The present paper comprises an attempt to determine the possibility of applying optical principles of information processing in computing means. A brief comparative analysis is carried out as regards the possibility of using optical methods of information processing in various standard components of the new type of supercomputers. A conclusion is made that at present it is already feasible to design supercomputers bearing in mind the possibility of extending the application of optical means to 30 - 60% of the supercomputer hardware.

We describe a hybrid optoelectronic neurocomputer based on photorefractive crystals in which each neural network interconnection and its weight is stored in a set of angularly- and spatially-multiplexed gratings generated by stimulated processes in photorefractive crystals called beam fanning. This approach to holographic storage reduces crosstalk and improves system performance. Successfully implemented neural networks include the Perceptron, Bidirectional Associative Memory, and multi-layer backpropagation networks. Preliminary results are presented.

A review is given of recent progress in the U.K. in the demonstration of communication switches and neural network processors that exploit the powerful combination of ferroelectric liquid crystal over silicon VLSI smart pixel spatial light modulators and free space optical interconnections.

Recently, photorefractive fibers have been successfully grown in the Material Research Laboratory at Penn State. Long fibers of excellent optical quality are easier to grow, and the cost of growing these fibers is substantially less than the cost of growing an equivalent thick volume of bulk materials. In this invited paper, we shall briefly review some recent works done at Penn. State. First, a laser heated pedestal growth (LHPG) technique to grow single crystal PR fiber is described. Angular and wavelength selectivities for the fiber holograms are evaluated, in which we show that the reflection-type wavelength-multiplexed fiber holograms offer a uniform and higher selectivity. Application of the PR fiber holograms to optical memory, interconnects, switching, and the technological issues is given.

The video-frequency space-integrating acousto-optic correlator (SIAOC) extending the functional possibilities of the correlating type acousto-optic processors (AOP) is discussed. The architecture is realized on the basis of the acousto-optic matched filter with two- dimensional reference mask. It enables us to perform the filtering and forming of the arbitrary video-signals with the spectrum width limiting by the acousto-optic modulator (AOM) bandwidth only. Theoretical analysis of the novel scheme showed it to be equivalent to the video-frequency linear electric filter, its pulse response being fully determined by the reference mask structure. A procedure for the latter synthesis from given analog bipolar function is considered. The experimental results are presented.

There are analyzed potential parameters of the planar AO modulators for implementations to the optical commutation. It considers different schemes of superfast AO commutators performing up to 10¹⁵ switchings per second within one multichannel guided wave device. On the basis of the experimentally verified parameters of the planar Ti:LiNbO₃ AO modulators it discusses a few perspective applications in the high speed digital multipliers, the commutators for the optoelectronic super computers, and the associative memory systems.

Two configurations of guided-wave planar devices, one on LiNbO₃ and one on GaAs, involving noncollinear acousto-optic interaction, are presented, which satisfy the narrowband and wide tunable range filtering requirements. The analysis of these configurations is accomplished by a sophisticated fully general model of the acousto-optic interaction in multilayer planar guiding structures, which can take into account the electro-mechanical losses at any diffraction regime. WDM devices have been investigated by considering multimodal optical propagation.

An optically addressed spatial light modulator that is based on the chemically enhanced bacteriorhodopsin thin film is demonstrated. The underlying principle is the light-induced shift of absorption band of the protein. The device can be chemically or genetically modified for different applications. In our preliminary experiment, a resolution of about 100 line pairs per millimeter with a linear dynamic range of above 100:1 is obtained.

The problems of fiber-optic interferometers use for distributed measuring network designing for spatial signals observation are discussed. Different schemes of fiber-optic interferometers for measuring networks application are investigated. Network performances are discussed and tested by simulations. An experimental model of the suggested network was made and tested.

There have been a number of significant advances in recent years in the conception, experimentation, and related integration technology for the realization of magnetostatic waves- based integrated magneto-optic (MO) Bragg cell device modules in a common YIG-GGG waveguide substrate. In this paper, two such integrated MO device modules are reported. An integrated MO Bragg cell module that consists of an X-band MO Bragg cell and a pair of ion- milled curved hybrid lenses in a tapered waveguide, 6.0 X 16.0 mm² in size, has been realized for the first time. An integrated MO frequency shifter/modulator module fabricated in a waveguide (6.0 X 10.0 mm² in size) that is capable of providing multigigahertz bandwidth with tunable center carrier frequency at X-band and high speed has also been realized for the first time. Some unique applications of such integrated MO Bragg cell device modules to the areas of rf signal processing and optical communications also are suggested.

The comparative analysis of application multichannel acousto-optic (AO) and acoustoelectronic (AE) filters in communication systems with spread spectrum signals (SSS) is given. AO filters have been based on AO modulators and multichannel steeped phased transparents. AE filters were standard SAW devices. The advantages of AO filters (wide band, frequency invariance, large functional possibilities) are discussed. The questions of technology, AO modulators, and phased transparents have been considered. Results of mathematical and natural modelling have been done.

Two-dimensional acousto-optic architectures are considered as very powerful systems in the field of information processing. An interesting application using multi-channel Bragg cells is the 2-D phase-frequency spectrum analyzer (or Acousto-Optic Interferometric Phasemeter AOIP) which was first imagined by Lambert in 1965. This is an attractive solution for wide spectrum radar localization systems and the architecture is a simple extension of the common AO Power Spectrum Analyzer design. Feasibility demonstrations of these systems have been limited to the case of medium frequency bandwidth operation as that related in 1979 by R. Croppok et al., who used a 500 MHz multi-channel Bragg cell. Recent developments have been made by using GaP material which presents a crystallographic solution for a self- collimated acoustic beam propagation. This presents an advantage for the acoustic crosstalk reduction. But the reproducibility and the reliability of this material are not assured. We have developed a new conception for a low crosstalk achievement with small channel pitch. With such a new design, 4-channels with 100 micrometers pitch and 1 GHz bandwidth Bragg cells have been realized and we have analyzed their features in AOIP systems.

This paper presents the design for wide band radio frequencies panoramic search to detect and discriminate radio signal disclosure. We refer to this system as the panoramic, discriminator (PD). Its main distinguishing feature is use of an acousto-optic power spectrum analyzer for conversion to the panoramic power spectrum representation of input signals.

The use of acousto-optic (AO), electro-optic (EO), and acousto-electro-optic (AEO) effects has been demonstrated as an effective means of performing wide-band signal processing operations such as convolution, correlation, and matrix processing. In this paper, we present experimental results using a new integrated optic AEO device fabricated on a y-cut, z- propagating lithium niobate substrate with a titanium in-diffused surface waveguide. Incident and diffracted light is coupled through the device by use of optical fibers. Device fabrication and performance are discussed, as well as potential future directions of this work.

We created an acousto-optical standing-wave modulator for fluorometry and laser mode synchronization in the frequency bandwidth from 20 MHz to 160 MHz without the mechanical Bragg angle correction. The special construction multi-element electro-acoustical transducer was matched electrically and acoustically in whole frequency bandwidth.

Recent advances in mathematical theory related to the representation of signals and images by some limited-extent-wave functions have generated substantial interest in applications of waveforms that are localized in both time (space) and frequency (spatial frequency) domains to signal and image processing, pattern recognition, data compression, and neural networks. As a particularly useful model, the so-called wavelet transforms provide a variety of multiresolution signal (image) time-frequency or space-frequency decomposition tools. Digital parallel implementations of the wavelet transforms are computationally intensive both because of the nature of the coordinate dilation and erosion of these transforms and because of the large quantity of convolution/correlation operations accompanied. This paper is intended to outline some of the most useful properties of the wavelet transforms, their similarities, and differences to other known joint representations. The links between the wavelet transforms and optics also are discussed.

Some results of a theoretical and experimental investigation of hybrid type optoelectronic devices with feedback are presented. The devices use an integrated optical modulator on a base of lithium niobate single-crystal. It is shown that the system may be applied for optical impulses amplification, for multistage optical flux level switching, as well as for a design of an optoelectronic generator. Output power level of the generator is switched by a drive signal.

Electro-optical modulation up to 4.5 dB and optical bistability at low optical input powers in distributed AlAs/GaAs Bragg reflectors are reported. A model based on the Franz-Keldysh- Effect, bandfilling and impact ionization is proposed.

The light modulator using the variation of the light scattering properties of a shape memory alloy with temperature when the phase martensitic transformation occurs is described. It is shown that the modulator has a response time of about 8 microsecond(s) , an optical contrast of more than 20 dB, and spectral range of modulated radiation from 0.1 to 1.5 micrometers .

With respect to three different paradigms of neural networks generally studied: (1) the convergent one; (2) the oscillatory one; (3) the chaotic one; we propose a fourth one. In some general sense, it makes the precedent ones three particular cases of itself. The core of the approach is based on a mutual redefinition of short term memory (STM) and long term memory (LTM) able to overcome computability problems typical of pattern recognition. An application is shown about real time particle discrimination in high energy physics at ADONE e⁺e^- storage ring in Frascati (Italy). The computational effectiveness of the proposed solution has made us able to have real-time particle discrimination in software.

A three-layered neural network for pattern recognition with feedback and complex states of neurons and interconnections is suggested. It consists of comparison, recognition, and selective attention layers. Comparison is realized in spectral space, recognition and selective attention are realized in image space. The recognition layer works as `winner takes all.' Parallel-sequential accessing to long term memory is used. Adaptation is realized by creation of new recognition categories and by long term memory change when input patterns are similar enough. A joint transform correlator with dynamic holographic filter is used in optical realization of adaptive resonance neural network.

In this paper we report on progress made in optical logic planes consisting of hybrid electrically assisted thermo-optic resonators fabricated with standard Silicon technology. As a starting point, the features and shortcomings of a first generation of these bistable elements, based on double-sided polished Silicon wafers, are reviewed. Consecutively we demonstrate, both with modeling and experimental results, that some of the shortcomings of the first generation can be remedied using a Silicon on Sapphire based device. Finally we propose a novel structure, based on Silicon Implanted Oxide substrates, that combines the advantages of the two pervious structures. We show via a heat transfer model that these devices can display bistability at multi-microwatt optical bias power and that, when adequately dimensioned, crosstalk can be avoided such that they can be packed into dense arrays. Both these characteristics and their stability, wavelength flexibility, hybrid mode of operation, and the potentialities for microsecond switching times, can turn these low-cost devices into work- horses for prototype digital optical parallel computing circuitry.

One of the possible ways of creating integrated-optics elements is a deposition of the planar metal-dielectric multilayer structure on a polished optical fiber. The main advantages of these elements in comparison with volume and integrated analogies are small insertion losses, high mechanical and temperature stability, small sizes of these `all-fiber devices,' and low controlling voltage. In the present work the special kind of the plane-cylindrical structure is considered and possibilities of the modulation of the electromagnetic radiation in the optical fiber is analyzed.

The prospects of using optics in computing rely mostly on high parallelism and broad bandwidths of optical systems. A high parallelism is more efficient in analog systems (such as Fourier spectrum analyzers and correlators), and broad bandwidths can be used for digital systems that operate with short pulses. One of the most interesting ideas is to use the nonlinear phenomena in optical fibers. These phenomena are self- and cross-phase modulation (the Kerr effect), soliton dragging, and stimulated Raman scattering. This report gives a state-of-the-art review of applications of nonlinear phenomena in optical fibers.

The developed principles of optimization of the molecular structure and the mixture composition of smectic C^* ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) are discussed, which significantly allow us to increase the speed of the electro-optic response in planar alignment of FLS. The achieved results reveal opportunity of construction of fast spatial light modulators with multiplexing owing to bistability with the time of electrical addressing about 1 microsecond(s) .

Electro-optical response of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal films was investigated. The best results obtained were contrast of 400, switch on times > 0.4 ms, off time > 20 ms, threshold voltage 5 V. Combination of such films with thin photoconducting polymer layers permitted us to get optically addressed light valves. Contrast of 35, switch on and off times > 0.4 ms and > 80 ms accordingly for 10^-5 Jcm^-2 exposition and controlled voltage 100 V were obtained in such modulators for nanosecond pulse writing regime.

The characteristics of nonlinear photon memory echoes are investigated by means of SPICE simulations using equivalent resonator ensembles. By developing implicit nonlinear circuit models in the memory echo domain, the triple product formalism of electronic holography, involving correlation and convolution, is tested for the storage and recall of arbitrary signals and/or data bit streams in both time-inverted and nontime-inverted modes. Furthermore, a few specific optical data processing applications are also simulated in which the mixed binary multiplication of two or more binary bit streams is achieved. Higher order products, optical pattern recognition, and other possible applications are also discussed. It is shown that much insight into the nature and scope of optical photon echoes as memory storage phenomena may be derived using the electronic simulation technique.

Optoelectronic hybrid microscheme consists of a 64 strips LED array 232 X 288 photo CCD matrix, LED controller chips and fiber optic plate. Its use in a SAR signal processor is discussed.

This paper considers two new methods of optical field processing by realizing adaptive transmitted and received field controlling in imaging (information) systems when extended objects are observed at phase distortion conditions. These methods allow us to overcome the difficulties of object and distortion components of field division at the receiving aperture plane with adaptation by image under the conditions of support point source absence and limited a priori information about the form of the observed object.

In the paper consideration is given to the methods of refining the sensing of dynamic images, that is the images whose illumination pattern varies substantially in the course of light flux integration, as exemplified by the matrix frame-transfer CCD operation. The methods to compensate the image for object's movement, to extend resolution time, and to improve the control over sensitivity of matrix CCD in the course of integration have been analyzed. Methods proposed have been experimentally tested.

The review of early and new investigations of spatial light modulators (SLM) fulfilled by the authors during the last five years and published most in Russia is given. The main problems considered in the article are spatial noise of SLM, the dependence of SLM optical response on different construction, material or driving parameters, the speed of response of SLM, and the optical memory. The influence of materials of the photoconductor, liquid crystal, and its orienting coating are discussed.

We found (to our knowledge) for the first time the compressible dielectric material (gel) for production of thin (100 - 300 micrometers ) transparent films exhibiting relief electro-optical compression effect: the decrease of thickness in an electrostatic field leading to the change of an optical path length. The change equal to visible wavelength is characteristic of 100 micrometers -film with transmittance exceeding 90% and with spatial resolution about 20 - 50 mm^-I and response time -25 Hz.

The thin layers of homogeneously oriented nematic liquid crystals (NLC) applied on an optical quality surface as a free film may visualize through a polarizing microscope the images of microrelief or structural defects of the surfaces and also the distribution of mechanical, electric, magnetic fields, etc. The basic theory was developed to describe the image formation process and its relation to physical, chemical, and design film parameters. On this basis a new nondestructive method to study surfaces of different materials has been developed. The application areas of this NLC technique are discussed.

Three types of volume hologram recording media with thickness of 2 - 3 orders greater than that of traditional light-sensitive materials are developed. The distinguishing features of these media are recorded hologram fixing, postexposure treatment and long-time nondestructive reading and storage. The possibility of practical applications of the media mentioned for high density information storage and narrow-band spectral selection of optical signal is verified by experimental results.

This paper presents an overview of advanced optical information processing with Total Internal Reflection Electro-optic Spatial Light Modulators which have been developed to realize high performance image bars for optical recording applications such as xerographic printing. The examples emphasize special techniques enabled by modeling the electro-optic interaction in grazing incidence geometry; these include methods to control the size, position, uniformity, and efficiency of pixels by adjusting illumination conditions, electrode geometry, and spatial frequency filters.

The results of the investigation of the information accumulators based on optical holographic memory with changed reversive matrix photothermoplastic carriers are considered. For this memory it is shown that the matrix capacity is equal to 1 Gbyte, cyclability is equal to 1000 cycles, and information storage is long (to 10 years). This information accumulator based on memory with matrix architecture is promising as a read-only memory and with the holographic correlator it is applied for high-speed correlative processing of large-masses of highly informative images.

The problems of radio astronomy.radio intelligence,early radio-locating radiation detection.signal processing for satellite communication etc demand creation of devices with analysis band UD to some tens of gigahertz.In the caDacitv of one of suitable technoloay for aoplication of fiber-ootic is offered [1,2). The fiber-optic sDectrum analyser <FOSA) basis is the fiber-ootic structure CFOS),which is shown in fiaure 1.Comina sianals are introduced in the fiber-oDtic structure bv intensitv.oolarization or Dhase modulation of laser oDtic radiation.FOS ensures time delav and sianal combination bv means of fibers and connection elements between them. The Dhotodetector block Provides outout of sianals from analvser. In this wav freauencv filter or inout devices for soectrum analvsis are realized. The same FOS mav be used for Drocessina of manv sianals simultaneouslv with division bv liaht wave lenath ~. That is one of imoortant advantaae o~ this technoloav.

A special doped Ce:Fe LiNbO₃ photorefractive (PR) crystal holography using a visible- light low-power laser diode is presented. Analysis of angular and wavelength selectivities of PR holograms are given, in which we have shown that the wavelength-multiplexed reflection- type holograms offer a uniform and efficient selectivity. Experimental demonstrations are provided. The application of this specially doped crystal to optical signal processing computing and neural networks are feasible.

We describe basic properties of particle-like light structures (diffractive autosolitons) in wide- aperture nonlinear interferometers irradiated by external coherent radiation. Basic principles of the discrete-analogous method are presented. They are based on autosolitons' features promising for high-performance and accurate processing of large arrays of information. The method is illustrated by results of computer simulations for schemes of multidigit optical full adder.

The coherent filtering effects caused by the uniform transverse movement of an object or an imaging lens are studied and experimentally demonstrated using holography. It is shown that for the same displacement, the cutoff frequency is the smallest in the case of the imaging lens movement. Experimental results and theory are presented, with apparent agreement.

Holographic information pertaining to an object can be generated using an active optical heterodyne scanning technique. In this technique, the holographic information manifests itself as an electrical signal which can be sent to an electron-beam-addressed spatial light modulator for coherent image reconstruction. Real-time holographic imaging of 2-D objects has recently been demonstrated. The use of alternate waveforms in the scanning beam can process the holographic content of the object in real time. In this communication, we propose a holographic edge extraction technique which utilizes alternate waveforms in the optical scanning holographic recording stage. We have developed a 1-D computer model of the optical heterodyne scanning holographic system using Fourier analysis which we use to simulate holographic edge extraction.

The paper is devoted to theoretical and experimental investigations of acousto-optical interactions in crystals which may be used for spectral filtration of light in tunable acousto- optical filters. Attention is paid to spectral resolution control during operation with divergent or collimated noncoherent optical beams. In all examined cases spectral bands of anisotropic Bragg diffraction were regulated by means of novel electronical methods. Resolution control was achieved in paratellurite cells with non-collinear and quasi-collinear regimes of the diffraction. Filtration spectral bandwidths for visible light were electronically changed by a factor of 10 divided by 20 by drive electrical signals switching and drive electrical power regulations.

A linear scanning light deflector, or Bragg-cell, is a widely utilized acousto-optic (AO) signal processing device. Its application is, however, limited due to its line scanning property. To overcome this deficiency an area (or matrix) scanning deflector can be built by consecutively placing two, orthogonally positioned, linear deflectors. A more sophisticated method, however, is the realization of a `monolithic' area scanning device, or 2-D (XY-) deflector, that contains a single Bragg cell. If each dimension of the cell has several input channels the element can serve as a special optical processor in various applications. In this work a multichannel XY-deflector is examined with special regard to its utilization as a fast optical crossbar switch and matrix processor. An experimental set-up with a 2 * 2 channel cell is also demonstrated.

A principle of the acousto-optic quadrature correlating analysis of radiosignals is discussed. Different architectures of the corresponding time-integrating acousto-optic correlators (TIAOC) have been considered, including the scheme of space-parametric TIAOC and the quadrature one with two cross laser beams. Variants of the structure scheme realization of the latter correlator, which are distinguished by quadrature channel organization method, are compared. Two-dimensional TIAOC with cross laser beams architecture is described. It has the most simple realization and can be used to analyze the crosscorrelation function of two radiosignals with the optimum values of their main parameters. The experimental results obtained from the correlator are shown to be in agreement with theory.

Dynamic holographic gratings can be used in optical waveguides on photorefractive electro- optical crystals for an information input in integrated-optical algebraic processors. An influence of the Fe and Cu additional diffusion on the refractive index profile and photorefractive properties of LiNbO₃:Ti waveguides has been investigated and two possible schemes for dynamic holographic element formation at the single input light beam have been proposed. Holographic grating recording at photorefractive parametric interaction of radiation and waveguide modes is used in the first of them and formation of such grating while light diffraction at counter propagating and a little tilted surface acoustic wave beams -- in the second one.

Some conclusions resulting from the solution of the Raman-Nath system of difference- differential equations relating to the amplitude and phase of diffracted light by an ultrasonic wave for the Raman-Nath, the intermediate, and the Bragg regions are presented and exemplified by some numerical and experimental results.

Optical correlation is an efficient parallel implementation of image classifiers. One formulation of the holographic filter in the optical correlator is the Least Squares Discriminant Function (LSDF), wherein the shape of the whole correlation function is specified when training the filter. An issue of particular interest is the capacity of the filter, or the number of training images that can be used while still retaining discrimination capability. To investigate the capacity of an LSDF filter, and to be more general than just testing on a particular type of image, the fractal dimension of the images was used as an objective complexity measure of the images that the filter is trained with. Non-linear preprocessing, specifically edge detection, was used to increase the filter capacity and the discriminatory capabilities of the correlator. Simulation experiments of these issues are described and the results are discussed.

The hybrid device which consists of a liquid crystal spatial light modulator connected through fiber optics to a TV screen, being interfaced to a desk-top computer, is used for generating binary phase-only spatial filters (BPOFs) in a real-time TV/optical correlator. An adaptive optical/digital correlator with a BPOF and nonlinear feedback is described.

We describe the software algorithm of coding of an image which is invariant to transformation. The algorithm was constructed on the basis of the physiological results obtained in Pavlov's Institute of physiology. As an output we get an image's code -- a set of 60 numbers -- regardless of the size of the image.

Analytical methods, used in solving light diffraction problems caused by superposed, parallel, anti-parallel, and adjacent ultrasonic beams, are discussed. Fundamental research concerning the optical near-field and the optical far-field is summarized in view of describing an inverse analytical method. It is shown that the time history of an ultrasonic pulse can be mapped in one point of the diffraction spectrum.

The authors' approach to optical speech processing is described in this paper. It is based upon the conception of automatic speech processing involved in digital speech processing. It is necessary to convert to adaptive optical processors for optical speech processing to be competitive. We sequentially investigate the problems of common structures of optical speech recognition systems and the possibility of using such systems with acousto-optical processors.

Radiometer spectrometers are used in millimeter-wave radio astronomy for the spectral measurement of molecular rotational transitions. The spectrum of interest spans 10s of GHz and the measurement time is large in order to obtain useful signal-to-noise ratio. We describe here the design and performance of a multichannel acousto-optic spectrometer for radio astronomy spectroscopy applications. This instrument has 4 channels and can process signals from 4 separate sources simultaneously. The bandwidth of each channel is 1 GHz and the frequency resolution is 1 MHz, providing simultaneous processing over 4,000 1 MHz channels.

In this paper we consider a technique for achieving fast computing and fast convergence multichannel digital signal processing based on reducing the dimension of processing space. Parallel decomposition of the multidimensional processing to basic transforms is proposed. Applying this decomposition for Wiener's filtering gives us the possibility to build efficient parallel computing structures. Applications of these results include high dimensional real-time image and signal processing, filtering, and so on.

This assessment of visual communication integrates the optical design of the image-gathering device with the digital processing for image coding and restoration. Results show that informationally optimized image gathering ordinarily can be relied upon to maximize the information efficiency of decorrelated data and the visual quality of optimally restored images.

The system consists of two mutually orthogonal linearly polarized laser beams carrying the Fourier spectra of a reference pattern and an input pattern into a photorefractive crystal, respectively. The image of every reference pattern in the input would appear at the output plane regardless of whether it is moving or not. However, a still non-reference pattern presented at the input plane would not show up at the output plane. Therefore stationary noise pattern never shows up in the output plane.

Caustics technology is a powerful method to be applied in the analysis of cracks formation and growth. But the caustic curves seem very complicated and vary rapidly in the instant of the material fracture. In this paper, we develop a useful method to analyze the fringes of caustic, and improve them successfully in fracture testing. This method can be concluded by three steps: first, catch the image of caustic in the fracture mechanism by video camera, second, call the images out and process them with the new algorithm, and finally we obtain the fringe data from the computer.

A model of the foveal system for Multiresolutional Attentional Representation and Recognition (MARR) of grey-level images has been developed. The system performs the following procedures: analysis of an image at several resolution levels; parallel information processing in central (basic) and context (peripheral) regions of an attention window; estimation of similarity of both object fragments at each fixation point and viewing trajectories (object scanpaths) at the stages of memorizing (learning) and recognition.

While propagating in the turbulence atmosphere a laser beam experiences considerable distortions of the wave front, which lead to essential limitations of potentiality of data transmission laser systems and laser radars or to worsening of optical telescopes resolution. Well-known methods of adaptive optics permit us to compensate atmosphere influence and telescope aberrations and to get a diffraction-limited laser beam. However, these methods are designed for work with point objects. They are not effective if the size of an object is more than several resolution elements. The space-information structure of the reflected field is analyzed and on the basis of its properties analysis criteria (methods) of adaptive forming of a diffraction limited beam on the surface of a long object are proposed.

Systems of image processing, containing optical analog and electronic (digital and analog) device facilities have got the name of hybrid opto—elec— tronic systems. Such systems are very effectively used for the tasks of spec— tral analysis [1 1 , image recognition [2] , analysis and forming of images in radars with synthetic aperture [3].

The aim of this work is to propose a computer vision system working at video rate for driving supervision. More specifically we focus on the problem of vehicles running off the road. The system has been designed to make a real time analysis of road images, to determine the position of the white and yellow lines used to mark the road limits and the position of the vehicle relative to these lines. The architecture is composed of 3 main modules: the first module makes a real time color segmentation of the yellow lines. The second hardware module is a specific DSP for straight line detection in any direction. The final module includes a specific algorithm that decides if the line markings at the side of the road are in the zone for safe driving.

Look-up table adders with digit-by-digit access (symbolic substitution) and transfer to an auxiliary notation with inter-digit carriers being localized (modified signet-digit number representation) or absent (residue number system) are described. Look-up table adders and adders with spatial integration are compared. The field of application for both types of optoelectronic adders are defined and the efficiency of their integration within the hybrid optoelectronic computer is substantiated.

The proposed optoelectronic neurocomputer consists of digital optical vector-matrix multiplier (OVMM) and general purpose electronic processor (GPEP). The basis of OVMM is a multichannel acousto-optic modulator (MAOM). OVMM performs integer vector-matrix multiplication using modified DMAC algorithm. It corresponds to data transmission through synaptic interconnections of neural net (NN). GPEP calculates values of transmission functions of neurons and prepares data for entering in OVMM. The proposed element at the base of the OVMM optoelectronic neurocomputer permits us to realize NNs of arbitrary dimension, integer values of NN parameters, with completely interconnected and multilayer architectures of interconnections. Such NNs can have important application and can be used in image recognition systems, systems of adaptive steering, etc.

The principles of color space generation of multizonal optical registration systems are presented. Conformity between different color spaces is defined. The algorithms of the multizonal image registrator signal processing are given. The general algorithm of analysis is offered.

The neural network concept of the complex system for pattern recognition on the complex background is proposed. The main components of this concept are the complex space of the features and the mode of information complexing. The concept about neurophysiological mechanisms of the vision search on the complex background is used as the neural network paradigm of multi-sensor information processing.

The investigation of phase space structure of neural networks based on image correlation for pattern recognition is presented. The network has analog input and attractors as stationary points. Correlation of patterns is taken into consideration. Input images are spatially separated and they are represented as a stochastic field. Correlation theory is used to receive the analytical expressions. The maximum depth and width of a true attractor, the depth of false attractors, and the depth of a true attractor in comparison with false ones are received.

The adaptive neural network model for pattern classification on the complex background is proposed. The method of the detection and extraction of the unknown changing patterns, based on the optical correlation, is proposed. The optical implementation of that NN model, formed by placing the optical correlator in a linear resonator to realize the vectors comparison and image preparation, is discussed.

This work is devoted to the problem of the further improvement of operating algorithm and technical design of the superproductive (> 10¹³ log.op/s) hybrid optical-digital matrix coprocessor. It is applicable to solving the overdefined linear binary equation system by means of step-by-step moving through all the solutions with the recursive use of the initial data and with allowance for degree of certainty of every equation (of the initial equation system) and of all derived solutions.

The distribution of determining sum significant digits over the processing stages is shown to increase the accuracy of the optoelectronic array adder without increasing its components accuracy and recourse to proportional hardware expenditures growth. The possibility of the adder realization is substantiated and the requirements on the adder element noise and parameter correction as well as on the optical system quality are considered.

Now there are many quantity of outer body sign of men whichpermit to judge about his condition of health. For example, Zacharin J. and Jed X. established interconnection between the skin area sensibility of neck, trunk, thigh, shoulder with diseases of internal organs. The reflexological method permit to maintain that this projection appears because of common nervous connection channels of the skin area and the internal organ.The simultaneous reaction on different changes in a mens organism take place because of presence of nervous channel offshoots.

The mentality as a processing of information differ from known technical methods which have not possibility of a conception formation about unknown objects or an appearance perceived by sense organs using the standart base of individual. Process of a conception formation is begin with verbal enquiry (for example, ' 'House' ' ) after that the standarts (sign vectors) from according to class ' 'House' ' are compared with observed and transformed, analysed association.

In this paper we suggest an interferometer which allows us to obtain up to four high-quality interference images with relative phaseshifts despite stray vibrations and also an algorithm for fringe patterns processing.

Excitation of SCW in photorefractive crystals by two-wave mixing in the presence of both dc and ac electric fields is analyzed. It is shown that an optical grating can be recorded in the crystal in the absence of a detuning between the beams as effectively as in the presence of the optimum detuning. It is also shown that SCW spatial subharmonic instability is possible in this case, and a threshold condition for subharmonic generation is derived.

Receiving undistorted images through the Earth's atmosphere is difficult, and development of an optical distortion compensation technique from atmospheric turbulence is important. We offer such techniques in this paper.

An important parameter of holographic memory devices (the filling factor of data accessible for sampling without losses) is considered. The reasons this factor is usually very small in different systems are analyzed.

The present paper discusses a fundamental new approach to creation of universal, multi- purpose devices capable of registering, storing, converting, and processing images -- photoelectric structures with memory (PESM). Its essence is the development of integral multilayer solid-state structures, wherein optical information is registered and stored as a 2-D charge and potential pattern in the plane of the layers, and is transferred and converted in a perpendicular direction due to interaction of these patterns. Different layers of the structure are intended for performing different specific functions which makes it possible to design, modify, and optimize the PESM variants with reference to a wide range of specific problems so as to attain the most efficient functioning of the separate layers.

One of the most serious problems of the software market is to save programs from non- sanctioned copying. The purpose of this work is to create a device for computer games, which uses the information carrier, allowing simple editing by the manufacturer and the impossibility of copying and editing by other firms without expenditures for elaboration and putting into production.

The article presents the results of the elaboration of a compact plot-board-type scanner intended for per line reading, input into computer and visualization of the textual, graphic, and halftone images on the monitor screen. Special attention is given to the scanner construction.

At present one of the most important means of attaining the most effective radio-optical Automation Control System (ACS) at a minimum cost is the application of the mono-crystal MC. In creating ACS, solving the problem of numerical information processing in real-time range a single-board MC upon the GIS, the ANT, and the NAT connected through the GIS created a numerical filter (NF). Taking into account rigid demands to the ANT and the NAT parameters in the NF composition the task of their choice optimization arises.

The well known method of synchronization at parity impulses and cycles in systems of treating and transmitting discrete messages is based on creating information messages being transmitted, and synchronization pulses on the transmitting side at parity sequence stepped pulses and on extracting synchronization pulses, in accordance with which the phase fine tuning of local stepper generator pulses frequency registration information signals being received, and a fine tuning of the stepped pulses frequency, is made on the receiving side.

Radio-optical devices including laser sources and angled analyzers (AA), containing optical- electronic receivers and transducers (T) in the form of resonance angled filter (RAF), confirm to the greatest extent the dynamic range and precision (of the order of 5' and over) of these devices. Transducers are necessary for converting an optical signal into an electric one. The application of the RAF offers a possibility to fix the direction of the deviation of the surfaces being measured with respect to the basic surfaces (BS), lowers the demand in the optical system alignment precision before the beginning of the measurements, and secures high vibration proof means.

The antenna beamwidth of MMW radio-relay systems is several times lower than that of centimetric-wave radio-relay systems with aperture of antennas being equal. Besides MMW radio-relay systems have the following merits: a high degree of accuracy and noise immunity, improved resolution characteristic, lower weight and dimensions of the equipment. Despite the rather high cost of elementary components and higher atmospheric attenuation, MMW radio- relay systems advantages and features mentioned above are critical and demonstrate for the benefit of choice of MMW particularly for short-range (10 - 15) kms) systems.

We consider the process of recording time integrated Fourier-holograms of signals, converted by an acousto-optical modulator (AOM). The AOM is assumed to be illuminated by a narrow scanning laser beam, while the incidence angle of the reference wave is changed simultaneously. We demonstrate the possibility of uninterrupted recording of continuous information flow as an array of Fourier-holograms. It is found that the Doppler frequency bandwidth of a reference wave can be twice as less as the bandwidth of signals recorded.

A number of novel building blocks for constructing early vision neural networks (NN) in silicon is presented. It is also shown that the coding of information with a rate of spikes is a promising strategy in developing local and global architecture of these networks.

The necessity of quantum description of dynamic signals is substantiated. Difficulties and contradictions of modern signal theory are exposed and fundamental differences between quantum concept and central tenets of modern signal theory are shown. It is demonstrated that exact quantum description of dynamic signals contrasts with classical description and leads to all-new considerations of signal theory and linear system theory problems.

This paper presents an analysis of the amplitude and phase description dispersedness influence of the entrance channels acousto-optic system which processes array signals on the accuracy of random signal frequency and arrival angle estimation in the presence of external interferences and internal noises. The dependence as static descriptions of the frequency and arrival angle estimations on the signal to interference ratio, the ratio of observation time to delay time of an acousto-optic modulator, the threshold of the level devices and amplitude and phase fluctuation dispersions of the entrance channels have been analyzed.

A new time-integrating acousto-optic correlator (TIAOC) was developed. It combines relatively low complexness with an exceedingly wide band of signals analyzed. The main feature of the architecture is the use of the light beams interference to provide the quadrature processing channel. A near-optimum stochastic signal detection algorithm using a new TIAOC is proposed. Power losses in comparison with the optimum algorithm are less than 1 dB. The possibility of the delay evaluation and the spectrum estimation is shown.

The capabilities of the video-frequency (VF) space-integrating acousto-optic correlator (SIAOC) are demonstrated for synthesis of VF acousto-optic orthogonal filters. The orthogonal basic set is based on the first type Chebyshev polynomials. The structures of the corresponding reference masks are described. The main advantages of the acousto-optic implementation are emphasized. The results of the experimental research are presented.

Some results on theoretical and experimental investigation of acousto-optic deflectors containing an optoelectronic feedback of a hybrid type are presented. Two modifications of these devices in which the feedback signal controls amplitude or frequency of acoustic waves are considered. A possibility of realization of high order multistable regimes is shown. Different applications of such deflectors for optical information processing are discussed.

The new physical principle and construction of a four-component Bragg splitter on the basis of acousto-optic (AO) interaction in two-coordinate cell is considered and investigated. The conditions of realization of AO diffraction of two eigen optical modes on two acoustic waves are found. The construction of AO splitter on the base of TeO₂ monocrystal is described.

This paper presents results on anisotropic diffraction in TeO₂ single crystal from the scanned acoustic field. Design principles of the Bragg cell with a placement of electrodes on a common acoustic substrate are considered. A special construction of the Bragg cell should be fabricated in order to achieve an appropriate channel crosstalk. The problems of an efficient acoustic damper were solved as well by an appropriate technology choice. The performance peculiarities of the TeO₂ Bragg cell are discussed and some results of experimental investigation of the cell are presented.

The paper describes one of the possible acousto-optic data representation methods for cosmic systems telemetrical information. The base optic filtration device is proposed.

In this article we discuss the questions of technology of antireflection coating for acousto-optic cells with oxide films.

The designed acousto-optic radiometer spectrometer for radioastronomical research is described. The considered basic module has a 500 MHz bandwidth, 1000 number of channels, and linear dynamic range of 25 dB. The main characteristics of the spectrometer are discussed including an Allan dispersion plot.

The paper considers the architecture of an acousto-optic system for Solar image forming on Siberian Solar Radiotelescope. Some results of Solar observations obtained with its application are presented.

The acousto-optic time integrating correlator (AOTIC) application for the spread spectrum radiocommunication system synchronization is considered in this paper. The particularities of this class of the direct-sequence spread spectrum signal (DS-SSS) processing devices are analyzed at the delay-frequency acquisition regime. The AOTIC acquisition device noise immunity is estimated. Practical recommendations for building of AOTIC DS-SSS acquisition devices are formulated.

In this paper discrepancies in the development of radio-optics are noted. A generalized model of radio-optical processing is suggested and the principles of `statistical radio-optics' -- the common statistical theory of radio-optical information processing methods -- are presented.

Generally all existing information processing methods can be subdivided into coherent and incoherent methods. If the phase information of the signal is not used in the processing, the processing should be considered incoherent. This article is devoted to the consideration of one of the most widespread principles of incoherent optical processing system construction: the use of a Bragg cell to input information into the optical processing system. The equivalent processing network is suggested; the possibility of its statistical analysis is shown, and the potential precision characteristics of incoherent optical signal processing algorithms are considered.

The high speed of parallel computations for a comparatively small-size processor and acceptable power consumption makes the usage of acousto-optic matrix-vector multiplier (AOMVM) attractive for processing of large amounts of information in real time. The limited accuracy of computations is an essential disadvantage of such a processor. The reduced accuracy requirements allow for considerable simplification of the AOMVM architecture and the reduction of the demands on its components.

At present acousto-optic (AO) spectrum analyzers have proven to be the most promising devices for the real-time noise control in spread-spectrum radio signal detection. In order to estimate their efficiency two methods of delay search control for signals with the variance in the carrier frequencies are compared on the basis of statistical modelling: with and without taking into account the current noise spectrum density at the full communication link frequency bandwidth. The first method is shown to provide a considerable decrease in the radiocommunication system synchronization time. This value is two times less than that obtained through the second method.

Development of coherent devices secures an essential increace of effective signals parameters appreciation indexes against noise and clutters background is of a great theoretical and practical interest. Frequency sensitive elements (FSE) based on acoustic optical Furie—processors (FP) are related to these devices. Owing to the usage of FP input signal analysis is transforming from frequency to time area. If FP has sufficiently high resolution ability, it is possible to apperciate such parameters as a signal—noise ratio, a width of signal energy spectrum and its form. Parameters of FSE should be altered according to the obtained appreciate values in order to secure minimum of mediquadratic measure error of the effective signal energy spectrum central Requirement of full measure error minimi'sation is taken as a criterion of adaptation which In case of linear model of FSE comes to the requirement of equivalent spectrum density minimum and in case of non—linear model — mediqadratic measure error. Synthesis of adaptive procedures is performed by obtaining the reliable appreciations of unknown parameters with the usage of inherent in many measures structure surplus.

This paper presents an analysis of the efficiency of the acousto-optic spectrum analyzer (AOSA), working in the presence of an external interference and the internal noises coming from photo detectors and the adjoining electronic processing system. Distortions of true results are caused by heterogeneities in an acousto-optic interaction medium (AOIM) and are related to internal noises of the AOSA. The means and dispersion regularities of the signal frequency and spectrum width estimations have been analyzed.

The spatial-temporal acousto-optic modulator (Bragg cells) design task is a multifactor and multiparametric problem, the solving of which is connected with the quantitative estimation of the physical feasibility of a number of conflicting requirements. The signal parameters determine in this case the requirements to the AOM electro-optic frequency response and the requirements to the allowable energy losses in the optical and electrical channels. There are principle aspects of the design problems discussed in the report.

Experimental results of diffraction measurements performed on a silicon on sapphire planar waveguide with a quasi-sinusoidal grating coupler are presented in the linear regime for various Gaussian beam characteristics. Results are analyzed using simple analytical algorithms we have developed and yield the importance of spatial effects when the excitation beam and device resonance angular widths are comparable.

A novel bridge type opto-electronic (OE) sample and hold circuit based upon current steering is presented and experimentally tested. Comparison between this circuit and a more conventional or direct OE sample and hold circuit which draws charge directly from the signal source shows that the bridge type is clearly superior in performance to the direct OE circuit. When a high speed signal is to be sampled with considerable precision, the bridge type OE sample and hold circuit offers high charging capability, much needed signal isolation, and reduced time jitter, distinct advantages over electronic sample and hold circuits.

The real time holographic correlation process was controlled and analyzed by the intentional manipulation of the intensity ratio between the writing beams in the Fourier hologram formation of an image. In this sense, and optical holographic correlation degree was defined. The experiments were performed in two wave mixing configuration based on the anisotropic self-diffraction properties of the Bi₁₂TiO₂₀ crystal. The correlator system was operated in the diffusion-only Bragg condition, under low power HeNe laser light illumination.

In current publications, there is no information about the development and use of film piezoelectric transducers for shear waves, though they can be useful (e.g., for manufacturing a gigaHertz band acousto-optic modulator with anisotropic diffraction in LiNbO₃. The absence of results in this area is connected with the fact that it is very difficult to deposit the required film because the pattern axis must be oriented in two directions.

The magneto-optical microwave spectrum analyzer of sequential type based on waveguide- light interaction with magnetostatic surface wave (MSSW) in a planar yttrium-ion-garnet (YIG) film is suggested and investigated. The analyzer output response is proportional to the efficiency of dynamic TM-TE mode conversion induced by MSSW while sweeping of the frequency is carried out by tuning of the magnetic field strength. The increase of dynamic mode conversion efficiency of up to 35% per 1 W of input microwave power and narrowing of the interaction bandwidth of up to 4 MHz have been obtained by using a nonuniform magnetizing of the ferrite film. The analyzer has the following parameters: total overview frequency band 3.6 - 9.5 GHz, frequency resolution better than 10 MHz, sweeping time less than 0.5 s, and dynamic range of about 36 dB.

Highly efficient holographic enhancement of weak laser beam was experimentally observed in a single crystal photo-refractive fiber of Bi₁₂TiO₂₀ at (lambda) equals 632.8 nm under applied external alternative electric field. Experimental investigation of phase conjugation of two mutually incoherent laser beams in the same fiber is presented. Phase conjugate wave reflectivity close to 7% and with a response time of a few seconds was measured at (lambda) equals 632.8 nm with 24 mW power He-Ne laser.

The parameters of photorefractive cells from the crystals Bi₁₂SiO₂₀ and Bi₁₂TiO₂₀ which are important for its use in optical information processing is studied.

The sensitometric, resolvometric and dynamic characteristics of the spatial light modulators (LSM) with MDS-liquid crystal structure were investigated in the wavelength range from 0.4 to 1.5 micrometers at applied voltage frequencies f equals 10³ to 10⁵ Hz. The CdTe and GaAs(Cr) single crystal plates with thicknesses l equals 10 to 500 micrometers served as photoreceptors. The writing light modulation (with contrasts up to 100:1) was realized due to hybrid-effect in the nematic LC layers with the thicknesses 5 to 20 micrometers .

The attraction of the writing light coding application in the photosensitive devices results from both the possibility of the treatment of image pixel quantity exceeding significantly (by 2 to 3 orders) the photoreceptor number and the high efficiency of light energy use. The image convertor breadboards in which PbS and InSb resistors as well as Ge-diodes served as the photoreceptors were developed and investigated. To code the input signal by Hadamard-Walsh functions the spatial light modulators based on DKDP or different liquid crystals (LC) were used.

In this work we developed a new method of calculation of the spectrum of hybrid eigen modes of structures containing coupled planar and channel waveguides. This method is based on the analysis of the process of total internal reflection of hybrid waveguide mode from division boundary between different integrated optical structures when the condition of transverse resonance for reflected hybrid mode is fulfilled.

The mechanism of strong optical nonlinearity connected with the heating of conduction electrons by far infrared electromagnetic radiation in GaAs is theoretically investigated. It is shown that transitions of electrons from (Gamma) _(sigma ) minimum to L_(sigma ) minima of energy in conduction band give the main contribution into the effect. It is found that the intensity of electromagnetic wave necessary for effective modulation of reflection coefficient from many layered structure can be strongly reduced in the condition of leaky TM-polarized wave-guide mode excitation in the structure.

Experimental and theoretical investigations were made of the characteristics of nonlinear transmission and light adaptation processes of polymer films based on bacteriorhodopsin (BR). It was found that media containing BR can be used to enhance the contrast of low-power signals for realization of the connection structure of the neural network.

The processes of amplification of holographic grids connected with different components of spacial spectrum of images in photorefractive crystals have been investigated theoretically and experimentally. The amplification effects were studied experimentally with a slightly doped LiNbO₃ crystal. If (lambda) equals 0.63 micrometers the amplification was up to 15 dB, alternatively, if (lambda) equals 0.44 micrometers it was more than 50 dB.

A holographic method of determining the refractive index of liquid and gaseous media by optical computing is proposed. In the cell, in which the reference and investigated media are placed sequentially, there is an object with the known shape of the diffusely reflecting surface. As a result of the two-exposure hologram reconstruction, an interference pattern containing information about the difference of the refractive indices of the reference and investigated media is formed.

Waveguide modes with their energy leakage into the substrate while light propagation even along the crystal main axes can exist in proton-exchanged optical waveguides on lithium niobate because of the considerable influence of that process on crystal anisotropic properties. This effect can be used to create planar coupling elements for integrated-optical processors by means of proton exchange in local areas of LiNbO₃:Ti waveguides. Some results both of experimental and theoretical investigations of this effect and of the proton exchange coupling element are presented in this paper.

The microstructural measurements method was realized on the basis of the information-gage complex `the scanning microscope -- the desk-top computer.' The microstructural measurements method is based on analysis of the structure's morphology with the help of the optical-structural machine analysis method and enables us to determine the information entropy of the structure and quantitative estimation of the morphology structures' well regulated degree.

The results of study of photothermoplastics and devices with these uses are considered. It is shown that the photothermoplastic process is promising for information recording and its storage, including for information accumulators and key system, for optical information production, and for information processing in holographic interferometry and spectral time holography.

The problem of electro-optic interaction between a fundamental mode of channel diffused waveguide fabricated in doped LiNbO₃ type ferroelectrics and an electrostatic field of semi-infinite electrodes was investigated. As a result, the optimum relations between the geometric parameters of the waveguide-electrodes system to attain the minimal halfwave voltage-length product (U_(pi )l) were obtained. Since the surface index increase (Delta) n_s is the main factor setting the limit on the value of U_(pi )l in the red and infrared spectrum area, the maximal possible values of (Delta) n_s were estimated on the basis of the existing notions about the physical mechanisms controlling the refractive indices in ferroelectrics. It has been found that the most optimistic estimations give the decrease of U_(pi )l by 40% in comparison with the best currently achieved level.

One of the main reasons for road accidents is that the upper beam of head lamps of the opposing vehicles dazzles a driver. In this paper an anti-dazzling device, preventing the upper beam of head lamps of opposing vehicles to dazzle a driver, is described. The device consists of 2 electro-optical liquid crystalline shutters, the goggles casing and the electronic control circuit allows variance of the light transmission of the shutters as the illuminance of the photodetector varies.

The main principles of working out and constructing the display for collective and individual use are described. The exploitation characteristics are given. The advantages in comparison with displays based on CRTs are pointed out.

The method of parallel information transmission through an optical communication line by single semiconductor laser, coupled to an external multi mirror cavity, is proposed. The method is based upon the theoretically predicted possibility of each mode independent excitation within the laser coupled to external multi mirror cavity multi mode spectrum. The experiment was accomplished on arbitrary two-digit binary sequence transmission. The output signal and noise properties of the transmitter were investigated in both channels simultaneously. It was shown that mode hopping of the transmitter is the main source of noise in the transmission line. The possibility of mode hopping noise reduction by low bias current harmonic modulation was demonstrated.

The present study is devoted to a theoretical investigation of coherent light signal homodyne detection with an injection-locked laser. In this detection method the external modulated light is injected into the cavity of the laser generating a single mode. The frequencies of the light signal and the laser should be near to each other. Information signal is detected in the bias circuit. We show the appearance of an additional noise due to the chaos excitation if the injected intensity is higher than -30 dBm. The fractal dimensions of the corresponding strange attractors are calculated. The effect of analog FM signals distortion is found. The reason is dependence of phase difference between external and laser radiations on frequency detuning.

The p⁺-cap layer of InP together with 80 nm of undoped (N_b equals 5 10¹⁴ cm^-3) assist layer of InP for the first time were used to increase the Schottky barrier height (up to 0.73 e.V.) on GaInAs and to create high speed MSM photodetectors on it. The average dark current density is 1.6 10^-4 A/cm² -- the lowest known value on the GaInAs semiconductor material. A rise time of 37 ps for the impulse response at (lambda) equals 1.3 micrometers was measured for a MSM diode with 2 micrometers fingers and 2 micrometers gaps and an active area of 30 X 30 micrometers ².

We consider an opportunity of applying optical second-harmonic generators existing at present, which operate as parametric travelling wave amplifiers of fundamental harmonic, as all-optical gates with switch frequency over 25 GHz and feeding optical power about 10 mW. The possibility of creating main components of optical homogeneous medium for implementation of a multiprocessor computer system is also discussed.

Novel optical multistage interconnection network for image transmitting is proposed. It provides the free-space crossover interconnections between the switching stages with theoretically no photon loss and no loss of image resolution.

Spatial and temporal processes going when optical parameters distribution is formed under the influence of spatially modulated light pulses in photothermic spatial light modulators (SLM) are studied. Possibilities of spatial information transmission through photothermic media with spontaneous erasing and erasing caused by additional pulses are evaluated on the basis of analysis being performed. The possibility to obtain sufficient diffraction efficiency for spatial frequencies about 1000 lines/mm is shown.

Theoretical and experimental investigation of the nonuniform static and dynamic deformation influence on domain structure nucleation in the vicinity of the orientational phase transition in iron garnet (YIG) films has been carried out. A sample was fixed console in the special clamp for producing of nonuniform deformations. A mechanical pressure was applied on the free end of a sample. A dependence of position of boundary between the mono- and polydomain regions on magnitude of dc magnetic field in the plane of the film and on a magnitude of mechanical pressure has been determined. On the basis of investigation the magneto-optic sensors of force (pressure) and magnetic field and the magneto-optic modulator were constructed.

Polychromatic matrices exchange (PME) through the single fiber are necessary for future polychromatic optical computers. Spectral coding in fiber waveguides (WDM) is the unique technique for this aim. Thirty X thirty binary matrices exchange seems real for 1.55 mkm window at the exchange rate of 1 Gmatrix/s.

Photoelectric structures with memory (PESM) of the type Au-ZnSe-SiO₂-Si provide conversion of an optical image to a charge pattern in a high-resistance wide band-gap semiconductor ZnSe having a high concentration of trapping sites (TS). The recorded light gives rise to a photoinjection of charge carriers from semitransparent Au electrode to ZnSe. Then electrons or holes drift through the ZnSe layer to the SiO₂ boundary and are localized on TS. So, built-in charge spatial distribution of filled TS is in accordance with an input optical image. The image may be read by a local photosignal produced in the Si surface charge region by optical raster scanning.

A novel structure of an optoelectronic multiprocessor digital Fourier-computer which uses Hartley transform and representation of operands in the form of a binary sign-bit numbers is proposed. The dynamic circulator fiber-optic storage device is taken as a random access memory. The use of Hartley transform in the proposed Fourier-computer and representation of operands in the binary sign-bit number system in conjunction with the use of fiber-optic memory devices make it possible to compute coefficients of Fourier-series in practically real time.

The method of enhancing the information capacity and reliable storage of the information in circulator fiber-optic memory systems is presented. For this purpose the additional channel with contrary directed circulation of the signals is provided. The additional channel is simultaneously used for circulation of the clock signals and for compensation of the information signal losses in optical fiber due to stimulated Raman scattering.

New possibilities for using multichannel modulation of radiation in optical circuits intended for formation and retrieval of information arrays are opened up by the development of matrix liquid crystal displays (LCD) based on fiber-optic components. The simplest device of this class, a matrix LCD on fiber-optic substrates, has been the subject of investigation in this paper. It also deals with the analysis of LCD voltage-contrast characteristics and the influence of orientational distortions of the LC-layer caused by its contact with substrate surface on the switching dynamics of light valves.

The response speed and bistability of electro-optical effect characterizing ferroelectric liquid crystals with surface stabilization (SS FLC) open up new prospects for development of liquid crystal displays (LCD) for optical memory and information processing systems. This paper presents experimental results of investigation of the parameters and transfer characteristics of a matrix LCD based on smectic C^* in various spectral ranges of modulated radiation.

The new approach to the fabrication of wide angle micro objectives made of separate modules has been considered and the corresponding investigation of optical calculations has been done. The modules are made of two glasses with different refractive index (RI) divided by aspherical surface. Aspherical surface in modules was achieved without any mechanical treatment.

A number of problems connected with producing the graded-index micro-objective with a spherical end for medical endoscopy including the optical material and the mathematical computer programs for optical and technological calculation have been considered in view of the technology of producing those objectives.

In this paper, an incoherent holographic light spectrum and image structure correlator is considered. This type of correlator includes characteristics of such devices as Lohmann's image correlator and the light spectrum correlator. The light spectrum correlator performs mutual correlation between spectral components of input light and reference spectral components distribution recorded in memory.

The schemes of the coherent-image frequency conversion based on transmission and reflection dynamic gratings are studied. The effect of the processes of recording-waves energy exchange and absorption in a medium volume upon the diffraction efficiency of a reconstructing beam is investigated within the scope of a theory of four-wave mixing. Comparison with the case of degenerate four-wave mixing has been conducted and the possibility of the diffraction- efficiency improvement under the frequency shift of a reconstructing beam beyond the absorption band has been analyzed.

Transverse spatial pattern formation in a dye laser has been investigated by means of Maxwell-Bloch equations, which includes diffraction in the transverse plane, polarized pumping, absorption saturation, and finite rate of the radiationless energy transfer. It has been shown that changing of pumping polarization plane leads to changing of vortex or target pattern frequency rotation and spatial transverse distribution for amplitude and phase.

In this paper a new method of dynamic operations control has been built for a dye laser with a saturable absorber. It has been shown that one can transform specific types of auto-oscillations to steady state operation by means of changing pumping anisotropy.

A promising receive system model working in high frequency and wideband, with large processing gain, is researched. As the crux, an acousto-optic correlator is discussed especially. Analyzing the principle of a bulk wave space integrating A-O correlator/convolver, an experimental signal processor with large Gp using a high frequency wideband A-O device is configured. By this system, operation of correlation/convolution with BPSK modulated by Barker code is completed. The result is in accordance with the theoretic calculation. This model works in 175 MHz center frequency, 120 MHz bandwidth, and 29.4 dB processing gain. The method of detecting the first order diffracted light beam is proved theoretically and experimentally to expend dynamic range.