This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 8841 including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and Conference Committee listing.

A compact encapsulating lens is proposed and analyzed, which simultaneously collimates and mixes the tunable light from red, green and blue (RGB) light-emitting diode (LED) chips. Colored LED chips are embedded within a spherical lens, and a section of the sphere that surrounds chips is mirrored with a diffuse reflector. Color light is mixed by multiple total internal reflections (TIRs), the scattering mirror breaks TIR, and light escapes only in a narrow beam in the forward direction. The color distribution, the beam pattern, and efficiency are analyzed by Monte Carlo ray tracing calculations.

A module of laser-phosphor based light source, wherein phosphor light pumped by laser is combined with blue laser light to form white light, is used as light source for 3-chip projectors. Arrays of blue laser diodes are concentrated and aligned by stripes of mirrors and formed into a laser bank. Laser lights of 445nm and 460 nm from two directions and two half apertures are guided and converged into either red or green phosphors. Red and green lights emerge from two spots of phosphors are collimated into two directions and reflected into one direction by two dichroic plates. Two dichroic plates also reflect two directions of 445nm and 460 nm residual blue laser lights into one direction. The combined red, blue and green lights are guided into one direction and can be used as input light source for 3-chip projector.

Ceramic phosphors, excited by high radiance pump sources, offer considerable potential for high radiance conversion. Interestingly, thermodynamic arguments suggest that the radiance of the luminescent spot can even exceed that of the incoming light source. In practice, however, thermal quenching and (non-thermal) optical saturation limit the maximum attainable radiance of the luminescent source. We present experimental data for Ce:YAG and Ce:GdYAG ceramics in which these limits have been investigated. High excitation fluxes are achieved using laser pumping. Optical pumping intensities exceeding 100W/mm² have been shown to produce only modest efficiency depreciation at low overall pump powers because of the short Ce³⁺ lifetime, although additional limitations exist. When pump powers are higher, heat-transfer bottlenecks within the ceramic and heat-sink interfaces limit maximum pump intensities. We find that surface temperatures of these laser-pumped ceramics can reach well over 150°C, causing thermal-quenching losses. We also find that in some cases, the loss of quantum efficiency with increasing temperature can cause a thermal run-away effect, resulting in a rapid loss in converted light, possibly over-heating the sample or surrounding structures. While one can still obtain radiances on the order of many W/mm²/sr, temperature quenching effects ultimately limit converted light radiance. Finally, we use the diffusion-approximation radiation transport models and rate equation models to simulate some of these nonlinear optical pumping and heating effects in high-scattering ceramics.

In recent years, LEDs were applied to general lighting in large volume, mostly in territory of backlight lighting. Therefore, our research would focus on backlight lighting.In this paper, one method was adopted to obtain freeform surface with non-axial symmetry. Then by the freeform lens constructed by us, we would make the light field intensity more uniform. At the second part of the paper, we would utilize heterogeneous micro lens array (MLA) to approximate the shape of the freeform lens, and adjust the curvature radius and size of the micro lenses, and the arrangement way of the micro lens by the simulation results. Through repeated trials, we could achieve a uniformlight intensity of LEDsusing microlenses and the thickness of direct-lit backlight unit is 2 mm thick.

This paper provides a set of polarization aberration fields that are useful for understanding polarization aberrations in optical imaging systems. The aberration function of a plane symmetric system is used to build the polarization fields. Polarization aberration coefficients for a system of spherical surfaces are also given.

Two types of fisheye lenses for automobile navigation are designed with slope-constrained Q-type aspheres. Special requirements have been considered in the design process, and Q-type surfaces are introduced by converted from other kinds of aspheric description with only coefficients of low-order terms retained. A possible problem of imaging the first surface onto the sensor has also been analyzed. As a result, as for the six-element fisheye lens, MTF is greater than 0.3 at 45lp/mm, f-θ distortion is less than 0.03 when the focal length is calibrated, field of view is 230° and full field relative illumination is greater than 0.4. For the four-element fisheye lens, MTF is greater than 0.4 at 45lp/mm, f-θ distortion is less than 0.16 , field of view is 190° and full field relative illumination is greater than 0.6. The design results show that the Q-type surfaces employed in fisheye lenses can make the system more compact, lightweighted and easier to manufacture.

We provide analytic formulas for fews aspheric terms either plano-convex or convex-plano aspheric lenses. These formulas are obtained considering an expansion in Taylor's series from exact caustic equation produced by aspheric lenses. A comparison between our method and numerical methods of design are presented, showing a well agreement in order to reduce the spherical aberration.

Results from the GelOE optical engineering software are presented for the through-focus, monochromatic coherent and polychromatic incoherent imaging of a radial "star" target for equivalent t-number circular and Gaussian pupils. The FFT-based simulations are carried out using OpenMP threading on a multi-core desktop computer, with and without the aid of a many-core NVIDIA GPU accessing its cuFFT library. It is found that a custom FFT optimized for the 12-core host has similar performance to a simply implemented 256-core GPU FFT. A more sophisticated version of the latter but tuned to reduce overhead on a 448-core GPU is 20 to 28 times faster than a basic FFT implementation running on one CPU core.

After a generation of writing and improving lens design software, it is time to assess where we are. Specifically, can a modern program compete with, or surpass, the best human designers? Here we describe a friendly contest between two leaders in the field.

Sandia has developed an optical design for wearable binoculars utilizing freeform surfaces and switchable mirrors. The goals of the effort included a design lightweight enough to be worn by the user while providing a useful field of view and magnification as well as non-mechanical switching between normal and zoomed vision. Sandia’s approach is a four mirror, off-axis system taking advantage of the weight savings and chromatic performance of a reflective system. The system incorporates an electrochromic mirror on the final surface before the eye allowing the user to switch between viewing modes. Results from a prototype of a monocular version with 6.6x magnification will be presented. The individual mirrors, including three off-axis aspheres and one true freeform, were fabricated using a diamond-turning based process. A slow-slide servo process was used for the freeform element. Surface roughness and form measurement of the freeform mirror will be presented as well as the expected impact on performance. The alignment and assembly procedure will be reviewed as well as the measured optical performance of the prototype. In parallel to the optical design work, development of an electrochromic mirror has provided a working device with faster switching than current state of the art. Switchable absorbers have been demonstrated with switching times less than 0.5 seconds. The deposition process and characterization of these devices will be presented. Finally, details of an updated optical design with additional freeform surfaces will be presented as well as plans for integrating the electrochromic mirror into the system.

This paper proposes a new zoom lens design with intermediate image. The two 3x zoom lenses are independently designed and then cascaded to a 9x zoom lens. The concept of intermediate optics is applied in this paper in order to minimize size of front diameter and overall length. The final layout shows the proposed 9x zoom lens can effectively miniature the front diameter of lens about 44.25%.

Current capsule endoscope uses one camera to capture the surface image in the intestine. It can only observe the abnormal point, but cannot know the exact information of this abnormal point. Using two cameras can generate 3D images, but the visual plane changes while capsule endoscope rotates. It causes that two cameras can’t capture the images information completely. To solve this question, this research provides a new kind of capsule endoscope to capture 3D images, which is 'A 3D photographic capsule endoscope system'. The system uses three cameras to capture images in real time. The advantage is increasing the viewing range up to 2.99 times respect to the two camera system. The system can accompany 3D monitor provides the exact information of symptom points, helping doctors diagnose the disease.

We apply a digital camera with two prism arrays to capture a stereo image of the corrected chromatic aberration and distortion. The doublet prisms are used to correct chromatic aberration. The camera distortion with two prism arrays can be increased, and reduced by the lens optimization.

Customized high-contact-angle microlenses are presented for optical wireless communication (OWC) and optical wireless location (OWL) applications. These microlenses are fabricated by way of an electro-dispensing technique to establish wide field-of-views (FOVs). Each microlens is formed from dispensed UV-curable polymer with pressurecontrol defining the microlens volume and a voltage on the metal needle tip defining the microlens shape (by way of electrowetting). UV curing is then applied. Microlenses with FOVs up to 90° are fabricated for high-density integration above a CMOS imaging sensor for wide-FOV operation in emerging OWC and OWL applications. Both theoretical raytracing analyses and experimental imaging results are presented with good agreement.

The Infrared Atmospheric Sounder Interferometer (IASI) is a Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) working in the [3.6μm, 15.5μm] range, dedicated to Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP), atmospheric chemistry and climate monitoring. The second flight model (2 out of 3) is now in orbit and operational, as a payload of the MetOp-B satellite. A new generation of instrument (IASI-NG) to continue the IASI mission with increased performances is currently investigated by the French Space Agency (CNES). The performance objective is mainly a spectral resolution and a radiometric error divided by two compared with the IASI ones. Many different concepts of FTS were studied to try to fulfill these challenging requirements. This paper presents the different envisaged optical architecture and associated trade off. The major issue of the concept is to manage the so-called self-apodization of the interferogram and the associated degradation of the spectral resolution induced by the wider Field of View (FoV) and the longer Optical Path Difference (OPD). Increasing these two quantities have very constraining consequences on the optical architecture. Another critical point is the control of straylight which is quite severe and which has been taken into account early in the optical design. To assess the performances of the interferometer, different optical models were built combining analytical approach with ray tracing technics. We will describe the impacts of the demanding spectral requirements on the optical components and our analyses based on these models will be presented.

Inspired by the natural compound eyes of insects, multichannel imaging systems embrace many channels that scramble their entire Field-Of-View (FOV). Our aim in this work was to attain multi-resolution capability into a multi-channel imaging system by manipulating the available channels to possess different imaging properties (focal length, angular resolution). We have designed a three-channel imaging system where the first and third channels have highest and lowest angular resolution of 0.0096° and 0.078° and narrowest and widest FOVs of 7° and 80°, respectively. The design of the channels has been done for a single wavelength of 587.6 nm using CODE V. The three channels each consist of 4 aspherical lens surfaces and an absorbing baffle that avoids crosstalk among the neighbouring channels. The aspherical lens surfaces have been fabricated in PMMA by ultra-precision diamond tooling and the baffles by metal additive manufacturing. The profiles of the fabricated lens surfaces have been measured with an accurate multi-sensor coordinate measuring machine and compared with the corresponding profiles of the designed lens surfaces. The fabricated lens profiles are then incorporated into CODE V to realistically model the three channels and also compare their performances with those of the nominal design. We can conclude that the performances of the two latter models are in a good agreement.

We present theoretical, numerical and experimental analysis of the cause of internal structure of bokeh images often seen in shots taken with camera lenses that incorporate aspheric surfaces. The bokeh structure was shown to closely reflect characteristics of the asphere manufacturing process, and found to be due to light diffraction on the phase grating associated with the aspheric surface. Results of theoretical analysis were confirmed by numerical simulations and experimental photo shots. Bokeh images were found to be more sensitive to residual manufacturing artifacts of aspheric surface than corresponding degradation in lens modulation transfer function for a sharp focused image.

The designed Active LDR(Laser Detection and Ranging) System contains high-power Laser and its diameter is approximately 24mm. Although the laser transmitting channel and receiving optic channel are completely separated from each other and doesn’t share any of the optical components in design, each channel shares 4 wedge scanners, which are to overcome the narrow FOV(Field of View) of the optical system. Any backward reflection back to the fiber laser end must be carefully studied since it can damage the LD(Laser Diodes), the inner components of the laser unit because of the high amplification factor of the laser unit. In this study, the stray light caused by the transmitting channel’s laser and inner reflection by optical components were analyzed by ASAP(Advanced System Analysis Program) software. We also can confirm the operability and stability of the system by more than 6 months of operation of the system.

Experiments presented in a previous paper established proof-of-principle that water, the most prevalent contaminant in high-vacuum cryogenic systems, initially collects on the surfaces of optical components as a thin film of ice, and thus can be detected and its thickness measured via multiple-beam thin-film interference phenomena. In those earlier experiments, a molecular sieve zeolite in a canister external to a vacuum chamber served as a water source, while the buildup of ice was measured using a HeNe laser beam reflected off the surface of a mirror with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) used for verification of the mass accumulation. Additional experiments have improved upon the techniques used earlier and provided further insight into the ice accumulation process. Use of a shorter wavelength (450 nm) laser in conjunction with a first-surface gold mirror produced greater depth of modulation and thus increased signal-to- noise ratio in the light interference. Data reduction using cross-correlation analysis over single-period interference records provided more accuracy and precision in the ice thickness measurements. Ice buildup under varying pressure and temperature ranges established baseline conditions for transparent thin-film deposition, and the transition to ice fracture and specular reflection. These recent experiments have demonstrated that the optical monitoring of ice accumulation via multiple-beam interference is applicable over a wider range of mass and thicknesses than the conventionally-used QCM method.

There are a few semi-conductor, multiple-wavelength, high-performance sources already available for ITU-T channel generation in DWDM systems. The 200 Ghz barrier has imposed a limitation to such sources. An option for overcoming such a limitation is a super-continuum, all fibre source working in the amplified spontaneous emission regime. Furthermore, in this work we propose an Er-doped fiber based Mach-Zehnder interferometer, made with mechanicallyinduced, long-period fiber gratings, which generate a fringe pattern ranging from 1450 to 1650 nm. These characteristics are of great interest for the development of all-fiber devices that could produce and even select a few channels in the 1550nm region, the transmission window of interest for ultra-long haul optical communication systems. A full set of optical characterization and results will be included in the presentation.

Nowadays, there are many popular electronic devices consist of optical focus zooming systems. It is the trend to minimize optical systems in portable devices. For this purpose, we used deformable mirrors in optical systems that can make them thinner and lighter. The Ionic-Polymer Metal Composite (IPMC) is the critical component in our design of the deformable mirror. It has good bending feature and can be driven at low voltage (less than 5 volts). The IPMC fabrication processes contain three steps: acid clean, initial compositing process and surface electrode plating process. After the IPMC is completed, we coated the PDMS on the surface to improve the surface roughness. Then we deposit silver on one side as a reflective surface to finish our deformable mirror. Some characteristics of the IPMC deformable mirror would be demonstrated in the paper. By coating the PDMS on the IPMC surface, the surface roughness can be reduced to about 20 nm. The reflection of the silver layer is up to 90%. In our design, we make the reflective optical zoom module which consists of three biconic mirrors and two deformable mirrors. When we applied voltages on deformable mirrors, the reflective light is successfully focused after the deformation of elliptic IPMC. The zoom ratio of this module can be expected to 1.8 times. The deformable mirror can be changed from flat to 65 diopters (m^-1) by about 3 volts.

Artificial compound-eye structure has been studied recently due to its great applications of wide field-of-view imaging and backlight modules. However, fabrication process for microstructures on curvilinear surface has a lot of difficulties since traditional fabrication techniques are planar. In this paper, a simple and low-cost method to fabricate microlenses on spherical surface was demonstrated. Microlenses with high fill factor were formed by thermal reflow technique, followed by multiple replication processes to transfer the microlenses from planar substrate onto spherical surface. During the process, we made a curved mold with concave microlenses, which allowed this method to be duplicable easily. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer was employed as the material of both microlenses and mold due to its flexibility and transparency for visible light. To prevent microlenses from being damaged during the release procedure, surface treatment using trichloro(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane was applied before every replication process. Several PDMS domes covered with hexagonal or square microlenses on the surface were fabricated successfully. The diameter of each microlens was about 200 μm and the pitch of array was 220 μm. The radius of curvature of the spherical surface was about 6.1 mm. The uniformity of microlenses was analyzed through the intensity distribution of focused spots. Imaging performance of microlenses was shown. The curved microlens arrays were combined with image sensor, and clear images of objects at different distance are shown. The experimental results showed a high potential for curved microlens arrays being applied to compact mobile camera lens.

The modulation transfer function (MTF) is widely used as the image quality criterion of choice for imaging applications where fine detail in extended images needs to be specified or evaluated. In this paper we present a parametric analysis of the effect of scattered light upon the MTF of an imaging system, and illustrate the results for three specific applications: (i) a visible Newtonian telescope with moderately good optical surfaces which produce no significant effect upon the MTF, (ii) an extreme ultraviolet Newtonian telescope where scattering effects can dominate both diffraction effects and aberrations in the resulting image degradation even for state-of-the-art optical surfaces, and (iii) a visible system made up of three diamond-turned off-axis aspheric mirrors where we use the predicted MTF to estimate whether post-polishing is required (huge cost and schedule impact) to meet a specific image quality requirement.

Cassegrain optical systems are widely used in remote sensing instrument. Cassegrain telescope is composed of a primary mirror (M1), a secondary mirror (M2), and a set of correction lenses. The system aberrations of telescope could be corrected and balanced by M1 and M2. In the event of deformation of telescope assembly, the non-symmetry aberrations will be induced to the optical system and reduce the optical performance. The non-symmetry aberrations can be measured after completing M1 and M2 assembly and alignment processes. Compensating this identified error to M1 or M2 can improve the optical performance of the telescope system. The error compensation on M2 is more efficient due to its smaller aperture and quickly assembly and de-assembly processes. In this study, we map the system wavefront error caused by deformation of mirror supporting and gravity onto the designed aspheric surface of M2. The surface of M2 becomes a freeform from aspheric. The polishing process combines the techniques of conventional lapping and CNC polishing. We apply the conventional spherical lapping process to quick remove the sub-surface damage (SSD) layer and to get the accurate radius of best fit sphere of the designed aspheric surface with fine surface texture simultaneously. The polishing and metrology processes were performed by using Zeeko IRP1000 polisher and QED ASI. A Φ 150 mm mirror with freeform surface was completed.

We present an asymmetric condenser with an elliptical solid angle distribution and improves system efficiency of 15.5%. The proposed system on the DMD achieves the light efficiency of 63.4% and the average deviation of 1.75%.

The paper presents the mathematical technique for precise calculation of the three dimensional point spread function (3D PSF) of a high aperture optical system. The proposed technique is based on Huygens-Fresnel principle: a spherical wave at an exit pupil is considered as a numerous set of elementary secondary light sources. They emit spherical coherent electro-magnetic waves. All these waves form a definite distribution of summarized complex amplitudes in a three dimensional space near a focal point. This distribution is used for calculation of the distribution of effective intensity which takes into account the influence of inclined optical beams. The comparison analysis of this approach and the techniques based on multi-dimensional Fourier transforms are discussed.

Based on the theory of split ring resonators (SRRs) and the rigorous theory of electromagnetic field, the spatial distributions of the electric field and electric energy density in split ring resonators with different structures such as square, circle and triangle have been analyzed. The variation of electric energy density with different terahertz (THz) frequencies has also been investigated. It can be shown from our numerical simulation results that the electric field enhancement effect occurs in the split ring resonators with square, circle and triangle structures and the electric field near the opening is obviously stronger than that in other regions, especially in the gap of the split ring resonators. The maximum of the electric energy density appears in the opening of the SRRs and the electric field is obviously stronger near the resonance frequency of the SRRs. The results obtained in this paper have important significance on the design of the split ring resonators and the function of resonant magnetic response of left hand materials (LHMs).

This article deals with automatic power balancing along an optical line. For optimal transmission of an optical signal it is important to achieve certain parameters such as the signal to noise ratio or chromatic dispersion and also the sufficient output power level of in-line amplifiers. Pump diodes in amplifiers suffer from aging of material and therefore the driving current of pump diodes has to be accordingly increased to achieve the same gain as in the moment when the pump diodes were new. The use of a minimal required driving current leads to the longer lifetime of optical pumps. Therefore an automatic power balance is one of the methods used to achieve these goals.

Recently spectroscopic methods of diagnostics of the liquid propellant rocket engines for prevention of emergencies become topical. Such diagnostics is based on tracking appearance of spectral lines of engine’s constructional materials in spectrum of rocket plume radiation and glow dynamics of these lines. The multichannel optical spectral device considered in this paper makes the contactless spectrum analysis of optical radiations that allows to use this spectral device for diagnostics of the liquid propellant rocket engines. The novelty of this spectral device lies in application of the fiber-optical bundle and N parallel channels of the spectrum analysis [1]. Each channel contains the narrow-band optical filtration which has been set on the certain wave length. The fiber-optical bundle is used for transmitting analyzed optical radiation on a safe distance for the device from the rocket engine. This method of the contactless rocket engine diagnostics allows to except a direct contact of the spectral device with the field of rocket blast radiation and to eliminate negative influence of the engine on the spectral device, for example the acoustic impact.

The technique of subcutaneous veins imaging by using NIR (Near Infrared Radiation) is widely used in medical applications, such as the intravenous injection and the blood sampling. In the previous study, an automatic 3D blood vessel search and automatic blood sampling system was newly developed. In order to validate this NIR imaging system, we adopted the subcutaneous vein in the human arm and its artificial phantom, which imitate the human fat and blood vessel. The human skin and subcutaneous vein is characterized as the uncertainty object, which has the individual specificity, non-accurate depth information, non-steady state and hardly to be fixed in the examination apparatus. On the other hand, the conventional phantom was quite distinct from the human’s characteristics, such as the non-multilayer structure, disagreement of optical property. In this study, we develop a multilayer phantom, which is quite similar with human skin, for improvement of NIR detection system evaluation. The phantom consists of three layers, such as the epidermis layer, the dermis layer and the subcutaneous fat layer. In subcutaneous fat layer, we built a blood vessel. We use the intralipid to imitate the optical scattering characteristics of human skin, and the hemoglobin and melanin for the optical absorption characteristics. In this study, we did two subjects. First, we decide the fabrication process of the phantom. Second, we compared newly developed phantoms with human skin by using our NIR detecting system, and confirm the availability of these phantoms.

Contamination of foodstuffs with foreign substances is a serious problem because it often has negative effects on consumer health. However, detection of small organic substances in foods can be difficult because they are undetectable with traditional inspection apparatus. In this work, we developed new equipment that can detect small organic contaminant substances in food at high speed using a near-infrared (NIR) imaging technique. The absorption spectra of various foods were measured, and the spectra showed low absorbance at wavelengths from 600 nm to 1150 nm. Based on the observable wavelength range of a CMOS camera, which has a high dynamic range, superluminescent diodes (SLDs) with a wavelength of 830 nm were selected as light sources. We arranged 40 SLDs on a flat panel and placed a diffusion panel over them. As a result, uniformly distributed light with an intensity of 0.26 mW/cm² illuminated an area of 6.0 cm × 6.0 cm. Insects (3 mm wide) and hairs (0.1 mm in diameter) were embedded in stacked ham slices and in chocolate, with a total thickness of 5 mm in each case, and the transmission images were observed. Both insects and hairs were clearly observed as dark shadows with high contrast. We also compensated the images by using software developed in this study to eliminate low spatial frequency components in the images and improve the sharpness and contrast. As a result, the foreign substances were more clearly distinguished in the 5-mm-thick ham.

The modulation transfer function (MTF) in lens systems can be simulated using rendering. Here, the MTF is obtained by rendering test charts with bar target patterns after they are passed through an optical imaging system. The benefit of this method is that it can be applied to shift-variant systems, to which it is difficult to apply the point spread function (PSF), and that it enables the comparison of theoretical results to experimental results when test charts are imaged through an optical imaging system. However, the number of sampled rays must be increased to suppress the variance in the resulting radiance distribution, and the computation time increases proportionally with the number of analyzed spatial frequencies. This report proposes the recording of the light field of light rays, which is a function describing light rays at the entrance pupil. Focused images are compiled for each test chart based on the recorded light field. The time necessary for compilation is significantly shorter than for ray tracing in a lens; therefore, the radiance distribution can be rapidly obtained when the spatial frequency is changed. The methodology to record the light field and the data format are outlined in this report.

Along with the wider use of high-speed information networks and multimedia, it is increasingly necessary to have higher-density and higher-transfer-rate storage devices. Therefore, research and development into holographic memories with three-dimensional storage areas is being carried out to realize next-generation large-capacity memories. The mainstream in the world is the angle multiplexing method, however, its beam position control is quite severe. In such situation, we study about shift multiplexing method because it costs not much and its control is easier than the angle multiplexing. In this experiment, we examined shift selectivity of track direction, radial direction and vertical direction of the medium. As a result, combining these different kinds of selectivity, we found a possible multiplexing way to achieve several tera bits per inch square density recording.

Aspheric mould design includes the top-down design and reversal design. In this paper, a new framework of reversal design is proposed combining with cloud supported collaborative design (CSCD) based on aspheric measurement. The framework is a kind of collaborative platform, which is composed of eight modules, including the computerized aspheric precision measurement module (CAPM), computer-aided optical design of aspheric lens system (CAOD), computer-aided design of lens mould (CADLM), FEM(finite element method) simulation of lens molding module (FEMLM), computer-aided manufacture of lens and moulds (CAMLM), measurement data analysis module (MDAM), optical product lifecycle management module (OPLM) and cloud computing network module (CCNM). In this framework, the remote clients send an improved requirement or fabrication demand about optical lens system through CCNM, which transfers this signal to OPLM. In OPLM, one main server is in charge of the task distribution and collaborative work of other six modules. The first measurement data of aspheric lens are produced by clients or our proposed platform CAPM, then are sent to CAOD for optimization and the electronic drawings of lens moulds are generated in CADLM module. According the design drawings, the FEMLM could give the lens-molding simulation parameters through FEM software. The simulation data are used for the second design of moulds in CADLM module. In this case, the moulds could be fabricated in CAMLM by ultra-precision machine, and the aspheric lens could be also produced by lens-molding machine in CAMLM. At last, the final shape of aspheric lens could be measured in CAPM and the data analysis could be conducted in MDAM module. Through the proposed framework, all the work described above could be performed coordinately. And the optimum design data of lens mould could be realized and saved, then shared by all the work team.

In this research, an optical integrated module including a liquid-filled lens, a flexible sensor membrane and a selfadjusted optical compensation component was designed. We studied the optical relationship (which is called compensation function) between the liquid-filled lens and the sensor membrane to make the system has good optical characters. According to compensation function, this module compensates the optical character between lens and sensor membrane to obtain a clear image by adjusting the internal pressure and volume of the liquid in the liquid filled optical system. For a single lens optical system, the curvy sensor membrane has better performance than flat type sensor in off optical axis due to Petzval surface is curved. An optical experiment was set up to measure the performance of the module to prove the idea, and the results show that the module achieves the desired effect.

This work considers typical radiometers that measure the radiance of sources or of some surface (due to reflection). The most important thing in a radiometer is its optical cavity, which defines the solid angle of measurement. In case of instruments that use lenses, lens diameter and focal length define the solid angle. Radiometer design takes care that the solid angle subtended by the optical cavity be minor that the solid angle subtended by the source to be measured, however no considerations are taken on the length of the cavity. In this work it is discussed theoretical limitation in the design of radiometers, particularly the influence of radiometer length (the cavity length). Theory of partial coherence is used to obtain the instrument function and to show how the length of the instrument affects measurements.

High-performance eyepiece designs have been carried out using both spherical and radial gradient-index (GRIN) elements. Eyepiece designs of both geometries are shown to offer superior imaging performance with fewer elements when compared to purely homogeneous systems. These GRIN lenses are formed from monomer diffusion between polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polystyrene (PSTY) during the polymerization process, resulting in a copolymer of the two homogeneous materials. A process for fabricating spherical GRIN elements is discussed where copolymer axial GRIN blanks are thermally compressed using spherical surface molds. This process curves the nominally-straight isoindicial surfaces of the axial GRIN rod to be consistent with the shape found during optimization of the design. Once compressed, the spherical blanks are diamond-turned for final surface figure and finish. Measurement of the GRIN profile is carried out using the Schmidt immersion technique in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Tolerances specific to GRIN elements are identified and determined to be readily achievable using the aforementioned manufacturing process.