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A general description of optical instruments is presented, which can be used to treat geometrical optics, Fourier optics, and the wave theory in a unified manner. It is shown that a joint treatment of these various branches of optics clarifies many results that quite often remain intuitively obscure to the student; e.g., the Legendre transformations in eikonal theory attain an immediate significance in the context of the wave theory. Students of a course along these lines must have a moderate knowledge of Fourier integrals. In the final section it is shown that diffraction theory can be described in terms of a "sum over all rays" concept.
Adriaan Walther
"Systematic Approach to the Teaching of Lens Theory", Proc. SPIE 0013, Modulation Transfer Function, (1 September 1968); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.946750
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Adriaan Walther, "Systematic Approach to the Teaching of Lens Theory," Proc. SPIE 0013, Modulation Transfer Function, (1 September 1968); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.946750