Current instruments and plans for new instruments for the W.M. Keck Observatory are reviewed on behalf of the Keck Science Steering Committee. Much has happened in the last two years. Both 10-meter telescopes have been in full operation for some time and each has a significant complement of instruments. Adaptive optics systems are functioning on both telescopes, the Keck II laser guide star system has been tested, and the Keck Interferometer has achieved first fringes. The existing LRIS spectrograph on Keck I has been upgraded to provide a UV/blue optimized channel and two new instruments have been delivered within the past year, namely, DEIMOS, a multi-object spectrograph and NIRC2, a diffraction-limited IR camera. A near-infrared integral field unit spectrometer for AO is currently under development, as is a CCD detector upgrade for the existing HIRES spectrograph. Future plans include detector upgrades for LRIS-R, and a powerful wide-field near-IR multi-object spectrometer.

The Subaru Telescope has seven first generation optical and infrared instruments now being handed-over from the instrument teams to the observatory and being offered for its open use. We describe brief history of the telescope project and overview of the instrumentation program. Brief status of the Individual instruments is given separately. Exchanging focal plane and instruments is important for such multi-purpose telescope and the effectiveness of the system with the Subaru Telescope is discussed. Finally, current challenges of the program and future plans are summarized.

This is the fourth in a series of SPIE papers that chronicle the accomplishments, challenges, and evolution of Gemini's instrumentation program. For the first time we are pleased to report about progress made on instruments being fabricated as well as results with completed instruments, now steadily producing world-class scientific results at the Gemini Observatory. With the steady arrival of new facility class instruments, we anticipate phasing out our reliance on visitor instruments, which have enabled our early scientific capabilities at both Gemini-N and Gemini-S. Currently two facility class instruments are operational and six more are due in roughly a year, hence commissioning all of these instruments in Hawaii and Chile will doubtless be an enormous task for the staff at Gemini in the near future.

An overview of the 3 facility instruments and 2 strategic interferometric instruments under construction for the Large Binocular Telescope is presented. Planned optical instrumentation includes the Large Binocular Camera (LBC), a pair of wide-field (25' x 25') UB/VRI optimized mosaic CCD imagers at the prime focus, and the MultiObject Double Spectrograph (MODS), a pair of dual-beam blue-red optimized longslit spectrographs mounted at the straight-through F/15 Gregorian focus incorporating multiple slit masks for multi-object spectroscopy over a 5' field and spectral resolutions of 2000-8000. Infrared instrumentation includes the LBT Near-IR Spectroscopic Utility with Camera and Integral Field Unit for Extragalactic Research (LUCIFER), a modular near-infrared (0.9-2.5 μm) imager and spectrograph pair mounted at a bent interior focal station and designed for seeing limited (FOV: 4' x 4') and diffraction limited (FOV: 0.5' x 0.5') imaging and longslit spectroscopy, seeing limited multiobject spectroscopy utilizing cooled slit masks, and optional diffraction limited integral field spectroscopy. Strategic instruments under development for the remaining two combined focal stations include an interferometric cryogenic beam combiner with NIR and thermal IR instruments for Fizeau imaging and nulling interferometry and an optical bench beam combiner with visible and NIR imagers utilizing in the future multi-conjugate adaptive optics for angular resolutions as high as 5 mas at a wavelength of 0.5 μm. The availability of all these instruments mounted simultaneously on the LBT permits flexible scheduling and improved operational support.

The Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) is a revolutionary large telescope of 9.2 meter aperture, located in West Texas at McDonald Observatory. Early scientific operations started on October 8, 1999. The HET operates with a fixed segmented primary and has a tracker which moves the four-mirror corrector and prime focus instrument package to track the sidereal and non-sidereal motions of objects. As of two years ago, the HET was taking science data but the image quality and primary mirror stability were far from specifications. We established the HET Completion Project to identify and fix these problems, and here we describe the current performance of the HET relative to its goals, focusing on progress made in the past two years. The first phase of HET instrumentation includes three facility instruments: the Low Resolution Spectrograph (LRS) and High Resolution Spectrograph (HRS), which are in operation, and the Medium Resolution Spectrograph (MRS), which will be commissioned in the summer and autumn. The current status of the instruments is described in detail with performance measures.

The Phase A study for the California Extremely Large Telescope (CELT) Project has recently been completed. As part of this exercise a working group was set-up to evolve instrumentation strategies matched to the scientific case for the CELT facility. We report here on the proposed initial instrument suite which includes not only massively multiplexed seeing-limited multi-object spectroscopy but also on plans for wide-field adaptive optics fed integral-field spectroscopy and imaging at, or approaching, CELT's diffraction limit.

An update on the design status of the UKIRT Wide Field Camera (WFCAM) is presented. WFCAM is a wide field infrared camera for the UK Infrared Telescope, designed to produce large scale infrared surveys. The complete system consists of a new IR camera with integral autoguider and a new tip/tilt secondary mirror unit. WFCAM is being designed and built by a team at the UK Astronomy Technology Centre in Edinburgh, supported by the Joint Astronomy Centre in Hawaii. The camera uses a novel quasi-Schmidt camera type design, with the camera mounted above the UKIRT primary mirror. The optical system operates over 0.7 - 2.4 μm and has a large corrected field of view of 0.9° diameter. The focal plane is sparsely populated with 4 2K x 2K Rockwell HAWAII-2 MCT array detectors, giving a pixel scale of 0.4 arcsec/pixel. A separate autoguider CCD is integrated into the focal plane unit. Parallel detector controllers are used, one for each of the four IR arrays and a fifth for the autoguider CCD.

MegaCam is an imaging camera with a 1 square degree field of view for the new prime focus of the 3.6 meter Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. This instrument will mainly be used for large deep surveys ranging from a few to several thousands of square degrees in sky coverage and from 24 to 28.5 in magnitude. The camera is built around a CCD mosaic approximately 30 cm square, made of 40 large thinned CCD devices for a total of 20 K x 18 K pixels. It uses a custom CCD controller, a closed cycle cryocooler based on a pulse tube, a 1 m diameter half-disk as a shutter, a juke-box for the selection of the filters, and programmable logic controllers and fieldbus network to control the different subsystems. The instrument was delivered to the observatory on June 10, 2002 and first light is scheduled in early October 2002.

A high-speed photometer, "OPTIMA" short for Optical Pulsar Timing Analyzer, has been designed as a sensitive, portable detector to observe optical pulsars and other highly variable sources. The detector contains eight fiber fed avalanche photodiode single photon counters, a GPS timing receiver, a CCD camera for target acquisition and a computerized control unit. The central fibers are configured as a hexagonal bundle around the target fiber, while one fiber is located at a distance of ~1' as a monitor for the night sky background. Recently a rotating polarization filter and a 4-color prism spectrograph have been added to the system as optional equipment. Since January 1999 OPTIMA has been used on different telescopes to measure detailed lightcurves and polarization of the Crab Pulsar, in a search for optical emission from the Geminga pulsar, and for the timing of cataclysmic variables and X-ray transients.

We describe the current status and technical aspects of the GOHSS (Galileo OH Subtracted Spectrograph) project. Here we point out the most critical items and how we have implemented innovative technical solutions to fulfill the compelling requirements imposed by both the optical tolerances and the demands of a high sensitivity. In particular we examine the camera lens mechanics realized in ultra low expansion quartz; the refrigerator system; the IR array mount realized in an unconventional way; the effort put in procuring optical devices with quite large efficiencies. We are also developing the data reduction package along with the instrument simulator: the optimized procedures and the results on the visibility function of galaxies are given as well. Currently the instrument is in the integration phase at the laboratories of the Astronomical Observatory of Rome and the commissioning phase at the telescope is expected to start at the beginning of year 2003.

MIRSI (Mid-InfraRed Spectrometer and Imager) is a mid-infrared camera system recently completed at Boston University that has both spectroscopic and imaging capabilities. MIRSI is uniquely suited for studies of young stellar objects and star formation, planetary and protoplanetary nebulae, starburst galaxies, and solar system objects such as planets, asteroids, and comets. The camera utilizes a 320 x 240 Si:As Impurity Band Conduction (IBC) array developed for ground-based astronomy by Raytheon/SBRC. For observations at the Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF), MIRSI offers a large field of view (1.6 arcmin x 1.2 arcmin) with a pixel scale of 0.3 arcsec, diffraction-limited spatial resolution, complete spectral coverage over the 8-14 μm and 17-26 μm atmospheric windows for both imaging (discrete filters and circular variable filter) and spectroscopy (10 and 20 μm grisms), and high sensitivity (expected one-sigma point source sensitivities of 5 and 20 mJy at 10 and 20 μm, respectively, for on-source integration time of 30 seconds). MIRSI successfully achieved first light at the Mt. Lemmon Observing Facility (MLOF) in December 2001, and will have its first observing run at the IRTF in November 2002. We present details of the system hardware and software and results from first light observations.

TIMMI2 ESO's 2^nd generation Thermal Infrared Multimode Instrument had astronomical first light in October 2000 at the 3.6 m telescope on La Silla, Chile. Since February 2001 it is in regular use, both by visiting astronomers and in service mode, typically one third of the total telescope time. Using a Raytheon 240 x 320 pixel As:Si-BIB detector allows imaging and grism spectroscopy between 5 and 24 μm. TIMMI2 has also a linear polarimetry mode. We will give a description of the instrument from technical to operational aspects. Because of the substantial gain in sensitivity as compared to previous generation instruments a new set of infrared calibration standards has been constructed. The instrument and telescope are subject of an ongoing sensitivity monitoring program enabling to improve the sensitivity while allowing to spot the development of problems immediately. For stellar objects the sensitivity 10 σ in 1 hour of telescope time is in the range of 15 - 30 mJy. TIMMI2 at the telescope shows negligible flexure (≤ 0.2") while having basically diffraction limited performance for λ ≥ 8 μm.

Two DRS Technologies (formerly Boeing Sensors and Electronic Systems) 256 x 256 Si:As Blocked Impurity Band (BIB) focal plane arrays have been rigorously tested in 2001 and 2002 in the IR laboratory of CEA/Saclay/Service d'Astrophysique. These mid-IR arrays equip VISIR, the mid-infrared imager and spectrometer made under contract by CEA (France) and ASTRON (Netherlands) for the ESO Very Large Telescope. Measurement results crucial to the project appliction are presented. These include array dark current versus temperature and the Background Limited noise Performance (BLIP) capability. Operational optimization for astronomical use is also discussed in this paper.

Superconducting tunnel junctions (STJs) offer the capability of photon counting with intrinsic energy resolving power. This resolving power is ultimately limited by the variance on the number of charge carriers generated in the photon absorption process (Fano limit) and the variance on the number of tunnelled charge carriers (tunnel limit). In addition, the performance can be degraded by electronic noise related to the read-out of the devices and by spatial non-uniformities in the response across the detector area. The present generation of our Ta-Al STJs is such that their spectroscopic performance in the UV/visible is limited by tunnel noise. This noise contribution is usually considered a device constant, (which may only vary marginally with bias conditions) and evaluated for infinite integration time. It can be shown, however, that the tunnel noise contribution is strongly time dependent and can be reduced by almost an order of magnitude for a properly chosen integration time. In this paper we present the experimental demonstration and numerical simulations of this time dependence on a series of Ta-Al STJs with different pulse decay times. The experimental results are in qualitative agreement with the simulations, but do not quite achieve the predicted performance. For the optimum configuration, an effective tunnel noise contribution of ~70% of the conventional tunnel limit is found.

The Suprime-Cam is a CCD camera which is attached to the prime focus of the Subaru Telescope. Ten MIT/LL CCDs are tiled with small gaps to realize large field of view (34' x 27') with 0.2 arcsec sampling. This makes the Suprime-Cam very powerful and unique instrument among 8-10m class telescopes. We present basic design, key techniques, current status and performance of the Suprime-Cam. We also mention ongoing survey programs with the Suprime-Cam, followed by future upgrade plans of the camera.

LIRIS is a near-infrared (0.9 - 2.4 microns) intermediate resolution spectrograph (R = 1000-3000) conceived as a common user instrument for the (WHT) at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos (ORM) La Palma. LIRIS is now being assembled, integrated and virified at the Instituto Astrofisico de Canarias (IAC). LIRIS will have imaging, long-slit and multi-object spectroscopy working modes. Coronography and polarimetry capabilities will eventually be added. Image capability will allow easy target acquisition.

COMICS is an observatory and mid-infrared instrument for the 8.2 m Subaru Telescope. It is designed for imaging and spectroscopic observations in the N- (8-13 micron) and Q-bands (16-25 micron) atmospheric windows. The design and very preliminary performances at the first light observations in December 1999 were reported at the SPIE meeting in 2000. We describe here the improved performances of COMICS and capability of high spectral resolution spectrocopy which became available from December 2001. We will also briefly report preliminary scientific results.

The UKATC has recently delivered and commissioned the Michelle mid-IR spectrograph on UKIRT. This instrument has a variety of precision vacuum-cryogenic mechanisms that utilize technology developed over a number of years at the UKATC in instruments such as IRCAM, CGS4, SCUBA, GMOS and UIST. In these applications it is critical that the mechanisms operate reliably and with a high degree of precision. In most cases the mechanisms support optical elements that must be rigidly held in place when the instrument is tilted during observations on the telescope. This paper describes the level of performance achieved with the Michelle mechanisms and the critical elements of their design.

The design of the Redstar3 array control system including operational requirements and performance is presented. The architecture is intended to support next generation large format infrared/optical arrays and mosaics by using a new scalable approach that takes advantage of commercially available electronics. Specifically, an approach of using a combination of high speed fiber links, networked PCs and Linux to replace the previous generation of VME based DSPs will be discussed in detail. The design will be used to control HAWAII-2RG (1-4.9μm 2Kx2K HgCdTe), Aladdin II and III (1-5 μm 1Kx1K InSb) arrays in facility class instruments for Gemini, NSO and IRTF. It is also intended to be the platform for high count curvature correction, waveform sense and control for adaptive optics.

TEXES, the Texas Echelon Cross Echelle Spectrograph, is an ideal instrument to study molecular clouds at a spectral resolving power of 100,000 between 5 and 25 μm. In many molecular clouds, high extinction often means that no visible stars are available for off-axis guiding. At a resolving power of 100,000, only the very brightest sources can be observed while guiding on the power in the dispersed IR spectra. We present the design of a high-speed on-axis guider for TEXES operating at 3.65 μm, a wavelength outside the spectrometer operating band where many of the target sources are still detectable for imaging. We use a new technology gold nanomesh resonant IR filter/mirror from EDTEK, that transmits 3.65 μm light to the guide detector with a peak transmittance of 60% while reflecting light from 5 μm long-ward with 98% efficiency to the dispersing elements in the spectrograph. A PC controls clocking patterns for the CRC-463 detector from Raytheon Infrared Operations and the analog to digital conversion of signals with a 14 bit A/D card. Image centroiding is done in software and then offsets are sent to the telescope for pointing adjustments or tip-tilt corrections when a tip-tilt secondary is available. This system is a prototype designed to test the feasibility of a similar guider for EXES, the Echelon Cross Echelle Spectrograph, mounted on SOFIA, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy.

The DEep Imaging Multi-Object Spectrograph (DEIMOS) images with an 8K x 8K science mosaic composed of eight 2K x 4K MIT/Lincoln Lab (MIT/LL) CCDs. It also incorporates two 1200 x 600 Orbit Semiconductor CCDs for active, close-loop flexure compensation. The science mosaic CCD controller system reads out all eight science CCDs in 40 seconds while maintaining the low noise floor of the MIT/Lincoln Lab CCDs. The flexure compensation (FC) CCD controller reads out the FC CCDs several times per minute during science mosaic exposures. The science mosaic CCD controller and the FC CCD controller are located on the electronics ring of DEIMOS. Both the MIT/Lincoln Lab CCDs and the Orbit flexure compensation CCDs and their associated cabling and printed circuit boards are housed together in the same detector vessel that is approximately 10 feet away from the electronics ring. Each CCD controller has a modular hardware design and is based on the San Diego State University (SDSU) Generation 2 (SDSU-2) CCD controller. Provisions have been made to the SDSU-2 video board to accommodate external CCD preamplifiers that are located at the detector vessel. Additional circuitry has been incorporated in the CCD controllers to allow the readback of all clocks and bias voltages for up to eight CCDs, to allow up to 10 temperature monitor and control points of the mosaic, and to allow full-time monitoring of power supplies and proper power supply sequencing. Software control features of the CCD controllers are: software selection between multiple mosaic readout modes, readout speeds, selectable gains, ramped parallel clocks to eliminate spurious charge on the CCDs, constant temperature monitoring and control of each CCD within the mosaic, proper sequencing of the bias voltages of the CCD output MOSFETs, and anti-blooming operation of the science mosaic. We cover both the hardware and software highlights of both of these CCD controller systems as well as their respective performance.

EMIR is a intermediate resolution near infrared (1.0 - 2.5 microns) multiobject spectrograph with image capabilities, to be mounted on the Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC). EMIR is being built by a consortium of Spanish, French and British institutions, led by the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias. EMIR is being funded by GRANTECAN and the Plan Nacional de Astronomía y Astrofísica (National Plan for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Spain) as one of the first common user instruments for the GTC. The instrument shall deliver images and spectra from a large FOV (6x6 arcmin in imaging mode, and 6x4 arcmin in multislit spectroscopic mode). Due to the telescope image scale (1 arcmin = 52 mm) and the spectral resolution required (around 4000), one of the major challenges of the instrument is the optical design and the manufacture. The detailed optical design and its expected performance will be presented. In particular the main risk areas will be identified and our risk control strategy will be outlined.

The UIST instrument is a 1-5μm Imager Spectrometer for the UKIRT telescope. The instrument has a high spatial resolution, and is designed to critically sample image sizes of 0.24arcsec. The instrument weighs 750kg and measures approximately 1100x1000x700mm. The flexure specification for the instrument is to maintain the image at the slit within 10% of the narrowest slit width, which is 44μm wide. However combined flexure of the instrument and its supporting structure is expected to be many times more than this. To meet the UIST flexure requirements we propose use of an instrument specific component in the telescope pointing model, to correct for repeatable flexure. Two designs for mounting regimes are presented, together with flexure test results and a discussion of the use of a simple pointing correction. The first, flexible, truss design did not meet requirements and was replaced with a rigid truss system. The paper describes some lessons learned during the development of the UIST mounting scheme, which can be applied in other instrument designs.

Since the beginning of the VISIR project, the calibration aspects have been taken into account as an integral part of the design. In order to provide the user and the archive with high quality and well-controlled data, it is mandatory to have, during the routine observation phase, all calibration observations as part of the instrument set-up activities and as part of the actual Astronomical Observing Template. We propose here to review the calibration of VISIR observations. After a description of the various hardware tools which have been introduced for calibration purposes (warm calibration unit, distortion grid, pupil imaging optics, wavelength calibration modules), we will present the calibrations in four astronomical categories (spatial resolution, photometry, astrometry and wavelength calibration). Cross-calibrations between the Imager and Spectrometer subsystems will also be addressed.

A wide-field near-infrared (0.8 - 2.4 μm) camera for the 1.6 m telescope of the Observatoire du mont Megantic (OMM), is currently under construction at the Universite de Montreal. The field of view is 30' × 30' and will have very little distortion. The optics comprise 8 spherical cryogenic lenses. The instrument features two filter wheels with provision for 10 filters including broad band I, z, J, H, K and other narrow-band filters. The camera is based on a 2048 × 2048 HgCdTe Hawaii-2 detector driven by a 3--output SDSU-II controller operating at ~250 kHz.

We report on the results of the performance tests of the HAWAII-2 FPAs for Multi-Object Infra-Red Camera and Spectrograph (MOIRCS). MOIRCS provides wide-field imaging mode (4'x7' F.O.V.) and multi-object spectroscopy mode for the wavelength range from 0.85 to 2.5 μm. To achieve the wide field-of-view with the high angular resolution, we use two 2048 x 2048 HgCdTe FPAs, HAWAII-2. We have made performance tests of both the engineering-grade and the science-grade HAWAII-2 arrays. Array performances such as stability of bias frames, read noise and dark current are evaluated at the operating temperature of 78K. In addition, we search for the optimum well depth, readout speed by changing bias voltages. We have finished tests of the engineering-grade array and the performance of our science-grade arrays is under investigation.

The University of Hawaii Wide-Field Imager (UHWFI) is a focal compressor designed to project the full half-degree field of the UH 2.2m telescope onto the refurbished 8K×8K CCD camera. The optics use Ohara glasses and are mounted in an oil-filled cell to minimize light losses and ghost images from the large number of internal surfaces. The UHWFI is equipped with a six-position filter wheel and a rotating sector shutter, both driven by stepper motors. The instrument is currently in the design phase and will be commissioned early in 2003.

The SOAR Optical Imager (SOI) is the commissioning instrument for the 4.2-m SOAR telescope, which is sited on Cerro Pachón, and due for first light in April 2003. It is being built at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, and is one of a suite of first-light instruments being provided by the four SOAR partners (NOAO, Brazil, University of North Carolina, Michigan State University). The instrument is designed to produce precision photometry and to fully exploit the expected superb image quality of the SOAR telescope, over a 6x6 arcmin field. Design goals include maintaining high throughput down to the atmospheric cut-off, and close reproduction of photometric passbands throughout 310-1050nm. The focal plane consists of a two-CCD mosaic of 2Kx4K Lincoln Labs CCDs, following an atmospheric dispersion corrector, focal reducer, and tip-tilt sensor. Control and data handling are within the LabVIEW-Linux environment used throughout the SOAR Project.

CONICA is the first AO equipped multimode near infrared camera which saw first light at the VLT in the end of 2001. A technique will be described to benefit of the AO system NAOS to correct not only for atmospheric turbulence but also for the internal optical aberrations of the high resolution camera. The aberrant optical components in the light path of CONICA are outside of the AO loop and therefore no self-acting correction is possible. Independently of the AO wave front sensor, a separate measurement of these minor aberrations using a method called phase diversity allows to predict for the variety of camera configurations the corresponding aberrations. They are quantified by sets of Zernike coefficients which are rendered to the adaptive optics. This technique turns out to be very flexible and results into a further improvement of the optical overall performance.

We describe an optical design process and image performance evaluations for Multi-Object near-InfraRed Camera and Spectrograph (MOIRCS). MOIRCS is a near-infrared imager and multi-object spectrograph under construction for the Subaru Telescope. MOIRCS provides direct imaging of 4' x 7' F.O.V. with a pixel scale of 0.12". MOIRCS also provides low-resolution multi-object spectroscopy with grisms and cooled multi-slit masks on the Cassegrain focal plane. CaF₂, BaF₂, ZnSe, and Fused Silica are used as the lens materials. They have high transmission in the near-infrared wavelength. During the design process, we find that a triplet with an achromatic doublet and a ZnSe singlet shows good performance for chromatic aberration. Therefore, we design our optics on the basis of the triplet with ZnSe. The designed optics shows good performances. Ensquared energy within 2 pixel square is more than 85% over the entire wavelength range and F.O.V. We do not need refocusing with the change of observed wavelengths because chromatic aberration is as small as 100 μm by the triplet with ZnSe over the entire wavelength range from 0.85 to 2.5 μm. Lateral chromatic aberration of 15 μm is less than 1 pixel size. Detailed tolerance analysis is done with possible manufacturing and aligning errors considered. The result shows that designed performances will be kept with a probability of 80% with reasonable tolerances. Ghost analysis is also done over entire F.O.V. and we find a ghost image of 13 magnitude fainter than original image that is not significant for our purpose. Therefore, we conclude that we can obtain enough performances with designed optics.

The Gemini Near-infrared Integral Field Spectrograph (NIFS) will be used with the ALTAIR adaptive optics system on Gemini North. NIFS uses a reflective, concentric, integral field unit (IFU) to reformat its focal plane. The concentric IFU design integrates the IFU with the spectrograph collimator to form a dedicated IFU instrument. The IFU channels are identical and fanned about a single axis passing through the image slicer. The spherical optical surfaces of the spectrograph collimator are all concentric and centered on this fanning axis. The grating is also located on the fanning axis, and the system is arranged to produce coincident pupil images at the grating. In this way, each channel of the IFU performs as if it is on-axis. This avoids complications due to off-axis angles that are intrinsic to other reflective IFU designs.

We present a brief overview of the KALI Camera, the mid-infrared camera for the Keck Interferometer Nulling Project, built at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The instrument utilizes mainly transmissive optics in four identical beam paths to spatially and spectrally filter, polarize, spectrally disperse and image the incoming 7-14 micron light from the four outputs of the Keck Nulling Beam Combiner onto a custom Boeing/DRS High Flux 128 X 128 BIB array. The electronics use a combination of JPL and Wallace Instruments boards to interface the array readout with the existing real-time control system of the Keck Interferometer. The cryogenic dewar, built by IR Laboratories, uses liquid nitrogen and liquid helium to cool the optics and the array, and includes six externally motorized mechanisms for aperture and pinhole control, focus, and optical component selection. The instrument will be assembled and tested through the summer of 2002, and is planned to be deployed as part of the Keck Interferometer Nulling experiment in 2003.

Omega2000 is a prime focus near infrared (NIR) wide-field camera for the 3.5 meter telescope at Calar Alto/Spain. Having a large field of view and an excellent optical quality, the instrument is particularly designed for survey observations. A cryogenic four lens focal reducer delivers a 15.4 x 15.4 arcminute field of view (FOV) with a pixel scale of 0.45"/pixel. The lenses are made of various optical materials, including CaF₂ and BaF₂ with diameters of up to 150 mm. They must be specially mounted to survive cooling and to follow the tight tolerances (± 0.05 mm for lens centricity and ± 30 arcsec for lens tilt) required by the optical design. For a wide range of observing applications, a filter mechanism can hold up to 17 filters of 3 inch diameter in 3 filter wheels. For exact and reproducible filter positions, a mechanical locking mechanism has been developed which also improves the cool-down performance of the filter wheels and filters. This mechanism allows a minimum distance of about 3 mm between the filter wheels. A Rockwell HAWAII-2 FPA is used to cover the wavelength range from 0.85 μm to 2.4 μm. Special care has been taken with regard to the thermal coupling of the detector. The thermal connection is made by gold layers on the fanout board and an additional spring-loaded mechanism. A warm mirror baffle system has been developed, in order to minimize the thermal background for K band observations. The camera is a focal reducer only and has no cold pupil stop.

We describe an instrument under development at the University of Texas for observation of lunar occultations with complete spectral coverage from 1 - 13 μm and with limiting angular resolutions of 1 - 4 milliarcsecond over that range. The instrument will utilize three 2-D arrays that will enable spectral dispersion with a resolving power, R ~ 100, and permit pupil division to avoid blurring the Fresnel fringes of an occultation. The scientific motivation for this program is based on observations of physical properties of circumstellar disks around young, forming stars, as well as of shells around evolved stars undergoing mass loss. We also describe some examples of results with a prototype version of this instrument that has been in use at McDonald Observatory for the last 18 months.

The Near-Infrared Camera and Fabry-Perot Spectrometer (NIC-FPS) will provide near-IR imaging over the wavelength range ~0.9-2.45 microns and medium resolution (R~10,000) full-field Fabry-Perot spectroscopy in the 1.5-2.4 micron range. Science observation will commence by mid 2004 on the Astrophysical Research Consortium 3.5-m telescope at the Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, NM. NIC-FPS will allow a wide variety of extragalactic, galactic, and solar system observational programs to be conducted. NIC-FPS will support two observational modes, near-IR imaging or Fabry-Perot spectroscopy. For spectroscopy of line-emitting objects, the cryogenic Fabry-Perot etalon is inserted into the optical path to generate 3D spectral datacubes at ~30 km/s spectral resolution. For narrow to broad-band imaging, the etalon is removed from the optical path. Both modes will utilize a Rockwell Hawaii 1RG 1024 x 1024 HgCdTe detector which features low dark current, low noise and broad spectral response required for astronomical observations. The optics and detector will provide a full 4.6' × 4.6' field of view at 0.27" pixel. NIC-FPS will be mounted to the ARC telescope's Nasmyth port. NIC-FPS will significantly increase ARC's near-IR imaging and spectroscopy capabilities. We present NIC-FPS's optical design and instrument specifications.

TUFPAC (Tohoku University Focal Plane Array Controller) is an array control system originally designed for flexible control and efficient data acquisition of 2048 x 2048 HgCdTe (HAWAII-2) array. A personal computer operated by Linux OS controls mosaic HAWAII-2s with commercially available DSP boards installed on the PCI bus. Triggered by PC, DSP sends clock data to front-end electronics, which is isolated from the DSP board by photo-couplers. Front-end electronics supply powers, biases and clock signals to HAWAII2. Pixel data are read from four outputs of each HAWAII2 simultaneously by way of four channel preamps and ADCs. Pixel data converted to 16 bit digital data are stored in the frame memory on the DSP board. Data are processed in the memory when necessary. PC receives the frame data and stores it in the hard disk of PC in FITS format. A set of the DSP board and front-end electronics is responsible for controlling each HAWAII-2. One PC can operate eight mosaic arrays at most. TUFPAC is applicable to the control of CCDs with minor changes of front-end electronics.

We discuss the quality of the spectro-imaging data (integral field spectroscopy) of the GraF instrument used with the ADONIS adaptive optics system at the ESO 3.6 m telescope in 1997-2001. The integral filed spectroscopy was obtained using a Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) in cross-dispersion with a grating spectrograph. A cube of spectro-imaging data at λ ≈ 2200 nm covers a 1.5" x 12.4" sky field sampled with 0.05" pixels; the field is recorded at 384 spectral points with the spectral resolution R ≈ 7000. The maximum field and spectral resolution are wavelength dependent, e.g. λ ≈ 1650 nm the field is 0.9" x 9" sampled with 0.035", recorded at 432 spectral points with R ≈ 10000. A spectrum of a B3III standard in the hydrogen Br-γ 2165.5 nm line and spectro-imaging of the complex central region of the eruptive star η Car in the spectral range 1668-1692 nm, including Br-11 1680.6 nm, [FeII] 1676.9 nm, FeII 1678.7 nm and FeII 1687.3 nm lines, are presented along with the discussion concentrated on the accurate calibration of the spatial point-spread function for the image deconvolution, the photometric monitoring of the FPI spectral scan channels, and on the final quality of the extracted spectra.

KMOS is a cryogenic multi-object near-infrared spectrograph for the VLT. It will be equipped with about 20 deployable integral field units (IFUs) which can be positioned anywhere in the 7.2 arcmin diameter field o the VLT Nasmyth focus by a cryogenic robot. We describe IFUs using micro lens arrays and optical fibers to arrange the two-dimensional fields from the IFUs on the spectrograph entrance slit. Each micro-lens array is mounted in a spider arm which also houses the pre-optics with a cold stop. The spider arms are positioned by a cryogenic robot which is built around the image plane. For the IFUs, two solutions are considered: monolithic mirco-lens arrays with fibers attached to the back where the entrance pupil is imaged, and tapered fibers with integrated lenses which are bundled together to form a lens array. The flexibility of optical fibers relaxes boundary conditions for integration of the instrument components. On the other hand, FRD and geometric characteristics of optical fibers leads to higher AΩ accepted by the spectrograph. Conceptual design of the instrument is presented as well as advantages and disadvantages of the fiber IFUs.

Lens mounts for cryogenic service have many requirements: mitigation of thermal shock on the lens, maintenance of lens centering and spacing, control of mechanical stress on the lens from the cell, reliable connection of the lens to the cell, and applicability to a wide variety of lens materials. This paper describes in detail a lens mounting system successfully used in several cryogenic instruments.

The MODS optical spectrograph uses a de-centered Maksutov-Schmidt camera with a clear aperture of ~300mm. This large camera has two widely spaced elements, the corrector and the camera mirror, and a field flattener near the focal plane. This paper describes the truss system that supports the optical elements very rigidly, uses adjustable length links to provide a deterministic method for alignment of the optical elements, and uses material combinations which result in a camera with nearly zero focus shift due to changes in temperature. A novel joint design for terminating the truss links is described that has excellent stiffness and enhances ease of assembly and alignment.

The new operations model for the CTIO Blanco 4-m telescope will use a small suite of fixed facility instruments for imaging and spectroscopy. The Infrared Side Port Imager, ISPI, provides the infrared imaging capability. We describe the optical, mechanical, electronic, and software components of the instrument. The optical design is a refractive camera-collimator system. The cryo-mechanical packaging integrates two LN₂-cooled dewars into a compact, straightline unit to fit within space constraints at the bent Cassegrain telescope focus. A HAWAII 2 2048 x 2048 HgCdTe array is operated by an SDSU II array controller. Instrument control is implemented with ArcVIEW, a proprietary LabVIEW-based software package. First light on the telescope is planned for September 2002.

A description of a new 1-5 micron filter set for infrared photometry is presented. This new Mauna Kea Observatories near-infrared filter set is designed to reduce background noise, improve photometric transformations from observatory to observatory, provide greater accuracy in extrapolating to zero airmass, and reduce the color dependence in the extinction coefficient in photometric reductions. Through this effort we hope to establish a single standard set of infrared filters for ground-based astronomy. A complete technical description is presented to facilitate the production of similar filters in the future.

CONICA has been developed by a German consortium under an ESO contract, to serve together with the VLT adaptive optics system NAOS as a high resolution multimode NIR camera and spectrograph. We report on final laboratory performance tests carried out during the integration period with the adaptive optics. Apart from an outline of the capabilities of this multimode instrument such as high resolution imaging, spectroscopy, Fabry-Perot and a sophisticated internal flexure compensation, we will turn our attention to a detailed examination of the detector characteristics to fully exploit the potential of the ALADDIN array.

The instrument LIRIS is a near IR spectrograph to be installed at the WHT telescope. Currently it is being assembled at the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. The instrument will have a Hawaii 1Kx1K array as the detector. Here we report the laboratory characterization of the scientific grade unit. We give the relevant parameters such as linearity range, gain and readout noise. These results confirm that the science grade detector will fulfil the astronomical requirements for making LIRIS a front line IR instrument. We also discuss some peculiar effects which need to be taken into account in order to guarantee a correct astronomical performance. Among these effects we consider: variation of the dark signal with integration time, cross-talk, and persistance. We also discuss the variation of the bias level with detector temperature and the need to establish an extremely stable control of the temperature.

The Abu infrared imager consists of an ALADDIN 1024x1024 InSB array mounted in a cold-head cooled dewar capable of pumping down to operational temperature without cryogens, equipped with one-to-one transfer optics and an eight-position filter wheel. This simple system was operated at the South Pole on the CARA SPIREX telescope for two years, running in its second winter without trouble continuously for nine months. It was then modified slightly, mostly by inclusion of a higher quality ALADDIN II array, and used for commissioning of the Gemini South 8-meter telescope on Cerro Pachon in Chile. We discuss the lessons learned from the South Pole experiment, the changes made for operations on Gemini South, some results from both sites, and the future of this compact, reliable, and robust camera.

The availability of both large aperture telescopes and large format near-infrared (NIR) detectors are making wide-field NIR imaging a reality. We describe the Wide-field Infrared Camera (WIRC), a newly commissioned instrument that provides the Palomar 200-inch telescope with such an imaging capability. WIRC features a field-of-view (FOV) of 4.33 arcminutes on a side with its currently installed 1024-square Rockwell Hawaii-I NIR detector. A 2048-square Rockwell Hawaii-II NIR detector will be installed and commissioned later this year, in collaboration with Caltech, to give WIRC an 8.7 arcminute FOV on a side. WIRC mounts at the telescope's f/3.3 prime focus. The instrument's seeing-limited optical design, optimized for the JHK atmospheric bands, includes a 4-element refractive collimator, two 7-position filter wheels that straddle a Lyot stop, and a 5-element refractive f/3 camera. Typical seeing-limited point spread functions are slightly oversampled with a 0.25 arcsec per pixel plate scale at the detector. The entire optical train is contained within a cryogenic dewar with a 2.5 day hold-time. Entrance hatches at the top of the dewar allow access to the detector without disruption of the optics and optical alignment. The optical, mechanical, cryogenic, and electronic design of the instrument are described, a commissioning science image and performance analyses are presented.

We developed a near infrared simultaneous three-band (J, H and Ks) camera, SIRIUS. The design of SIRIUS is optimized to deep, large area surveys in the three IR bands. SIRIUS is equipped with three 1024 x 1024 HgCdTe (HAWAII) arrays, providing simultaneous three-band images. SIRIUS has obtained its first light on the UH 2.2 m telescope in August 2000. SIRIUS is now mounted on the IRSF 1.4 m telescope in Sutherland and is dedicated to deep survey in the southern sky from November 2000. On this telescope, SIRIUS provides 7'.8 x 7'.8 field of view with a pixel scale of 0".45 in all bands. The typical limiting magnitudes are J = 19.2 mag, H = 18.6 mag, Ks = 17.3 mag (15 min. integration, S/N = 10 σ). The effective exposure time (30 sec exposure for each frame) in an hour is about 37 minutes (60%) for each band. Both the instrument and the 1.4 m telescope are in operation.

The Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) is a 10-m class telescope presently under construction at Sutherland in South Africa. It is designed along the lines of the Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) at McDonald Observatory in West Texas. SALTICAM will be the Acquisition Camera and simple Science Imager (ACSI) for this telescope. It will also function as the Verification Instrument (VI) to check the performance of the telescope during commissioning. In VI mode, SALTICAM will comprise a filter unit, shutter and cryostat with a 2x1 mosaic of 2k x 4k x 15 micron pixel CCDs. It will be mounted at the f/4.2 corrected prime focus of the telescope. In ACSI mode it will be fed by a folding flat located close to the exit pupil of the telescope. ACSI mode will have the same functional components as VI mode but it will in addition be garnished with focal conversion lenses to re-image the corrected prime focal plane at f/2. The lenses will be made from UV transmitting crystals as the wavelength range for which the instrument is designed will span 320 to 950 nm. In addition to acting as Verification Instrument and Acquisition Camera, SALTICAM will perform simple science imaging in support of other instruments, but will also have a high time resolution capability which is not widely available on large telescopes. This paper will describe the design of the instrument, emphasizing features of particular interest.

The Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) will provide unique observing capabilities in terms of angular resolution and field size. The Fizeau combination of the beams from the two telescope apertures produces an intermediate image which shall be imaged onto a detector array. For this purpose, we designed an optical instrument, the thermal infrared wide-field camera described below. During its design, special care was taken to properly treat the synthetic aperture. The result is a catadioptric optical system with interchangable magnifications matched to the spectral regions around 10 and 20 μm. We present the optical design along with the image analysis.

MegaCam is a wide-field imaging camera built for the prime focus of the 3.6m Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. This large detector has required new approaches from the hardware up to the instrument control system software. Safe control of the three sub-systems of the instrument (cryogenics, filters and shutter), measurement of the exposure time with an accuracy of 0.1%, identification of the filters and management of the internal calibration source are the major challenges that are taken up by the control system. Another challenge is to insure all these functionalities with the minimum space available on the telescope structure for the electrical hardware and a minimum number of cables to keep the highest reliability. All these requirements have been met with a control system which different elements are linked by a WorldFip fieldbus on optical fiber. The diagnosis and remote user support will be insured with an Engineering Control System station based on software developed on Internet JAVA technologies (applets, servlets) and connected on the fieldbus.

Many astronomical researches make use of narrow-band observations to isolate specific spectral features. We present a project to implement an imaging tunable interference filter, representing an observational facility that can greatly expand the capabilities of the instrumentation currently mounted at TNG.