Imaging by a transmission microscope and microphotometry are the basis of a new method to analyze thick refractive index gratings. The method permits to determine not only the fundamental and higher Fourier coefficients of the dielectric grating, but also their phase relationship. It is shown, how gratings with a depths profile can be analyzed.
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A microcomputer-based digital-optical matrix multiplication technique utilizing magneto-optic spatial light modulator (MOSLM) is described. The important aspects of this technique are its programmability and real-time addressability. Experimental demonstration for a simple elementary matrix multiplication is given.
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A real-time method of multidimensional interpolation based on the generalized real discrete Fourier transform (GRDFT) is presented. By factorizing the 1D transform matrix into the preprocessing and postprocessing matrices, and approximating the postprocessing stage such that any degree of desired accuracy is obtained, increased speed of computation and feasibility of electro-optical or VLSI implementation at reduced cost are achieved.
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On presente les caracteristiques d'un analyseur optique multicanal particulierement bien adapte a la numerisation d'images delivrees par une camera a balayage de fen;:e de resolution picoseconde. Il comporte un capteur constil:ue d'un reseau de photodiodes suivi dune chaine d'amplification et de numerisation transmettant des donnees par l'intermediaire d'une fibre optique a des tiroirs d'acquisition en standard CAMAC. Un micro-ordinateur effectue la saisie des donnees transmises par un bus IEEE 488 et permet la visualisation, la sauvegarde et le traitement numerique des resultats.
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Le terme de reflectographie a ete retenu pour une nouvelle methode d'examen des peintures qui, utilisant un detecteur sensible dans l'infra rouge, restitue le dessin sous-jacent, une etape jusqu'alors imperceptible a l'examen visible comme par cliche radiographique.
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A differential method based on diffraction from a low modulated holographic grating is aprlied for measuring the thickness modulation of a positive photoresist via its rate of development. Real-time measurements are performed during wet development and results are compared with simultaneously measured reflectivity interference curves.
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Stars of known brightness can be used to estimate the surface brightness of extended objects to a given isophote set by the background sky density on photographic plates. The method requires the digitization of images by the measurement of specular photographic densities. A versatile theory has been proposed by Zou, Chen, and Peterson for which star trails can have arbitrary shape. The method frees observers from the need for spot sensitometry if standard stars of sufficient number and brightness range are in the field. The present formulation is an elaboration which allows for atmospheric extinction and variable background sky density. It permits a solution in principle for the photometric zero-point. A simultaneous solution for the extinction coefficients and the polynomial expansion coefficients can be found by best-fit methods. The photometric zero-point of the standard stars permits calibration of the H-D curve. Energy per pixel area is converted to intensity knowing the exposure time, and the aperture and focal length of the telescope. The incorporation of extinction corrections and variable background should permit photometry of extended objects across wide fields such as those accessible to cameras of the Schmidt design.
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