The reward for doing a survey of commercially available optomechanical laboratory hardware is a stack of glossy covered thick catalogs over a foot tall. On top of that you will have an additional foot of smaller catalogs and booklets. With a number of selected articles written over the last few years you will have an excellent coverage of the field. Over the last thirty five years (my coverage in the field) the amount and range of hardware has grown tremendously. As a first step, this paper presents an organization of the field in nine main topics. The second level down (only partially covered to conserve space) gives a number of sub topics which would appear in each of the main topic levels. The reams of index pages in every catalog were surveyed in order to produce this two level organization. As a natural follow on to the organization charts are the terminologies. It was felt that in a paper of this nature (again particularly to conserve space) that "one-lines" would be in order. In an earlier paper (Fine adjustment for optical alignment) a number of little controversies were stirred and it is assumed that will occur again. The words listed are defmed because of their frequent use in this field. There are many times that definitions in the world of engineering are slightly "bent" to fit a particular field. Therefore, "one-liners" are only a quick reference with further investigation and clarification obtained in a number of available dicüonaries. Now that things have been organized and defmed, a section has been provided for comments "of special interest". This will consist of industrial experiences, particular hardware worth mentioning and technical coverage, all related to the field of optomechanical laboratory hardware.

As precision engineering has been improved in recent years, precision positioning systems withnanoineter accuracy are also required. Experimental precision dual positioning apparatus, consisting of friction drive and piezoelectric actuator", was made in Toshiba laboratory. In this apparatus, the piezoelectric actuator, designed for fine positioning, is mounted on top of the friction drive slide , designed for coarse positioning . Individual loops were closed by laser interferometer systems with 2.5nm resolution. The friction drive and piezoelectric actuator moved together , using a kind of inchworm movement method. The method made it possible for this positioning system to have an over 100mm stroke with 2.5nzn resolution and no backlash.

The "concentric-aplanatic" method used for lens design is described in many papers. While many shapes and forms of these lenses have been shown, performance evaluation of these lenses has never been published. How good is the method? Can one design optical systems using this technique that have acceptable image quality? This paper will deal step by step with these questions, both from first principles and by the basis of third order theory. Performance evaluations will be given for the lenses designed.

Abstract not available.

An optical lens system with varying magnification has been designed for a 70-mm image format. Twenty optical elements were needed to provide for the 345- to 1050-mm focal length zoom range as well as the proper color correction over the visible spectrum. A 4-in diameter port window limits thef/# of the optical lens system. Operation of the lens system is done by actuating stepping motors through a MacPlus computer. This lens system was designed for Los Alamos National Laboratory Group M-8, because no commercial zoom lens existed that would change its reduction from 1/15 to 1/4 at a focusing range of 5 meters. Additionally, we required a larger, non-standard image size that could be recorded by a rotating mirror streak camera. A Nikkor lens sales manual does offer a long focal length, 35-nun lens only upon special order. The closest focusing range of this Nikkor lens is 6 meters.

Reflection microcirculation microscope has wide application value in studyiny microcirculation and microrheology , and joining with different equipment can do many ways of the studies , So research and improvement the instrument and development advanced appendant technology will produce a active sence to the study of biomedicine. In this paper , We introduce mainly the design idea of reflection microcirculation microscope which was studied by us ,and discuss some prombles.

This paper introduced a new type of tenses with approximate bite lecentricity for photolithography.It has the quasi-diffraction Limited image quality in the range of large field size and keeps fine overlay accuracy as well.The corrections of sagittal aberrations and higher order aberrations are considered in the optical design. Finaty, the MTF of two results, with NAO•2, magnification x, field diameter 140mm, and NAO•28, magnification lOX, field diameter 140mm, were given.

Computer simulation has become a useful tool in the design, testing, and evaluation of Michelson-type interferometric spectrometers. Although the general characteristics of these instruments can be evaluated using standard textbook algorithms1 ,2 it is difficult to estimate spectral accuracy for non-ideal instruments experiencing one or multiple operational perturbations. Relatively simple computer simulation techniques enable display of recovered spectra for both ideal and multiply-perturbed instruments, thereby affording the evaluator a preview of spectral accuracy as a function of the instrument's design and operating parameters.

Laser induced damage to optical components severely limits the operating fluence of high peak power lasers used for fusion research such as the Nova laser at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. In particular, surfaces and optical thin films often damage at a lower fluence than bulk materials in large aperture, high quality optics. We have designed and are fabricating new 94 cm turning mirrors for Nova as part of the "Precision Nova" program to improve beam quality. A new design has been optimized for updated optical performance specifications including increased damage resistance. The new mirror design will operate at all turning angles required by the ten Nova beamlines. This flexibility reduces mirror inventory and fabrication cost. A process of "conditioning" the mirror coating has been developed that is permanent and increases the damage threshold by as much as a factor of 2-3x.

For the 8m astronomical telescopes which will see first light in the '90s, interest in adaptive optics correction of the wavefront degraded by atmospheric Wrbulence is very great. A wavefront corrector is described in this paper, in which we present an approach based on liquid crystal material. Some of the properties in favor of using this technique are analyzed, together with some experimental results on a prototype. The great advantage of the liquid crystal approach is that a large number of actuators can be obtained in a 1-2 inch device, at a cost orders of magnitude lower than the conventional mirror-piezoactuator device.

Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor, which is derived from the classical Hartmann testing method, is one of the most convenient methods available for the opt1a1 testing of telescopes on site on natural stars!'2'9 It also has many applications in adaptive optics, active optics and CAM of optical mirror.' Figure 1 shows the principle of the method. Light source (1) which is from tested system and source (2) which is diffraction-limited are close enough. Light from tested source (1) and reference source (2) are both collimated by lens a and incide upon S-H plate which is a lens array. Each lenslet forms two point images, one is of surce (i), the other of source (2). The distance vector between each pair of images reflects the angular aberration of the tested wavefront over the subaperture as given by (formula available in paper) where W-wavefront function, d, d-..distances between the ith pair of images in x and y directions respectively, f-..focal length of lenslet. There are several methods to manufacture the S-H plate . In 1987, we pointed out the method of producing S-H plate with GRIN rod lenses in our active optical system with primary diameter 530mm. Following are the design of our S-H pla

The limitations of a Hartmann type wavefront sensor are theoretically and experimentally studied based on photon counting technique. An experimental set-up for simulation of single subaperture adaptive astronomical telescope is described. The results of experiments and analyses show that a star of the 8th magnitude can be dealt with by this kind of wavefront sensors within 1 ms of time and with A/1O of wavefront distortion detection sensitivity. As for calibration of experiments, an algorithm related to luminous flux at entrance pupil of telescope and its corresponding photo-electron rate detected by the wavefront sensor is presented and yenfied by experiments.

Many foundamental astronomical problems need much higher resolution than is afforded by atmospheric seeing or the differaction limit of even the largest telescope being planed. The only way to meet these demands is by a distrbuted array of telescopes similar to those used in radio astronomy, or the long baseline stellar interferometry. China is planning to build a small aperture long baseline stellar optical interferometer for three purposes. One purpose is to clear up some problens before building a large and expensive interferometer. The second is to measure angular diameter of star and angular distance of double stars. The third is to modify it for astrometry use in the future. In this paper, the design tolerance and specifications of the interferometer are discussed based on the astronomical requiements.

Submicron etched and diffused gratings are produced on ionexchanged glass waveguides. Efficient interaction between the guided light and the grating is observed. Propagation properties of these components are thoroughly investigated.

We report here results from an ongoing micro-optical assembly program. This program addresses the application of a micro-assembly technology to the production and use of modular components for the rapid assembly of fiberoptic systems. This technology makes use of a master substrate to ensure the support and precise positioning of materials and components during the optical assembly process. Recently we have completed the development of a modular directional coupler, which makes use of this approach and is applicable to the implementation of the modular concept on a systems level. The coupler is formed by optical fibers in a crossed, planar geometiy. A partially reflecting platelet is physically inserted into a narrow gap through the fiber junction. The resulting structure functions as a guided-wave beamsplitter. The fibers are mounted on a patterned substrate that has photolithographically defined blocks to guide the fiber placement. The excess loss in such couplers has been measured to be less than 0.5 dB, and the directivity has been observed to be less than -35 dB. The performance of the coupler is discussed and compared with theory. The observed performance and other diagnostic measures are used as a basis for evaluating the precision and overall quality which are attainable with this approach. The prospects for applying this technology to systems-level fabrication and assembly are discussed.

Multi-beam mixing in diffusion-driven media is presented in this paper as a diagnostic for the study of nonplane wave photorefractive interactions. Coupled, nonlinear differential equations are derived which describe the interactions of the intensities as they couple through the medium. These equations were numerically solved using a Runge-Kutta algorithm to gain insight as to how the beams interact in the medium. Three beam interactions in BaTiO3 at 514.5 nm were studied experimentally to verify the analysis. Results indicate that phase aberrations affect intensity distributions in the enhanced beam.

In this paper, we find out the distribution of diffraction field of a zone plate on the axis, obtain the conclusion that the diffraction intensity of a zone plate's foci are almost the same for the front several secondary foci and give a locus of the foci's intensity that declines slowly and gradually when going towards the plate along the axis.

In this paper, it is pointed out that the sampled imaging systems are not spatially invariant in single sampling area unit, but they are spatially invariant in large field on the basis of integral sampling theory in optics. The concept and the measurement method of equivalent modulation transfer function (MTFe) are first given. The experiment results prove that this evaluation method can overall and correctly show the imaging quality of sampled imaging systems, and the MTFe can be measured conveniently.

A nematic liquid crystal Fabry-Perot interferometer (NLC-FPI) based on nematic material in a parallel configuration is described, for applications in astronomy. This device allows spectral chopping for an efficient removal of background radiation, when the source is embedded in a strong background such as the solar corona or IR sources. The primary design is intended for two-dimensional spectroscopic imaging. This method is also very useful for precision spectropolarimetry. The NLC-FPI is a tunable, double-channel filtec we present some theoretical and experimental results obtained on a first generation pmtotype.

The optomechanical properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) blocks imposed to indentation pressure are investigated. The intensity of a He-Ne laser beam transmitted through the blocks is found to fade down to zero (cutoff point) in an oscillatory manner as the indentation enlarged. The indentation pressure at cutoff is independent of the specimen's thickness and length (optical path). This pressure can threfore be used to account for the specimens hardness in plastic-elastic regime.

A evaluation system of space muttispectrat sensor in earth resources remote sen- sing is estabtished in this paper. This system is expressed as a evaluation function which can be consisted of some factors such as data fineness, measuring means or capability, reliabitity and service life.

Creation of the elements with minimum 1 i near dimensions demands of the presence of definite knowledges about photoresist's behavior dunngal 1 technological process and about any element of the equipment and it's influence on photoresist 1 ayer.

A new method for correcting comatic aberration in holographic optical systems which uses constant optical path(COP) has been developed. The sum of the optical path lengths from an object wavefront to an image wavefront remains constant, and achromatic holographic systems can be easily calculated. Using COP, a new focusing triplet was designed with wavelength tolerance of 9 nm for entrance and exit numerical apertures of 0.5. This is 15 times larger than that for conventional single holographic lens.

Theoretical description of phase discretization and quantization is provided for coaputer generated optical eleients (CGOK). Suitable estiiations of seanaquared and iaxiaui aberrations, Strehl nuaber and aean wavefront deviation are derived in dependence of discretization and quantization paraieters. A diffractive aberration corrector for thin len5 and also phase diffractive coipensator for aspheric wavefront foriation are investigated as exasples, 1 . PROBLEM OF CGOE D ISCRETI ZAT ION AND QUANTI ZAT ION. Wide-range possibilities of coaputer generated holograis and optical eleients1' are soietiies liiited by discretization of their phase transfer function. The known aethods for studying phase nonlinearities treat quantization as a superposition of iany diffraction orders but do not take discretization into account. In this paper coibined studying of discretization and quantization is perforied for siooth phase functions such as of zoned phase plates, coipensators, Fresnel lenses and siiilar type CGOK. Digital holography applications provide us coiputer generated optical elesents including kinoforis' with purely phase-type t'ransfer function r (t) exp{L.treod25rrrt (p(a)] (1) where • : (u,v) are 2-D Cartesian coordinates in the CGOI's plane, 'f (ii) is the phase shift perforied in point IT, iod2,,,tf ) is the value of 'p the aodulo (2ira), 1:1 or another positive nuiber. Coiputer-aided design of CGOK includes calculation of digital saiples for 'P function brought to [O,2%a) interval, driving suitable nak generator to access grey-level or binary iasks. Grey-level iasks used in bleaching or photopolyaer technology yield a CGO with variable iicrorelief thickness. Optical lithography with a set of binary aasks or iulti-stepped electron-beaw lithography yields aulti-level COOK described by quantization of 'P . Raster scanning iask generator set up all saska iI the field G fros so called resolution cells G7that are centered in i;point, enuierated by double index 1 : (i,,i) froi J set and obey the equations Q=,U G; , &!;flp=O if T (2) Mask's spatial resolution is fully deteriined by the size of cell. This is the way that discretization of takes place and results in piecewise approxiiation of 1'. Thus discretization and quantization are specific for CGOK and cannot be resoved. It should be noted that quantization take place also in holographic optical elesents lithographically fabricated fro. physical holograss used as aasks. Next parts of this paper are placed in the following sequence. For the first, zoie iatheaatical iodel is presented for phase discretization and quantization in CGOK. For the second, phase fluctuations are evaluated only on the CGOK's plane. For the third CGOK's light field is transforied to the plane at a soie distance fros CGOK's plane, soae characteristic are evaluated in general case and for such applications as iiage foriation and aspheric wavefront foraing.

The need for microlenses with a wide-range of focal lengths from 1O to 100mm and with a diameter varying from 1Oi to 1mm lead to the development of various techniques which are able to generate these lenses in a photoresist substrate or in special glasses . The existing techniques are reviewed and a new one proposed. In this technique a positive or negative photoresist layer is exposed to a tailored light intensity distribution. After development of the photoresist, its surface is identical to the spatial intensity light distribution. Photoresist with an index of refraction of n=1.6 in the visible spectrum, can be used as a lens. Furthermore this surface can be transferred to substrate like glass, silicon germanium etc., by etching techniques.

A novel method for the simulation of atmospheric turbulence degraded wavefronts is shown. The computer generated wavefronts contain all the statistical and spatial properties predicted for Kolmogorov type turbulence. The technique enables the generation of wavefronts from two separated point sources while maintaining the correct correlation. rfhe techniques was used to check the effects of anisoplanitism on the performance of wavefront compensation by adaptive optics using the modal correction. The dependance on the order of correction was estimated as well. It is shown that for strong turbulence, for extended sources, there is no benefit of correction beyond the third order (tilt).

Photorefractive gain is measured in poled, 1% tantalum-doped Potassium Niobate (KNbO3). Two-wave mixing experiments are presented which exploit the r42 coefficient of KNbO3 by employing non-symmetric geometries which rotate the grating vector away from the optic axis. The effect of this rotation on the exponential gain coefficient is showr. Experimental results are compared to an analytic expression derived for this parameter. The experiments were performed using an Argon laser stabilized at X=51 4.5 nm. The light was extraordinarily polarized and ihe beams were incident on the b-face of the crystal. The absorption and the response time of the crystal were measured. Losses due to scattering and self-pumped phase conjugation were also investigated.