The high energy x-ray cargo inspection system which was installed at ARPA's Nonintrusive Inspection Technology Testbed in the Port of Tacoma, Washington is a direct descendant of the rocket container x-ray inspection system installed at Votkinsk, Russia. The Votkinsk system was developed to support on-site verification measures included in the arms control agreement with the Soviet Union regarding Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces--the INF Treaty. ASEC, through its support to the US Air Force at Sandia National Laboratory, was involved in the development and test of that system. Subsequently, ASEC has transferred the technology to law enforcement applications through x-ray system design and integration in a facility at Houston, Texas. The results of demonstrations at Houston resulted in the design and construction of the ARPA-sponsored testbed in the Port of Tacoma and the integration of the systems located there. This paper describes the system at Tacoma in the context of the planning for, and execution of, a three month long, intensive test which resulted in the inspection of some 2676 cargoes. Additionally, the test protocol, preparations for the test, problems encountered, and lessons learned are presented.

The high energy x-ray inspection system at ARPA's Nonintrusive Inspection Technology Testbed is a direct descendant of the rocket container x-ray inspection system installed at Votkinsk, Russia which was developed to support the on-site verification measures provided in the INF Treaty. ASEC, through its support to Sandia National Laboratory, was involved in the developemnt and test of that system. Subsequently, ASEC has transfered the technology to law enforcement applications through x-ray system design and integration in a facility at Houston, Texas. The results of demonstrations at Houston resulted in the design and construction of teh ARPA-sponsored testbed in the Port of Tacoma and the integration of the systems located there. This paper describes the execution of and results from a three month long, intensive test which involved two scenarios and resulted in the inspection of some 2676 cargoes using a dual x-ray inspection system which provided both horizontal and vertical images of the test articles. Following the completion of the test, 1330 cargoes from the second month of the test were recalled from the archives and re-analyzed using only the horizontal view. Specific results of the testing related to both system performance and analyst performance will be presented.

Two Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) sponsored x-ray nonintrusive inspection system test programs have recently been conducted. A high energy x-ray system designed to inspect air-sea-land intermodal cargo containers and their contents was tested at the Nonintrusive Inspection Technology Testbed (NITT) located in the Port of Tacoma, Washington and a low energy x-ray system designed primarily to examine empty tractor trailer vehicles was tested at the Commercial Inspection Border Crossing Facility at Otay Mesa, California. Both test programs involved the use of a Red/Blue/Silver Team test concept and were conducted in accordance with test protocols. The 'Red Team' which represented the 'smugglers' has the responsibility for preparing cargoes/vehicles for inspection at a location off-site from the inspection facilities. A computer-based algorithm originally developed under contract with ARPA for testing at the NITT was used to randomly select the preparation of the cargoes. The control vehicles were subsequently sent to the test site for x-ray interrogation and analysis. The 'Blue Team' which represented US Customs Service operations analyzed the x- ray images and made recommendation for release/inspection of the control vehicles. The results of the analyses were returned to the Red Team location for evaluation and data compilation by an unbiased observation team. This paper presents discussions related to these x-ray systems' tests including transport techniques, the use of backscatter and transmission imaging for cargo inspection, resolution, analytical tools, and other related considerations for these two systems.

Positive identification or verification of identity of an individual is a major part of the security, legal, banking, and police task of granting or denying authority to take an action. Work is being done using IR facial imaging and computer technology to perform the human recognition task rapidly, accurately, and nonintrusively. Three basic principles have been demonstrated: every human IR facial image (or thermogram) is unique to that individual; an IR camera can be used to capture human thermograms; and captured thermograms can be digitized, stored, and matched using a computer and certain mathematical algorithms. A three- part development effort has been undertaken using IR facial recognition in an access control application. The first, an opertor assisted proof-of-concept effort, has been successfully completed. The second, an automated access control unit, has been completed and is undergoing independent testing in a simulated controlled access environment. Work on the third developmental effort is planned for this summer.

This paper documents the design of a Laser/RF Personnel Identification System developed for the US Army Communications and Electronics Command (CECOM) for soldier identification. The system has dual use applications, including law enforcement officer protection, and includes a laser interrogation unit with a programmable activation code. The interrogation unit is very directive for low probability of intercept (LPI), which is of interest during covert operations. A responder unit, worn by the law enforcement personnel or soldier, transmits an LPI radio frequency (RF) response only after receiving the proper interrogation code. The basic subsystems for the identification system are a laser interrogation unit, an RF responder unit, and a programming/synchronization unit. In this paper, the operating principles for the subsystems are reviewed and design issues are discussed. In addition to the design performed for CECOM, a breadboard system was developed to validate the concept. Hardware implementation is reviewed and field testing of the breadboard is presented.

The Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) was awarded a two-year project to design and develop an air bag restraint for use in law enforcement patrol vehicles. The work has successfully proven the concept and is in the final stages of prototype development. The end product will be the design and delivery of one prototype unit to the National Institute of Justice for evaluation. The INEL also assessed possible technologies that could be used to halt suspects in fleeing vehicles and safely put an end to high-speed pursuits. During the assessment of these technologies, a set of operational requirements were developed that were useful in determining the appropriateness of the technologies for the law enforcement application. This paper discusses the importance of operational requirements in their application to the technologies assessment conducted in the laboratory. The paper discusses the law enforcement and pursuit environment in terms of liability, safety of operation, social acceptance, and effectiveness of technology.

This paper illustrates the advantages of developing less-tech technologies by reporting on two less-tech, less-than-lethal prototype law enforcement tools developed at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. The devices were developed for the National Institute of Justice, less- than-lethal weapons program: 1) an air bag restraint device for use in restraining suspects who become violent during transport in patrol vehicles, and 2) a retractable spiked barrier strip for stopping fleeing vehicles during high-speed pursuit. The success of both projects relied on developing design requirements in conjunction with the actual users of the devices.

The Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL), in response to the National Institute of Justice, less-than-lethal (LTL) technologies program, has proposed to help police departments modify their training programs to meet the challenge of training officers to use new LTL technologies. Work performed by the INEL in the development of an air bag restraint for patrol vehicles and in a technologies assessment for vehicle interdiction technologies has given laboratory researchers a better understanding of the law enforcement environment and has enabled them to evaluate potential training aids to help police departments use new technolgies and teach their officers to most efficiently and effectively use them. With the developemnt of LTL technologies as options in law enforcement comes the need for departments to adapt their current departmental training and refresher training programs to incorporate alternative weapons. This adaptation may include modifying decision making and skills training to teach officers when and how to effectively use new technologies. By assessing current programs and reviewing the training programs of other succesful agencies, a department may be able to easily adapt their current program to meet the needs of training officers in the use of LTL technologies. As litigation drove the need to develop new alternative weapons for law enforcement, it will also shape the application of the technologies when used in the field. If used incorrectly they may be ineffective, dangerous to the user, or cause more physical damage than intended. Because technology is rapidly changing, law enforcement training must keep up with the changes and meet their needs.

Terrorism is expected to increase on a global scale, with the US also becoming more of a target. Since there has not been a war in the lower 48 states of the continental US since about the turn of the century, the US has been quite open and lax about publishing information on our infrastructure, namely details on locations of power lines, gas and oil pipelines, etc.-- information not publically available in Europe. Examples are given, along with comments on the potential implications. Finally, brief remarks are given on some ways to address the situation.

With the advent of distributed interactive simulation technology, wargaming environemnts and scene visualization systems have made possible the high resolution scenarios and detailed game play required to support counterterrorism training and situation rehearsal. By capitalizing on systems such as the Rapid Scenario Preparation Unit for Intelligence for large scale, highly detailed rapid scenario generation, ModSAF, a semi-automated force, rule-based conflict resolution system, and the mission reherasal simulation activities of the Department of Defense, we can now model terrorist activities down to the radio and human activity levels. This paper details the relevance of current simulation technologies to the counterterrorism environment and shows how such tools as link analysis, inexact name matching, cluster and pattern recognition, and massively parallel templating can be integrated in the wargaming environment. This paper also addresses how specific Department of Justice, Department of Treasury, and Department of Defense intelligence and operations can be incorporated into a highly flexible training tool for personnel as well as a system to evaluate the security of high priority government installations and personnel.

For over 18 years, Texas Instruments (TI) has been developing low cost uncooled thermal imaging technology for night vision applications. Using technology developed with support from several government agencies, TI is offering this dual-use technology in a low cost system for police cruisers and other surveillance applications. TI has teamed with Highes Aircraft to provide NIGHTSIGHT^TM, now being marketed jointly. Because NIGHSIGHT is a passive thermal image, it gives law enforcement officers the ability to see in total darkness. This capability gives the uncooled system distinct advantages over image intensifiers which require some degree of visible light. It also differs from typical cryogenic or cooled IR systems because it does not contain a cryogenic cooler mechanism or a scanner which lowers the complexity, costs, size, weight, and power consumption. Police across the US have tested prototype sensors with positive results. Police officers often praise the ability to see in total darkness and report the many advantages of the system and how it changes their perspective on law enforcement. Systems have also been provided to the Drug Enforcement Agency, INS border patrol, prison security staff, Baltimore-Washington International Airport security, Texas Parks and Wildlife Service and the Los Angeles Harbor Patrol and have been used in a variety of security and surveillance situations. The paper will address the implementation of the technology; discuss barriers to use such as cost, awareness, and system understanding, and examine the impact of the technology on the effectiveness of law enforcement at night.

With reconnaissance surveillance, and target acquisition systems becoming increasingly sophisticated in both sensor performance and processing capabilities, there exists a requirement to increase the camoufleur's ability to control and manipulate target signatures beyond those currently available. To assist in accomplishing this, a hybrid technology is required: one that combines the features of multispectral signature control, rapid deployment, and low cost. The WES fixed-facility CCD team is developing a suite of signature controlling materials termed 'Multispectral Camouflage Appliques' (MCSs). Due to the nature of this material, the spectral characteristics (e.g. emmissivity, radar scattering properties, UV-NIR reflectance, color) can be controlled with great latitude by the designer, by adding underlying material layers or external coatings. It is the ability of the designer to manipulate the fundamental characteristics of the MCA material that allows its uniqueness and maximum utility. THe first series of MCAs are composed of an adhesive-backed metal foil overlaid with a visual color coating that is transparent in the thermal IR wavelengths. The effect is that of a visual camouflage combined with a thermal mirror that reflects emissions of the natural surroundings. The 'peel and stick' adhesive backing provides a rapid method of applying MCAs to fixed and semimobile assets that would be beneficial to bare base and force projection msisions. Dual uses of this material include drug and border aerial surveillance as position markers that are visually disguised from ground observation but provide high contrast in thermal IR imaging systems by reflecting cold sky temperatures.

The DoD has funded a dazzling array of 'high tech' solutions for many of the problems facing our military forces. Many of these 'solutions' have been effective for long range mass destruction but have not been applicable for the close-in hand-to-hand combat that we find in our streets. Our goal has been to convert 'high tech' DoD capabilites into cost effective tools to help law enforcement agnecies do their jobs better. Surveillance systems presenetly used by law enforcement officers make extensive use of television, IR, and other line-of-sight surveillance systems. However, these systems cannot tell what is happening on the other side of a wall, behind a bush, around the corner, in the dark, or through dense fog. A new sensor has been developed, based upon technology developed by the DoD for missile warhead fusing. This small, lightweight, low power 'radar' is based upon the phenomena that optimized radio waves can penetrate nonmetallic materials. This new surveillance capability can help provide information about what is in a wall, ceiling, or floor, or on the other side of a door or concrete wall. We will discuss some applications to show how this radar works and how field users can tell if someone is moving inside a building, even when the surveillance officer is several blocks away from the radar.

Video surveillance is a powerful tool for law enforcement and security agencies. Recent improvements in the efficiency and cost of high power IR lasers have facilitated their use for auxiliary or flood lighting in surveillance video systems. IR lighting is especially useful for covert security situations and for situations where extra flood lighting would be objectionable. This inclused theaters, libraries, gas stations, etc. The application of IR laser lighting creates special engineering problems in the areas of eye safety, laser speckle, and video camera compatibility. This paper discusses tradeoffs performed in the design of an IR laser illumination system and presents sample imagery from a prototype system.

Law enforcement officials and medical personnel are, with increasing regularity, becoming involved in accident or hostage situations requiring transport of individuals by air. At the present time there are few acceptable or portable means for identification and demarcation of appropriate landing areas for inbound emergency aircraft in unprepared areas. The following paper describes a low cost, portable, and light weight solution to the problem of how to effectively demarcate a temporary landing zone as well as any hazards for use to assist pilots landing in unprepared areas.

Electronic monitoring systems are being used by the criminal justice system to effect behavioral modifications of persons in pre-release prgrams, on parole, and on probation. State-of-the-art electronic monitoring systems are merely radio frequency proximity detection systems that operate over limited ranges, on the order of 45 to 70 meters. One major defect with proximity detection systems is that when the clients leave the area being monitored, there is no way to ensure that the clients are behaving properly. As a result, electronic monitoring systems are only applied to a restricted number of cases of low risk criminal offenders. There is a growing need for community-wide tracking and location technologies to increase the safety and security provided by the electronic monitoring systems, and to expand the number of cliets monitored by these systems. In this paper, a review is made of the tracking and location technologies that are currently available or under development. Also presented is a brief overview of Westinghouse's program with the National Institute of Justice. This program aims to demonstrate the practicality of one possible tracking and location technology, spread spectrum based time-of-arrival location systems, for intelligently tracking people on probation and parole.

Covert illumination is an important element in providing surveillance, detection, and assessment for security applications. IR illumination is increasingly providing this function; however, conventional filament-based illuminators have limited performance and life. A new variety of light emitting diode (LED) illuminators is described that provides long life at low power. A further advance is to use a planar array of LED's with lenses to optimize the uniformity of scene illumination and maximize the illumination range. Modern CCD cameras have an inherently high IR sensitivity so are well matched to work with this illumination. Further enhancements are to integrate the combination of low-light camera and LED illuminator in a discrete column type package to make the overall illumination and assessment system unobtrusive. Finally, these components can be further combined with automated assessment aids to turn the surveillance device into a true detection sensor that can operate stand-alone without active personnel monitoring. A review of the major IR design considerations is included, along with several examples of systems to illustrate potential applications.

Security plans to protect high-value assets usually concentrate on stopping potential ground intruders before they reach the asset. Barriers, such as fences, are the first line of defense against the found intruder, providing a delay mechanism. The sight of 10 to 12 foot high fencing topped with razor wire, guard towers, and roving patrols also serves as a psychological deterrent to the potential ground intrusion sensors between an outer and an inner barrier. This visible 'hardness' of a high-value asset makes airborne penetration more attractive, even though the airborne intruder may require training in the use of an aircraft or other airborne conveyance system. Certain airborne intrusion scenarios allow an adversary to penetrate much deeper and faster through delay and defense systems designed to deter the ground intruder. Since an airborne intruder can quickly reach the high-value asset, early detection critical to asset defense. Early detection of the airborne intruder also ensures appropriate use of the deadly force doctrine because the guard force has time to coordinate the response.

SECURES^TM (System for the Effective Control of Urban Environment Security) is being developed to support local law enforcement in the critical problem of gun-related violence on America's streets. Once deployed, SECURES will instantaneously detect, recognize, and pinpoint the location of gunfire, and transmit this finding to the police dispatcher or directly to scout cars in the vicinity. Local law enforcement and trauma care resourses will be able to respond quickly, thereby dramatically increasing the probability of arrest of the gunman and survival of the victim. SECURES will employ an air-acoustic detection grid composed of small, low-cost, battery powered sensor modules, called Pole Units. These modules will be located on utility poles and buildings primarily at city block intersections, and consists of an acoustic sensor, signal processing electronics, and a transmitter. Development efforts have concentrated on i) developing and testing algorithms capable of identifying gunshots with an extremely low false alarm rate, ii) developing ultra- low power electronics capable of reliable operation for long periods in outdoor environments, and iii) determining the RF communications design. Pole Unit prototype electronics and gunshot identification algorithms have been developed and successfully tested on an extensive database of recorded gunshots and background noises.

The Remote Consultation Information System is a body-worn fully integrated communication system that provide secure two-way voice-quality audio, secure full-color video transmission, automatic position location (APL) via Global Positioning System, and vital life signs moitoring, all linked to an adaptable base station via spread-spectrum low-probability-of- intercept, Broadband Code Division Multiple Access radio link. All of these technologies have been developed by the defense and intelligence communities and are now availbale for law enforcement agencies.

Law enforcement and security management are using advanced electronic equipment to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the budget restricted police officer force. Currently there is also significant national attention concerning the possible utilization of 'military' electronic hardware to implement the much sought after 'force multiplier' which can help to alleviate each jurisdictions economic restrictions. However, as we are now finding, the transfer of 'military' hardware for utilization by law enforcement personnel is not as economically viable as hoped. This paper will address some of the recent advances in electronic technology that are being derived from the military technology base. Additionally, comments are given concerning the economic impact as the technology is transferred to the law enforcement community.

Requirements for law enforcement information systems are evolving rapidly, due to technological advances and changes in the political landscape. This is presenting law enforcement communities with challenges in building systems that meet both current and less- defined future requirements. This situation has brought into play broad requirements for effective data presentation methods, distributability of data sources, and system extensibility. One promising solution to meeting those long-term needs is to construct systems using an application framework. The Adaptable Distributed Architecture and PRC Toolset effort is presented as an example of an application framework architecture that can be reused to build evolvable, highly functional systems.

The United States Army has had many occurrences to call upon Street and village fighting skills. The most recent examples were Somalia and Mogudishu where it was clear that better training was needed for survival oftroops in deadly building to building fighting. To improve these skills, a premier facility called a Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT) complex is being built at the Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) at Fort Polk, Louisiana. Various photonic and electronic systems and components will monitor the practicing troops indoors and out, in all weather and lighting conditions, 24 hours per day, 360 days per year for up to 1000 players including aerial and ground weapons platforms. Together, the monitoring components will comprise a MOUT Instrumentation System (MIS or MOUT-IS). The MOUT-IS is a subset or daughter to the JRTC's instrumentation system (JRTC-IS) and may act or record independently ofJRTC-IS operation. The JRTC-IS has a scope covering the large scale training areas ofFt. Polk, while the scope ofthe MOUT-IS covers a smaller area with greater resolution, the details ofMOUT activity alone, without regard to the large scale activities ofthe sorrounding Ft. Polk area. The challenge and main body ofthis report will discuss how we plan to seamlessly integrate photonic components and systems ofthe MIS to allow accurate, objective seeing, and hearing ofhigh fidelity (realistic) urban warfare training, with immediate feedback for troops and commanders to assess the effectiveness and efficiency ofthe training. This instrumentation system is what will separate this MOUT from others, its ability to comprehensively capture events heretofore unobserved or observed in a subjective manner in other MOUT facilities.