This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 10150 including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and Conference Committee listing.

We studied the thermo-optic effects in detuned antisymmetric three waveguide directional couplers analytically, we analyzed the effects on switching operation on several temperature changes, which cause different switching characteristics, especially the value of propagation constant mismatch. Based on this research, it concluded that the system with three identical waveguides in which the beam launched into middle waveguide is better system to withstand cross state condition in higher temperature. Note that the system’s limit changes of propagation constant mismatch in which could hold the cross state performance is Δβ = -0.4 – 0.4 before heated, Δβ = -1.4 – 1.4 after heated 10°C and Δβ = -2.7 – 2.7 after heated 20°C.

A new method for extracting information from particle holograms by using a single coefficient of Wigner-Ville distribution (WVD) is proposed to obviate drawbacks of conventional numerical reconstructions. Our previous study found that analysis of the holograms by using the WVD gives output coefficients which are mainly confined along a diagonal direction intercepted at the origin of the WVD plane. The slope of this diagonal direction is inversely proportional to the particle position. One of these coefficients always has minimum amplitude, regardless of the particle position. By detecting position of the coefficient with minimum amplitude in the WVD plane, the particle position can be accurately measured. The proposed method is verified through computer simulations.

This paper presents a periscope type 3X zoom lenses design for a five megapixel cellphone camera. The configuration of optical system uses the right angle prism in front of the zoom lenses to change the optical path rotated by a 90° angle resulting in the zoom lenses length of 6 mm. The zoom lenses can be embedded in mobile phone with a thickness of 6 mm. The zoom lenses have three groups with six elements. The half field of view is varied from 30° to 10.89°, the effective focal length is adjusted from 3.142 mm to 9.426 mm, and the F-number is changed from 2.8 to 5.13.

This paper presents a comparative study of dispersion characteristics of the circular waveguide with helical windings. Our waveguide is doubly unconventional in the choice of reverse boundary condition, in the choice of normal boundary condition and further with the presence of sheath helix between the core and cladding parameters. Two methods of winding the helix between the core and cladding are considered namely from right to left and left to right. Through mathematical analysis using field components and boundary conditions the modal characteristics are derived for both conditions. Normal boundary condition and reverse boundary conditions are used respectively to represent the helical windings. Here the characteristic equation is obtained in the form of Bessel and modified Bessel for both waveguides. Using the modal characteristic equation the dispersion curves are plotted for numerous angles and wavelengths. We find that the method of wrapping the helical material has significant effect on the dispersion properties with regards to the way the modes propagate.

This paper describes the use of several single mode (SM) fiber patchcords available commercially in the market for intensity based sensor by taking the benefit of bending loss phenomenon. Firtsly, the full transmission spectrum of all fiber patchcords were measured and analyzed to examine its bending properties at a series of wavelength using white light source and optical spectrum analyzer. Bending spectral at various bending diameter using single wavelength light sources were then measured for demonstration.Three good candidates for the intensity based sensor are SM600 fiber patchcord with 970 nm LED, SMF28 fiber patchcord with 1050 nm LED and 780HP fiber patchcord with 1310 nm LED which have noticeable bending sensitive area. Experiments show that the combination of the SMF28with 1050 nm LED has 30 mm measurement range which is the widest; with sensitivity 0.107 dB/mm and resolution 0.5 mm compared with combination of SM600 patchcord and LED 970 nm which has the best sensitivity (0.891 dB/mm) and resolution (0.06 mm) but smaller range measurement (10 mm). Some suitable applications for each fiber patchcord – light source pair have also been discussed.

Gradient-Index (GRIN) lenses are characterized by its small diameter and length, enabling them to be an effective lens for an integrated probe based imaging system. For a speckle-based surface metrology system, the imaging lens plays an important role in deciding the statistical dimensions of the speckles. In such cases, the design and simulation of the lens system would be a key process to better the performance of the lensed imaging fiber probe. In this context, this paper focuses on the design of lensed fiber probes for a speckle-based surface metrological imaging system that can find intra cavity interrogation applications. Different optical properties of GRIN lenses and imaging fibers are considered while designing the final probe distal end to meet the targeted specifications. Singlet GRIN lens configuration is analyzed for a front view configuration and a parameter optimization has been carried out to obtain the specifications including the field-of-view, resolution, working distance and magnification.

Generally, mobile phone use one camera to catch the image, and it is hard to get stereo image pair. Adding a biprism array can help that get the image pair easily. So users can use their mobile phone to catch the stereo image anywhere by adding a biprism array, and if they want to get a normal image just remove it. Using biprism arrays will induce chromatic aberration. Therefore, we design a double biprism arrays to reduce chromatic aberration.

LASIK (Laser Asissted In Situ Interlamelar Keratomilieusis) is a technique for correcting refractive disorders of the eye such as myopia and astigmatism using an excimer laser. This procedure use photoablation technique to decompose corneal tissues. Although preferred due to its efficiency, permanency, and accuracy, the inappropriate amount radiant exposure often cause side effects like under-over correction, irregular astigmatism and problems on surrounding tissues. In this study, the radiant exposure effect toward corneal ablation volume has been modelled through several processes. Data collecting results is laser data specifications with 193 nm wavelength, beam diameter of 0.065 - 0.65 cm, and fluence of 160 mJ/cm². For the medical data, the myopia-astigmatism value, cornea size, corneal ablation thickness, and flap data are taken. The first modelling step is determining the laser diameter between 0.065 - 0.65 cm with 0.45 cm increment. The energy, power, and intensity of laser determined from laser beam area. Number of pulse and total energy is calculated before the radiant exposure of laser is obtained. Next is to determine the parameters influence the ablation volume. Regression method used to create the equation, and then the spot size is substituted to the model. The validation used is statistic correlation method to both experimental data and theory. By the model created, it is expected that any potential complications can be prevented during LASIK procedures. The recommendations can give the users clearer picture to determine the appropriate amount of radiant exposure with the corneal ablation volume necessary.

A laser diode device for pre cataract surgery test is proposed. The operation is based on the speckle generated on the retina by the cataract lens, when the cataract lens is illuminated with a coherent laser light.

This paper has theoretically demonstrated the variation of geometrical parameters for L3 cavity photonic crystal. We have tuned a lattice constant of the photonic crystal to optimize the device. 2D photonic crystal structures with L3 configuration arranged in the triangular lattice is simulated using 2D FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain) approach. We have tuned the stop band within 1451 nm to 1532 nm wavelength windows. This stop band was achieved with a hole diameter of 150 nm and lattice constant, a of 350 nm. We have also varied the lattice constant to 320 nm, 330 nm, 340 nm, 350 nm and 360 nm respectively by keeping the hole diameter to 150 nm. The Q factor does not show any significant changes with different lattice constant. The highest Q factor of approximately 7000 was obtained with the lattice constant of 350 nm and hole diameter of 150 nm at the resonance wavelength of 1472 nm. The resonance excited by the L3 photonic crystal cavity structure in Si/Ge layer grown on silicon-on-insulator were achieved at 1476 nm with a right combination of lattice constant and hole diameters. This resonance wavelength was obtained at lattice constant 360 nm and hole diameter 150 nm. The highest optical transmission spectra also achieved at this parameter was approximately 30%. The resonance wavelength between this two geometry parameter was almost the same. This result can be utilized in telecommunication wavelength for many applications in the photonic area.

In the present research, the effect of laser beam focal plane position (FPP) on the kerf quality of the polycarbonate laser cutting is investigated. Low power CO2 laser is used as the heat source of the cutting runs. In the experiments, FPP is varied from 0 to -4mm while other processing parameters (i.e. laser power, cutting speed and gas pressure) are considered constant. Upper and lower kerf width, kerf taper, upper heat affected zone and surface roughness of the kerf wall are also considered as the responses. Observations signified that reducing the position of the laser beam focal point from zero to - 3mm reduces the upper and lower kerf width. However reducing FPP below -3mm leads to an increase in the kerf width. Results also reveals that upper heat affected zone value reduces by reduction in FPP. Moreover the best kerf wall surface roughness occurred at FPP= -3mm.

Optical filter is very important components in WDM network. MRR is a basic structure to design the optical filter because of easy to design for improving its performance. This paper discusses an innovative structure of the MRR, which is Triple Coupler Ring Resonators (TCRR) for optical filter applications. Values of width between bus and ring and values of radius of the ring in the structure TCRR were analyzed and optimized for several variations for obtaining coupling coefficient values. Therefore, wide Free Spectral Range (FSR) and high crosstalk suppression bandwidth can be obtained. As results, at the optimized width of gap of 100 nm and the optimized radiation of 8 μm, FSR of 2.85 THz and crosstalk suppression bandwidth of 60 GHz were achieved. Based on the results, this structure can be used for filtering optical signals in optical fiber communication.

Modelling of load effect on macro-bend losses for a singlemode-multimode-singlemode (SMS) fiber structure with small bend radius is presented. Load effect on macro-bend losses for the SMS fiber structure placed between two high-density polyethylene (HDPE) boards are investigated theoretically and experimentally. A model on macro-bend losses for SMS fiber structure is constructed by using the light transmission formula in a straight SMS fiber structure and taking into account the effective number of guided modes due to the macrobending. In the experimental, a mandrel with a diameter of 0.8 mm is used to induce the bend. When the loads are applied on the system, the mandrel will affect the bend losses for the SMS fiber structure. It is shown numerically and experimentally that the bend-loss of SMS fiber structure strongly depends on the applied loads and the multimode fiber (MMF) lengths.

Luwak (civet) coffee refers to a type of coffee, where the cherries have been priorly digested and then defecated by a civet (Paradoxurus Hermaphroditus), a catlike animals typically habited in Indonesia. Luwak will only selectively select ripe cherries, and digesting them by enzymatic fermentation in its digestive system. The defecated beans is then removed and cleaned from the feces. It is regarded as the world’s most expensive coffee, Traditionally the quality of the coffee is subjectively determined by a tester. This research is motivated by the needs to study and develop quantitative parameters in determining the quality of coffee bean, which are more objective to measure the quality of coffee products. LIBS technique was used to identify the elemental contents of coffee beans based on its spectral characteristics in the range 200-900 nm. Samples of green beans from variant of arabica and robusta, either regular and luwak, were collected from 5 plantations in East Java. From the recorded spectra, intensity ratio of nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) as essential elements in coffee is applied. In general, values extracted from luwak coffee bean is higher with increases 0.03% - 79.93%. A Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) also applied to identify marker elements that characterize the regular and luwak beans. Elements of Ca, W, Sr, Mg, and H are the ones used to differentiate the regular and luwak beans from arabica variant, while Ca and W are the ones used to differentiate the regular and luwak beans of robusta variant.

Thermal imaging has been widely used for many applications. Thermal camera is used to measure object’s temperature above absolute temperature of 0 Kelvin using infrared radiation emitted by the object. Thermal imaging is color mapping taken using false color that represents temperature. Human body is one of the objects that emits infrared radiation. Human infrared radiations vary according to the activity that is being done. Physical activities such as jogging is among ones that is commonly done. Therefore this experiment will investigate the thermal signature profile of jogging activity in human body, especially in the face parts. The results show that the significant increase is found in periorbital area that is near eyes and forehand by the number of 7.5%. Graphical temperature distributions show that all region, eyes, nose, cheeks, and chin at the temperature of 28.5 – 30.2°C the pixel area tends to be constant since it is the surrounding temperature. At the temperature of 30.2 – 34.7°C the pixel area tends to increase, while at the temperature of 34.7 – 37.1°C the pixel area tends to decrease because pixels at temperature of 34.7 – 37.1°C after jogging activity change into temperature of 30.2 – 34.7°C so that the pixel area increases. The trendline of jogging activity during 10 minutes period also shows the increasing of temperature. The results of each person also show variations due to physiological nature of each person, such as sweat production during physical activities.

Alcohol sensor based on Single-mode -Multimode-Single-mode (SMS) fiber structure is being proposed to sense alcohol concentration in alcohol-water mixtures. This proposed sensor uses refractive index sensing as its sensing principle. Fabricated SMS fiber structure had 40 m of multimode length. With power input -6 dBm and wavelength 1550 nm, the proposed sensor showed good response with sensitivity 1,983 dB per % v/v with measurement range 05 % v/v and measurement span 0,5% v/v.

Crude oil is a products of oil and gas industries. One of the parameters which has in crude oil is specific gravity. In the oil and gas industries, specific gravity is used to classify crude oil which to be produced. specific gravity can be measured using ASTM D-1298 method. Disadvantage of this method is there are need of special environments and still using manual transcription. This research has been conducted a crude oil specific gravity sensor design by implementing structural imperfect to improve the performance of specific gravity sensors. In this research, polymer optical fiber is used as a sensor to measure specific gravity of crude oil. There are three variation of the amount of defect that were used in this research. Sample which used in this research has span of specific gravity value from 0,842218 to 0,9097. Based on the result, sensor with 3 imperfect structure have the best performance with linearity coefficient value 0,9438 and the span of measurement is 1,75792 dBm.

Conventional corrosion sensors such as ultrasonic guided waves, eddy current and thermography have been widely applied, however, these sensors have disadvantage of suffering from additional damage, as these sensors are placed in corrosive environment, often hidden and could not be directly observed, therefore corrosion inspection using conventional sensor is much more expensive and time consuming. Usage of optical fiber as corrosion sensor, based on changes in light intensity due to corrosion effect, is an alternative to overcome the disadvantage of conventional sensors. We proposed to use Single mode – Multimode Coreless – Single mode structured optical fiber as sensor. Multimode section of the optical fiber is coated with aluminium as the corrosion object. Experiment result shows that the corrosion process have an effect of decreasing the output sensor power as the corrosion rate increasing. Experimental test is conducted on the sensor, in which time interval of corrosion treatment is 9 hours. It is obtained from the test result that the highest value of output power is 13.19 dBm. Furthermore when the weight loss range of aluminium layer is 0 – 140 mg after corrosion treatment and the length of multimode fiber is 10 mm, the highest sensitivity of the sensor is 0.094 dBm/mg.

Singlemode-Multimode-Singlemode (SMS) optical fiber structure using multimode coreless have been able to sense changes in relative humidity. In this experiment the measured humidity is 60 % -90 %, while the method is done by comparing the relative humidity changes with the change in output power in the optical fiber. Then the underlying phenomena is the change in the refractive index of air as the cladding MMF coreless due to changes in relative humidity. It has been done three length variations MMF coreless to add sensitivity sensor, and the obtained sensor by 22.30 mm MMF length have the greatest sensitivity, that is 0.0747 dBm / %. Obtained conclusions on length variation will cause any change in the sensitivity significantly in relative humidity between 75 % -80 %.

Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors were attractive in various fields for structural health monitoring. Because of their accurate performance and real time response, embedded FBG sensors are promising for strain monitoring in composite materials. As an optical fiber sensor was embedded inside a composite, interface would form around the embedded optical fiber and the host polymer composite. In order to study the influence of the embedded optical fiber to the mechanical character, finite elemental analysis was applied to study the stress distribution inside the composite. Keeping the resin rich area the same size, laminates with optical fibers in different diameters, which were 250 and 125 micrometers, were analyzed. The simulation results represent that stress singularity would occur around the embedded optical fiber. The singularity value for the laminate with optical fiber at 250 micrometer was higher than that with optical fiber at 125 micrometer. Micro- cracks would arise at the stress singularity point. Therefore, the optical fiber in smaller diameter was preferred since the mechanical strength could be higher. Four points bending test was carried out on a steel beam with a small-diameter FBG on the bottom surface. Besides, a strain gauge was stuck on bottom to validate the monitoring results by FBG sensor. The tested results indicated that the strain monitoring results by the small-diameter FBG sensor almost identical with the theoretical ones and what recorded by strain gauge. The maximum testing error for the designed FBG is less than 2% compared with the theoretical one.

Spiral patterned zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods coated large core plastic optic fibers (POFs) improved optical side coupling efficiency from unpatterned continuous coatings. ZnO nanorods were grown by the hydrothermal method directly onto POF core. ZnO nanorods coating increased coupling inside the optical fiber by scattering light but were also capable of causing leakage. Structuring the growth of ZnO nanorod coating to specific regions permits light scattering from different segments along the fiber to contribute to the optimal coupled power. The best coupling voltage was found for the coating with growth time of 12 h and temperature of 90°C. Side coupling was improved to be a factor of 2.2 times better for spiral patterned coatings as opposed to unpatterned coatings.

This paper reports a few-layer black phosphorus (BP) as a saturable absorber (SA) or phase-locker in generating modelocked pulses from a double-clad ytterbium-doped fiber laser (YDFL). We mechanically exfoliated the BP flakes from BP crystal through a scotch tape, and repeatedly press until the flakes thin and spread homogenously. Then, a piece of BP tape was inserted in the cavity between two fiber connectors end facet. Under 810 mW to 1320 mW pump power, stable mode-locked operation at 1085 nm with a repetition rate of 13.4 MHz is successfully achieved in normal dispersion regime. Before mode-locked operation disappears above maximum pump, the output power and pulse energy is about 80 mW and 6 nJ, respectively. This mode-locked laser produces peak power of 0.74 kW. Our work may validates BP SA as a phase-locker related to two-dimensional nanomaterials and pulsed generation in normal dispersion regime.

Portable leaf chlorophyll meter, named low-cost chlorophyll meter (LCCM), has been created. This device was created to help farmer determining the health condition of plant based on the greenness level of leaf surface. According to previous studies, leaf greenness with a certain amount of chlorophyll level has a direct correlation with the amount of nitrogen in the leaf that indicates health of the plant and this fact needed to provide an estimate of further measures to keep the plants healthy. Device that enables to measure the leaf color change is soil plant analysis development (SPAD) meter 502 from Konica Minolta but it is relatively expensive. To answer the need of low-cost chlorophyll scanner device, this research conducted experiment using light reflectance as the base mechanism. Reflectance system from LCCM consists of near-infrared light emitting diode (LED) and red LED as light resources and photodiode. The output from both of light resources calculated using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) formula as the results fetched and displayed on the smartphone application using Bluetooth communication protocol. Finally, the scanner has been made as well as the Android application named NDVI Reader. The LCCM system which has been tested on 20 sample of cassava leaf with SPAD meter as a variable control showed coefficient of determination 0.9681 and root-mean-square error (RMSE) 0.014.

This paper presents a new thin-film liquid salinity sensor by using the D-shaped fiber and thin-film coating techniques. The D-shaped fiber will enhance optical fiber to generate an evanescent field in sensing applications. Indium-galliumzinc oxide (IGZO) films can produce high attenuation lossy mode resonance (LMR) to make high-sensitivity liquid salinity fiber sensors. IGZO thin film is prepared by a radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering method. The optical fiber thickness is 67.6 μm and IGZO film thickness of 100 nm is deposited on the polished surface of the D-shaped fiber to fabricate LMR-type liquid salinity sensors. The sensitive region was immersed in different sensing liquid salinities from 0 ‰ to 100 ‰, and attempted to investigate the sensitivities of the LMR salinity sensors. The experimental results show that the highest sensitivity of the salinity sensors for the sensing NaCl solutions is 0.80 nm per salinity unit (SU).

Angle-resolved Mueller matrix element from unpolarized light scattering by micro-bubble in water is simulated using Mie scattering and discrete dipole approximation (DDA) method. This element of Mueller matrix can be used to determine the scattered light intensity to study the possibility of distinguishing the size of micro-bubble. The scattering of unpolarized light beam is simulated for three various wavelengths, 425, 625, and 825 nm. We consider the micro-bubbles sphere 1 - 10 μm with relative refractive indices to water as medium 0.75. The The result show that both Mie and DDA scattering simulation produce similar result and the result shows promising potential of using light scattering to distinguish and measure the micro-bubble sphere diameter size. Clear distinction is shown for 60 – 80 degree of detection angle.

Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices decorated with ZnO nanospherical (nanoSPs) aggregates (ZnO-μPAD) for glucose detection have been fabricated. ZnO nanoSPs were prepared by wet chemical synthesis and integrated on the optimized geometry of ZnO-μPAD has 0.2 and 0.4 mm of channel width and length, respectively. Glucose detection measurements were based on electrochemical and infrared transmission measurements. The glucose concentrations were adjusted as 5, 6.5, and 9 mmol, i.e. typical glucose level for normal, pre-diabetes and diabetes, in a mixture of ringer lactate as simulated biological fluid and red blood cells. ZnO nanoSPs in this study possess an average aggregate size of 160 nm formed by clustered ~ 18 nm crystallite size and ordered porous matrix as well as a surface area of 15 m²·g^-1.The separation process of the glucose sample on ZnO-μPAD requires approximately 45 s. The glucose detection results show that both electrochemical-based and FTIR-based measurements perform a linear measurement system (R² of 0.81 to 0.99) with a relatively high sensitivity. A linearly decreasing impedance spanning from 2.2 – 0.6 Ohm and linearly increasing ΔIR transmission spanning from 3 – 19% are obtained for glucose level ranging from 5 – 9 mmol.

We study electrical properties of ZnO thin films on p-Si (100) substrates as ultraviolet (UV) photodetector. ZnO films with thickness of ~400nm were deposited by room temperature (RT) DC unbalanced magnetron sputtering (DC-UBMS), and we also used ZnO film deposited at 260°C for the comparison. Metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) planar structure was fabricated by using silver (Ag) contact on ZnO thin films as photodetector. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy shows the amorphous structure of RT growth of ZnO thin films in contrast to relatively good crystallinity of ZnO film grown at 260°C. I-V characteristics of reverse-forward bias of UV photodetector were taken in dark and light conditions. As the results, amorphous phase of RT ZnO shows the high value of dark current and photocurrent. High stability of photo detection is also observable over the specific time as investigated by switching condition. In addition, we found that the mechanism of photo detection is strongly related to the oxygen adsorption on the ZnO surface. This study provides an alternative way to have a simple and high sensitive UV photodetector.

In this work we investigated the fabrication of a singlemode-multimode-singlemode (SMS) fibre structure based on a chalcogenide (As2S3 and AsxS1-x) multimode fibre (MMF) sandwiched between two standard silica singlemode fibres (SMFs) using a commercial fibre fusion splicer. The temperature dependence of this hybrid fibre structure was also investigated. A first proof of concept showed that the hybrid SMS fibre structure has an average experimental temperature sensitivity of 50.63 pm/°C over a temperature range of 20 °C~100°C at wavelengths around 1.55 μm. The measured results show a general agreement with numerical simulations based on a guided-mode propagation analysis method. Our result provides a potential platform for the development of compact, high-optical-quality and robust sensing devices operating at the mid-infrared wavelength range.

Raman tweezers spectroscopy study of effect of free radicals was carried out on erythrocytes. We prepared hydroxyl radicals using Fenton reaction (which yields hydroxyl radicals). Raman spectra were acquired from single, trapped erythrocytes after supplementing with these free radicals. The changes in the Raman bands such as 1211 cm^-1, 1224 cm^-1, 1375 cm^-1 indicate deoxygenation of red blood cells (RBCs). Our study shows that free radicals can induce oxidative stress on erythrocytes. The changes in the Raman spectra as well as shape of erythrocytes indicate that oxidative stress can trigger eryptosis in erythrocytes.

Three-dimensional scanner or 3D Scanner is a device to reconstruct the real object into digital form on a computer. 3D Scanner is a technology that is being developed, especially in developed countries, where the current 3D Scanner devices is the advanced version with a very expensive prices. This study is basically a simple prototype of 3D Scanner with a very low investment costs. 3D Scanner prototype device consists of a webcam, a rotating desk system controlled by a stepper motor and Arduino UNO, and a line laser. Objects that limit the research is the object with same radius from its center point (object pivot). Scanning is performed by using object profile imaging by line laser which is then captured by the camera and processed by a computer (image processing) using Octave software. On each image acquisition, the scanned object on a rotating desk rotated by a certain degree, so for one full turn multiple images of a number of existing side are finally obtained. Then, the profile of the entire images is extracted in order to obtain digital object dimension. Digital dimension is calibrated by length standard, called gage block. Overall dimensions are then digitally reconstructed into a three-dimensional object. Validation of the scanned object reconstruction of the original object dimensions expressed as a percentage error. Based on the results of data validation, horizontal dimension error is about 5% to 23% and vertical dimension error is about ± 3%.

An identity recognition system is a vital component that cannot be separated from life, iris biometric is one of the biometric that has the best accuracy reaching 99%. Usually, iris biometric systems use infrared spectrum lighting to reduce discomfort caused by radiation when the eye is given direct light, while the eumelamin that is forming the iris has the most flourescent radiation when given a spectrum of visible light. This research will be conducted by detecting iris wavelengths of 850 nm, 560 nm, and 590 nm, where the detection algorithm will be using Daugman algorithm by using a Gabor wavelet extraction feature, and matching feature using a Hamming distance. Results generated will be analyzed to identify how much differences there are, and to improve the accuracy of the multispectral biometric system and as a detector of the authenticity of the iris. The results obtained from the analysis of wavelengths 850 nm, 560 nm, and 590 nm respectively has an accuracy of 99,35 , 97,5 , 64,5 with a matching score of 0,26 , 0,23 , 0,37.

Coffee is one of the world’s commodity that is cultivated in more than 50 countries. Production of coffee in Indonesia is positioned of fourth rank in the world, after Brazil, Vietnam, and Colombia. There are two varieties of coffee grown in Indonesia, i.e. the arabica and robusta. The chemical compositions between arabica and robusta are different each other. A trained coffee tester can distinguish these differences from its taste, but it is very subjective. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a spectroscopic technique based on the analysis of micro-plasma induced on the surface sample after being shot with a laser pulse. In this study, elemental spectra acquired using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) technique were analysed to differentate between green coffee beans of arabica and robusta, which are collected from plantations in Malang, Bondowoso, Prigen, and Pasuruan. Results show that optimum conditions for acquiring spectra from green coffee beans using LIBS are at 120 mJ of laser energy and 1,0 μs of delay time. Green coffee beans of arabica and robusta contain some elements such as Ca, W, Sr, Mg, Be, Na, H, N, K, Rb, and O. Discriminant analysis method was then applied to distinguish the green beans of arabica and robusta coffee. Element identifiers of green coffee beans are Ca, W, Mg, Be, Na, and Sr. The abundant element in green coffee beans is Calcium (Ca), and depth-profile testing shows that Ca is homogeneous inside the beans.

Coffee (Coffea spp.) is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world. World coffee consumption is around 70% comes from Arabica, 26% from Robusta , and the rest 4% from other varieties. Coffee beverages characteristics are related to chemical compositions of its roasted beans. Usually testing of coffee quality is subjectively tasted by an experienced coffee tester. An objective quantitative technique to analyze the chemical contents of coffee beans using LIBS will be reported in this paper. Optimum experimental conditions was using of 120 mJ of laser energy and delay time 1 μs. Elements contained in coffee beans are Ca, W, Sr, Mg, Na, H, K, O, Rb, and Be. The Calcium (Ca) is the main element in the coffee beans. Roasting process will cause the emission intensity of Ca decreased by 42.45%. In addition, discriminant analysis was used to distinguish the arabica and robusta variants, either in its green and roasted coffee beans. Observed identifier elements are Ca, W, Sr, and Mg. Overall chemical composition of roasted coffee beans are affected by many factors, such as the composition of the soil, the location, the weather in the neighborhood of its plantation, and the post-harvesting process of the green coffee beans (drying, storage, fermentation, and roasting methods used).

The straight waveguide SnO2 nanoparticles was fabricated with isopropanol solvent. SnO2 nanoparticles straight films were deposited on acrylic substrate at 100 °C using sol-gel method and cover PMMA were deposited by spin coating method. The wide of the film obtained 0.35 mm. The channel of straight used graphir acrylic with different lengths: 10 mm, 15 mm and 20 mm. This research was intended to determine loss of the films and examination absorbance and transmittance. From the research results of absorbance and transmittance using UV-Vis known that highest absorption is 295 nm and average transmittance is 84.074%. The loss of the straight waveguide with different lengths: 10 mm: 2.784 %, 15 mm: 7.927 % and 20 mm: 18.352 %.

In this paper, investigation of the effect of packaging material on optical fiber temperature sensor with single-mode multimode single-mode (SMS) structure has been done. First, the optimum length of multimode fiber that will be used as temperature sensor is chosen. The tests of SMS temperature sensor have done by using simple measurement system of intensity. The results show that the 42.63 mm length of step-index multimode fiber has a better performance than length 44.12 mm based on theoretical and experiment. After that, SMS optical fiber packaged with material. The materials of packaging are alumunium and stainless steel. The results show that after using packaging, the sensitivity of sensor has been inmproved. It is caused by the thermal expansion coefficient of packaging material. The highest sensitivity is obtained by using alumunium packaging. The sensitivity bare SMS optical fiber is 0.033 dBm/°C by theoretical and 0.066 dBm/°C by experiment. The sensitivity of SMS optical fiber packaged improve to 0.073 dBm/°C by theoretical and 0.176 dBm/°C by experiment.

Alcohol is volatile and flammable liquid which is soluble substances both on polar and non polar substances that has been used in some industrial sectors. Alcohol detection method now widely used one of them is the optical fiber sensor. In this paper used fiber optic sensor based on Multimode-Single-mode-Multimode (MSM) to detect alcohol solution at a concentration range of 0-3%. The working principle of sensor utilizes the modal interference between the core modes and the cladding modes, thus make the sensor sensitive to environmental changes. The result showed that characteristic of the sensor not affect the length of the single-mode fiber (SMF). We obtain that the sensor with a length of 5 mm of single-mode can sensing the alcohol with a sensitivity of 0.107 dB/v%.

Bare fiber strain sensor and packaged strain sensor of a step-index singimode-multimode-singlemode (SMS) fiber structure are investigated numerically and experimentally. Strain sensor packaging was done to protect optical fiber from the damaged. Sensor performance was investigated by using operation wavelength 1550 nm it is demonstrated that for strain measurement from 0-1060 με Based on the numerical test the sensitivity of bare fiber strain sensor on the length of 44.35 mm is 0.0023 dBm/με while the result of the experiment test is 0.0022 dBm/ με. Based on the numerical test of packaged fiber strain sensor the sensitivity is 0.0021 dBm/ με while the result of the experiment is 0.0015 dBm/ με.

A sensor based on a fiber optic hetero-structure to determine the concentration of alcohol has been proposed. The structure of the sensing probe in this research is a singlemode-multimode-singlemode (SMS) which bent into Ushaped and soon called as SMS u-bent. The SMS structure was chosen to get a higher sensitivity. This research utilizes the principle of multimode interference and evanescent field by modifying the cladding with various alcohol concentration. Testing of the sensor’s performance has been done by measuring the sensor’s power output response to the length of the SMS fiber optic, bending diameter, and alcohol concentration. Based on the experiment result, the ubent SMS fiber optic with 50 mm bending diameter and 63 mm MMF lenght has the highest sensitivity, 3.87 dB/% and the minimum resolution, 0.26 x 10^-3 %.

Biofilm is a way used by bacteria to survive from their environmental conditions by forming colony of bacteria. Specific characteristic in biofilm formation is the availability of matrix layer, known as extracellular polymer substance. Treatment using antibiotics may lead bacteria to be to resistant. Other treatments to reduce microbial, like biofilm, can be performed by using photodynamic therapy. Successful of this kind of therapy is induced by penetration of light and photosensitizer into target cells. The sonodynamic therapy offers greater penetrating capability into tissues. This research aimed to use sonodynamic therapy in reducing biofilm. Moreover, it compares also the killing efficacy of photodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, and the combination of both therapeutic schemes (known as sono-photodynamic) to achieve higher microbial killing efficacy. Samples used are Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. Treatments were divided into 4 groups, i.e. group under ultrasound treatment with variation of 5 power levels, group of light treatment with exposure of 75s, group of combined ultrasound-light with variation of ultrasound power levels, and group of combined lightultrasound with variation of ultrasound power levels. Results obtained for each treatment, expressed in % efficacy of log CFU/mL, showed that the treatment of photo-sonodynamic provides greater killing efficacy in comparison to either sonodynamic and sono-photodynamic. The photo-sonodynamic shows also greater efficacy to photodynamic. So combination of light-ultrasound (photo-sonodynamic) can effectively kill microbial biofilm. The combined therapy will provide even better efficacy using exogenous photosensitizer.

Fabrication and characterization slab waveguide based polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) has been carried out. Slab waveguide fabrication done by the spin coating method. Slab waveguide fabrication process carried out by the rotational speed of 1000, 2000, and 3000 rpm respectively played for 10 seconds. Then the slab waveguides heated using a hot plate. Heating process starting from room temperature then increased 5°C to 70°C with a 5 minute warm-up time interval. From the results of characterization fabricated slab waveguides to determine the film thickness is made. Then made observations on the waveguide by passing the light beam He-Ne laser on the thin layer through a single mode optical fiber. From the results of characterization is known that the fabrication of a slab waveguide with a layer thickness of 166 μm. From this research it is known that polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) can be used as a waveguide with a spin coating method.

A novel configuration of interferometry, SMI (self-mixing interferometry), is described in this paper. SMI is attractive because it doesn’t require any optical part external to the laser and can be employed in a variety of measurements – indeed it is sometimes indicated as the “interferometer for measuring without an interferometer”. On processing the phase carried by the optical field upon propagation to the target under test, a number of applications have been developed, including traditional measurements related to metrology and mechanical engineering – like displacement, distance, small-amplitude vibrations, attitude angles, velocity, as well as new measurements, like mechanical stress-strain hysterisis and microstructure/MEMS electro-mechanical response. In another field, sensing of motility finds direct application in a variety of biophysical measurements, like blood pulsation, respiratory sounds, chest acoustical impedance, and blood velocity profile. And, we may also look at the amplitude of the returning signal in a SMI, and we can measure weak optical echoes – for return loss and isolation factor measurements, CD readout and scroll sensing, and THz-wave detection. Last, the fine details of the SMI waveform reveal physical parameters of the laser like the laser linewidth, coherence length, and alpha factor. Worth to be noted, SMI is also a coherent detection scheme, and measurement close to the quantum limit of received field with minimum detectable displacements of 100 pm/√Hz are currently achieved upon operation on diffusive targets, whereas in detection mode returning signal can be sensed down to attenuations of -80dB.

Load and age of rails can result in problems such as breakage, depletion, and expansion that can lead to accidents. Rail inspection has been done manually by operator tracing the rails by walking or riding a special inspection vehicle. These methods obviously are inefficient and inaccurate, as operators might be missing some of the defects. In this research depletion detection of rails are conducted by analyzing changes of the area as well as position shifting of laser spot on captured images by utilizing the triangulation principle. Accuracy and efficiency improvement of rail inspection are expected from this method. Prior calibration of the system was conducted using gauge blocks with thickness varying from 19 to 1 mm with 1 mm decrement. Area changes and position shifting of laser spot are later analyzed through image processing. The system was also implemented on R-54 rail type based on the calibration and later be compared to the manual measurement data. It was shown that the system can detect depletion in rail type R-54. The calibration result shows that the deviation percentage of the measurement of laser area are ranging from 11.41% to 13.48% while for the measurement of laser spot position shift is from 6.91% to 8.80%. Implementation on rail type R-54 shows the deviation percentages between proposed method and manual measurement are ranging from 1.52% to 10.04% for the area measurement, while for the position shifting ranged from 1.11% to 12.68%.

Image obtained by the LED with wavelength 740nm and 810nm showed that the contrast gradient of vein pattern is low and palm pattern still exist. It means that 740nm and 810nm are less suitable for the detection of blood vessels in the palm of the hand. At a wavelength of 940nm, the pattern is clearly visible, and the pattern of the palms is mostly gone. Furthermore, the pre-processing performed using smoothing process which include Gaussian filter and median filter and contrast stretching. Image segmentation is done by getting the ROI area that would be obtained its information. The identification process of image features obtained by using MSE (Mean Suare Error) method ,LBP (Local Binary Pattern). Furthermore, we will use a database consists of 5 different palm vein pattern which will be used for testing the tool in the identification process. All the process above are done using Raspberry Pi device. The Obtained MSE parameter is 0.025 and LBP features score are less than 10^-3 for image to be matched.

Frying oil is a cooking medium that is commonly used in Indonesia. Frying process can lead changes in the properties of frying oil. Heating oil with high temperature and many repetition will cause degradation in oil and may cause health problems, such as cholesterol, induces heart disease, and cancer. Degradation of the frying oil can be determined based on changes in the cluster function of fatty acids due to the heating influence. Therefore, it is necessary to test the frying oil under treatments with variety of time heating using a spectrometer Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Spectra from FTIR was processed using derivative spectroscopy method to clearly see the difference in the measured spectra. Range spectra of interest is at wavelength of 13,500 to 14,200 nm i.e. indicating the double bond of carbon in molecule HC = CH. The analysis was performed by calculating the area of the spectral curve from the respected 2nd order derivative. Result show that the absorbance of packaging frying oil is higher than the bulk frying oil. In addition, heating of frying oil can decrease the area of respected 2nd order derivative. Packaging frying oil heating on 30 minutes which has the area of spectral curve of 0.904217 decrease become 0.881394 after 3 times heating. While the bulk frying oil heating 30 minutes, in the first heating which has area of spectral curve of 0.916089 decrease become 0.865379 after 3 times heating. The decline in the area of the curve occurs due to breakdown of the double bond of carbon in the molecule HC = CH that caused by heating at high temperatures and repeated heating.

For the first time, we show how quantum teleportation can be achieved without the assistance of classical channels. Our protocol does not need any pre-established entangled photon pairs beforehand. Just by utilizing quantum Zeno effect and couterfactual communication idea, we can achieve two goals; entangling a photon and an atom and also disentangling them by non-local interaction. Information is completely transferred from atom to photon with controllable disentanglement processes. More importantly, there is no need to confirm teleportation results via classical channels.