This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 10173 including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and Conference Committee listing.

Benzoxazine resin with good heat resistance, low combustion heat release and high char yield is a promising thermosetting resin. Meanwhile, research shows that the inorganic filler can effectively improve the thermodynamic property of the resin. It makes that the inorganic filler modified benzoxazine may have a potential application in laser ablation. The benzoxazine coating with and without inorganic filler ammonium polyphosphate, melamine and pentaerythritol (P-BOZ and BOZ) were prepared by brush and thermal curing method. The ablation properties of these coatings irradiated by high-intensity laser were investigated. The scanning electron microscope, Raman spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis were used to characterize the micrographs, carbon layer structure and thermodynamic property of the sample. Results show that the composite coating has excellent thermal protective properties. The back temperature of 20 wt% P-BOZ coating under different parameter laser power (1000W/cm2, 5s; 1000W/cm2, 10s) are 40% lower than these of the BOZ coating and the 20 wt% P-BOZ has higher mass ablation rate. In the surface layer of the irradiated area, dense carbon layer is produced which reduces the absorb of the laser energy of the interior. In the interior of the sample, a large number of closed bell shaped holes are generated which are beneficial to obstruct the heat conduction.

To determine the mechanism of melt removal by transverse gas flow, a lateral visualization technique of hydrodynamics on melt pool was developed and experimental apparatus were built. The intensity distribution of the focused beam was confirmed to be in top-hat shape with the 15mm×40mm rectangular. The interface of liquid-solid and free surface of molten metal was observed by a high velocity video camera with acquisition rate of 1kHz. Gas flow blew from left to right and the velocity varied from 15m/s to 90m/s to investigate the evolution of hydrodynamics. Experiment results showed that surface wave was generated at the initial stage and molten metal was removed out from the melt pool by shear stress. When some amount molten metal was removed from melt pool, gas flow separated at the leading edge and reattaches downstream of melt pool. Thus a stagnation point was formed at the downstream edge and a recirculation zone was generated on the left side of stagnation. With recirculation gas flow constrain, the molten metal only can be entrained into main stream and then be swept away. The molten material was removed out by shear stress on the right side of stagnation.

In order to investigate the thermal stresses field of GaAs during the millisecond pulsed laser irradiation, a 3D numerical model has been established based on the thermoelastic theory with the finite element method (FEM). T he 12 slip systems can be obtained to describe the dynamic change process of resolved shear stress field of GaAs during the laser irradiation. The results show that the thermal slips are firstly activated below the spot area of laser when the thermal shear stresses of slip systems surpass the critical yield stress, and this comes out before the melting of GaAs surface. Brittle cracks occur in the initiation points offered by the thermal slips, and this can greatly reduce the photoelectric performance of GaAs. The calculated stresses distribution indicate that the fracture mostly occurs at the boundary of the laser spot and the center, which is consistent with the experimental result.

Three types of laser irradiating experiments on single junction GaAs solar cells with the same laser energy coupling intensity were carried out, which were irradiated by in-band (808 nm) and out-of-band (1.07 μm) continuous wave lasers respectively and simultaneously. On the basis of the changes of current-voltage characteristic curves of irradiated solar cells, the damage degrees could be divided into three stages which were gently, seriously and thoroughly damaged stages. The damage mechanism was studied from two aspects: output changes of solar cell equivalent circuit under different configuration settings, thermal analysis model. The results show that damage degrees of gently and thoroughly damaged stages is insensitive to irradiation intensity. However, the damage degree of seriously damaged stage is sensitive to irradiation intensity and this is regarded to be related to thermal decomposition of GaAs. Moreover, the increase of PN junction defects leads to performance degradation of irradiated solar cells. In conclusion, the thermal damage leads to the increase of PN junction defects, thus results in the performance degradation of cells.

A multiscale approach is used to analyze the oxidation ablation of parallel carbon fiber (the fibers are parallel to the material surface) reinforced polymer composites(CFRP). The matrix and fiber will be eroded at extreme temperatures. Because the ablation rate of matrix is bigger than fiber, the fiber will be exposed in a certain depth from surface. In the microscale, a model is developed for analyzing the number of exposed fibers and the fiber geometry at low air flow and different temperatures. The model shows that the exposed number increases with the growth of ratio of ablation rate of matrix and fiber, and the ratio doesn’t monotonously increase with the rise of temperature. Surface ablation gradually turns to volume ablation with the increase of the number of exposed fibers. In the macroscale, the effective reactivity of the material is equal to the integral over the ablation zone. Compared with perpendicular carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites, both of them reach maximum number or length of exposed fibers during the transition temperature region where "reactivity limit" turns to "diffusion limit". When the fibers are perpendicular to the surface, the macro ablation behavior agrees with “weakest link law”, in other words the matrix recession rate is the most determining parameter for the effective behavior, but it may be not reasonable for parallel fibers.

A real-time method based on laser scattering technology was used to detect the interaction process of GaAs with a 1080 nm laser. The detector collected the scattered laser beam from the GaAs wafer. The main scattering sources were back surface at first, later turn into front surface and vapor, so scattering signal contained much information of the interaction process. The surface morphologies of GaAs with different irradiation times were observed using an optical microscope to confirm occurrence of various phenomena. The proposed method is shown to be effective for the real-time detection of GaAs. By choosing a proper wavelength, the scattering technology can be promoted in detection of thicker GaAs wafer or other materials.

Photodetectors’ behavior and mechanism of transient response are still not understood very well, especially under high photon injection. Most of the researches on this topic were carried out with ultra-short laser pulse, whose pulse width ranged from femtosecond scale to picosecond scale. However, in many applications the durations of incident light are in nanosecond order and the light intensities are strong. To investigate the transient response characteristics and mechanisms of narrow-bandgap photovoltaic detectors under short laser irradiation, we performed an experiment on HgCdTe photodiodes. The n⁺-on-p type HgCdTe photodiodes in the experiment were designed to work in spectrum from 1.0μm to 3.0μm, with conditions of zero bias and room temperature. They were exposed to in-band short laser pulses with dwell time of 20 nanosecond. When the intensity of incident laser beam rose to 0.1J/cm² order, the photodiodes’ response characteristics turned to be bipolar from unipolar. A much longer negative response with duration of about 10μs to 100μs followed the positive light response. The amplitude of the negative response increased with the laser intensity, while the dwell time of positive response decreased with the laser intensity. Considering the response characteristics and the device structure, it is proposed that the negative response was caused by space charge effect at the electrodes. Under intense laser irradiation, a temperature gradient formed in the HgCdTe material. Due to the temperature gradient, the majority carriers diffused away from upper surface and left space charge at the electrodes. Then negative response voltage could be measured in the external circuit. With higher incident laser intensity, the degree of the space charge effect would become higher, and then the negative response would come earlier and show larger amplitude.

This research aimed to study the relationship between the ablation and the tensile strength change of Carbon-fiber/epoxy composite under laser irradiation. It was performed on Carbon/epoxy laminates using both experimental and numerical modeling methods. The sample thickness was 2mm. A 1070 nm continuous wave laser was chosen as the irradiation source. In order to obtain different ablation states of the sample, the power and exposure time of the laser were changed to set up different experimental conditions. The tensile strength of ablated samples was measured to investigate the degradation tendency of tensile strength. The results show that the degradation curve of tensile strength versus laser intensity and irradiation time follows the inversed power-law. This is to say, the tensile strength decreases rapidly as the laser intensity and irradiation time increases. The mathematical model has been developed to analyze the temperature of surface and the changing tendency of tensile strength. The modeling results match experimental data well.

Based on the overhanging beam three-point bending method, the experimental system was set up to measure the variety of shear stiffness of Nomex honeycomb sandwich panel in laser irradiation. The shear stiffness of the specimens under different laser power density was measured. The result shows that the thermal effect during the laser irradiation leads to the degradation of mechanical properties of Nomex honeycomb sandwich panel. High temperature rise rate in the specimen is another main reason for the shear stiffness degeneration. This research provides a reference for the degradation of mechanical properties of composite materials in laser irradiation and proposes a new method for the study of laser interaction with matter.

The laser radiation induced thermal effects on the interactions between the tangential airflow and aluminum alloy are investigated numerically in this paper. A two dimensional model is developed for analysis of the evolutions of the temperature, stress and displacement of the flow and the aluminum alloy sheet at different flow speed through finite element method (FEM). It is found that in order to reach the same temperature in the aluminum alloy sheet, the input laser fluence needs to increase 4W/cm² approximately, while the airflow speed increases one meter per second. Furthermore, in the situation of a thin aluminum alloy sheet irradiated by a large laser spot, the laser-induced thermal stress plays a leading role in the rupture of the sheet below the melting temperature. The airflow-induced shear stress and the pressure difference between the front and the rear surfaces of the sheet are minor effects compared to the thermal stress mentioned above. In addition, the bulge of the sheet induced by the laser heating would interact with the tangential airflow and lead to the formation of the downwind vortices, which may lead to a stronger shear stress. A vortex-induced oscillation appears when the Reynolds number of the airflow changes caused by the increase of the bulge height. And this vortex-induced oscillation would contribute to the damage of the aluminum sheet.

The laser-induced damage of fused silica optics significantly restricts the output ability of large laser systems. Hydrofluoric (HF)-based etching is an effective processing to eliminate impurities and mitigate subsurface defects. Traditional polished fused silica samples were etched for different time in a HF-based etchant (2.3% HF and 11.4% NH₄F) assisted by a 1.3 MHz megacoustic field. The laser-induced damage thresholds (LIDT) were measured by R-on-1 method, and fourier transform infrared absorption spectras of the samples were obtained. The results of the LIDT demonstrated that the LIDTs of the fused silica samples increased after megacoustic field assisted etching. The more surface materials were removed, the higher LIDT was obtained. The analysis of the infrared spectra illustrated that structural densification materials were removed during the etching, and thus the LIDT can be improved.

Time-resolved surface temperature of single crystal silicon was measured by an infrared radiation pyrometer. The silicon sample was irradiated by two pulsed Nd:YAG lasers with pulse duration of 1ms superposed by 7ns pulses, referred to as combined pulse laser (CPL). The change of the damage radius with the millisecond (ms) laser energy density was studied, and then compared with that of single ms laser irradiation. An axisymmetric numerical model was established for calculation of the temperature field distribution while silicon was irradiated by single ms laser and CPL, respectively. Compared with experimental results, the CPL-silicon damage mechanism was discussed.

The present work reports the investigation of the thermal and mechanical behaviour of aluminium alloys under the combined action of tensile loading and laser irradiations. The two types of aluminium alloys (Al-1060 and Al-6061) are used for the experiments. The continuous wave Ytterbium fibre laser (wavelength 1080 nm) was employed as irradiation source, while tensile loading was provided by tensile testing machine. The effects of various pre-loading and laser power densities on the failure time, temperature distribution and on deformation behaviour of aluminium alloys are analysed. The experimental results represents the significant reduction in failure time and temperature for higher laser powers and for high load values, which implies that preloading may contribute a significant role in the failure of the material at elevated temperature. The reason and characterization of material failure by tensile and laser loading are explored in detail. A comparative behaviour of under tested materials is also investigated. This work suggests that, studies considering only combined loading are not enough to fully understand the mechanical behaviour of under tested materials. For complete characterization, one must consider the effect of heating as well as loading rate.

The objective of the work reported is to study experimentally on the removal of corrosion layer from the ancient coins using laser beam as the conservation tool. With the use of Q-switched Nd:YAG laser radiation at 1064 nm, dry laser cleaning, steam laser cleaning and chemical-assisted laser cleaning were used to find out a more suitable and efficient laser treatment for corrosion removal. Cleaning tests were performed on ancient Chinese coins. Experimental results shows that the dry laser cleaning was not successful at removing all types of corrosion crust. It was possible to remove the outer thicker layer of the corrosion products (typically known as patina), but failed on the thinner layer of cuprite. The steam laser cleaning could decrease the initial removal threshold and improve the removal efficiency especially for the oxidation with powdery structure. As for chemical-assisted laser treatment, the cleaning results demonstrate that the combination of laser and chemical reagent could provide a considerable improvement in corrosion removal compared with the conventional laser treatments. Most of the corrosion contaminant was stripped, even the cuprite layer. Moreover, no secondary pollution was formed on the cleaned surface. X-ray fluorescence was applied to determine the variation of composition of surface layer and bulk metal before and after the coins cleaned. It shows that all of the three laser treatments were efficient to reduce the chlorine concentration on the surface of the coins more than 75%.

Fused silica optics were treated by dynamic etching using buffered hydrofluoric acid (BHF) with different etching depths. The transmissivity of fused silica slightly increases in deep UV (DUV) range after dynamic etching. Surface qualities of fused silica were characterized in terms of surface roughness, surface profile and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The results show that dynamic etching has a slight impact on surface RMS roughness.PL defects gradually reduces by dynamic etching, and laser damage resistance of fused silica continuously increases with etching depth extending. When removal depth increases to ~12μm, the damage threshold is the double that of the unetched surface. However, surface profile continuously deteriorates with etching depth increasing. Appropriate etching amount is very important for improving damage resistance and mitigating surface profile deteriorating of fused silica during etching process simultaneously. The study is expected to contribute to the practical application of dynamic etching for mitigating laser induced degradation of fused silica optics under UV laser irradiation.

Besides the excessive saturation effect, a new mechanism of temporary black screen of CCD camera induced by laser is found. The final output of CCD camera is the difference between the signals in effective pixels and optical black pixels. As the effective pixels of CCD camera are being irradiated by intense laser, many carriers induced by photo overflow from effective pixels into the optical black pixels. As a result, both the effective and optical black pixels will reach saturation, which makes the final output of CCD become zero. This effect has the same black screen phenomenon as the excessive saturation, and is named as pseudo-excessive saturation effect in this article.

In the paper, the performance of Si devices with change of carrier lifetime was reported with finite volume method. In the two-dimensional axisymmetric semiconductor model, based on Si p-n junction structure, direct recombination, auger recombination and the SRH (Shockley-Ready-Hall) recombination were taken into consideration. Both cathode and anode was made via ohmic contact. Two kinds of device models with p⁺-n or n⁺-p type were built accordingly. 1064 nm laser was used as signal beam in the model. Numerical simulation had been studied under different bias voltage and carrier lifetime. Compared with the results, it was found that the device performance was affected by the minority carrier lifetime obviously. It also inferred that performance of Si devices was degenerated by laser indirectly.

Considered the pyrolysis and the internal gas convection, a three-dimensional mathematical model based on the conservation of energy, had been developed for predicting the pyrolysis behavior of composite subjected to laser. By taking carbon-fiber /epoxy composite for examples, the effects of irradiation time and power density on the mass loss and the thermal ablation rate were obtained from an irradiation experiment with the tangential nitrogen and low power density. The numerical results agree well with the experimental results on the whole. The results reveal that as the irradiation time continues, the thermal ablation rate begins to decrease gradually and then tends to be steady after a rapid increase. The oxidation can be effectively restrained due to a nitrogen protection. However, laser power density will enhance the oxidation effect, which causes that the mass loss approximately shows a linear rise and the thermal ablation rate tends to be steady after 180 W/cm^2.

A mesoscopic method is developed to analyze the temperature field of composite materials under laser radiation based on their meso-structures. Laser energy coupling to fibers and matrix are characterized by different absorption coefficients, and multi-phase heat transfer process in composites is solved by the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The temperature field of carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP) composites with laser intensities ranging from 100 W/cm² to 500 W/cm² is calculated, and the results reveal that the temperature distribution of composites is closely related to their meso-structures.

In this paper, we demonstrate the laser simulation adequacy both by theoretical analysis and experiments. We first explain the basic theory and physical mechanisms of laser simulation of transient radiation effect of semiconductor. Based on a simplified semiconductor structure, we describe the reflection, optical absorption and transmission of laser beam. Considering two cases of single-photon absorption when laser intensity is relatively low and two-photon absorption with higher laser intensity, we derive the laser simulation equivalent dose rate model. Then with 2 types of BJT transistors, laser simulation experiments and gamma ray radiation experiments are conducted. We found good linear relationship between laser simulation and gammy ray which depict the reliability of laser simulation.

To research the influence of initial temperature on the laser ablation impulse coupling coefficient, we have established an experimental setup that can response micro impulse of μNs level. The setup mainly contains the impact pendulum with tiny-damp and the micro-angle detector based on laser diffuse reflection. The different initial temperatures were realized by continuum laser irradiation with different intensities and time duration. Experiments were carried out to show the effect of initial temperature on the impulse coupling coefficient by Nd:YAG laser pulses. The results show that the impulse coupling coefficients rapidly increased with the increases of the laser intensity. When incident laser intensity is about 5.2J/cm², the coefficient increased to the maximum. Then the impulse coupling coefficients decreased gradually. Theoretical analysis and the experimental results show that the impulse coefficient increase at the first phase result from increase energy of plasma, while the coefficient decrease at the second phase derived mainly from the target softening under high temperature.

Optical components in large aperture optical imaging system are susceptive to intense laser radiation. Optical band pass filter for spectra selection and nonlinear filter for intense laser blocking, are usually focal or near focal elements in imaging system, will more likely to be permanently damaged by high intense unwanted laser irradiating. In order to relate the optical imaging performance degradation to laser irradiating parameters, characteristics of the damage sites and so on, a test facility consisting of scaled electro-optical imaging system and standard imager evaluation system was constructed, and the linear spread function, modulation transfer function, signal transfer function, and noise power spectrum were obtained. Experimental imaging performance degradation law of damaged fused silica and colored glass filters were analyzed. Furthermore, some brief discussions on the imaging performance degradation mechanisms are also presented.

The pyrolysis responses of kevlar/epoxy composite materials are valuable to study in a case of high temperature rising rate for its widely application. Distinguishing from the Thermal Gravimetric Analysis method, an apparatus is built to research the pyrolysis responses of kevlar/epoxy composite materials irradiated by laser in order to offer a high temperature rising rate of the sample. By deploying the apparatus, a near real-time gas pressure response can be obtained. The sample mass is weighted before laser irradiating and after an experiment finished. Then, the gas products molecular weight and the sample mass loss evolution are derived. It is found that the pressure and mass of the gas products increase with the laser power if it is less than 240W, while the molecular weight varies inversely. The variation tendency is confusing while the laser power is bigger than 240W. It needs more deeper investigations to bring it to light.

The dazzling phenomena such as point saturation, line crosstalk present successively when laser irradiates on the CCD camera. We use CW laser at 532 nm and 1064 nm to irradiate the interline transfer area array CCD, CCD emerges lattice spots under the lens focusing. Based on geometrical optics, we use theoretical analysis and numerical simulation to study the mechanization of lattice spots. Laser jamming effects to the same CCD are different between 532 nm and 1064 nm. This is because the 532 nm laser diffracts with the chip, while 1064 nm laser interferences with its reflected light in the transmission process. Meanwhile, the mechanization of the ring surrounding the main spot is analyzed.

Accurate measurement of the wall temperature is of great significance to investigate laser irradiation effects on a liquid tank. It was shown that the wall temperature couldn’t be measured accurately using the traditional installation method for the thermocouple. To overcome this problem, an effective installation technique was developed. First, a groove was carved on the rear surface of the metal casing of a liquid tank by laser irradiation. Then the thermocouple junction was welded to the measurement point and covered up by high-temperature heat conduction glue. The experimental results showed that the wall temperature could be measured correctly using this installation technique.

Effect of the bromine-dopant in plastic target on laser-driven ablative Richtmyer-Meshkov instability is investigated by radiation hydrodynamics simulations. It is found that the bromine-dopant can significantly reduce the perturbation growth and increase the oscillation frequency of ablative Richtmyer-Meshkov instability. The Br-dopant in plastic target increases the radiation temperature at ablation front, which leads to a large ablation velocity. According to the theoretical analysis, the decay of perturbation growth and the increase of the oscillation frequency of ablative Richtmyer-Meshkov instability are attributed to the large ablation velocity.

Laser ablation micro-propulsion technology is the most promising field in laser propulsion. The specific impulse is the important evaluate indicator of the micro propulsion performance. It represents the impulse generation by consuming unit weight of the working medium. Its accurate measurement can not only help to analyze the mechanism of laser ablation matter, but also help the design of micro laser ablation thruster. This paper presents a measurement method, which can not only obtain the impulse by single pulsed laser ablation the working medium, but also measure the ablation mass, which can directly measure the specific impulse. The method is based on the model of torsion pendulum in vertical direction movement, which is the direction of impulse by pulsed laser ablation and the gravitation direction caused by the loss of the ablation mass, to obtain the corresponding impulse and ablative weight. The paper deduced the measuring principle, pointed out the error and analysed the design principle of the torsion balance, the results show that, according to the torsion angle change due to the impulse by pulsed laser ablation and the mass loss by laser ablation, the maximum angle can be used to calculate the impulse and the stable rotation angle can be used to calculate the loss weight when the torsion period is much greater than four times the width of a single pulse.

Areal density (ρR) is one of the crucial parameters in the inertial confinement fusion. Measurement of the fusion products is a more feasible method to diagnose ρR than other methods, such as X-ray. In the capsules filled with D₂ fuel or D-³He fuel, proton is an ideal probe to diagnose the implosion ρR in different emission times and directions by measurements of the proton yields and spectra. By D-D reaction protons and D-³He reaction protons, the diagnostics of the total and fuel ρR, ρR evolution, implosion asymmetry and mix effect have been demonstrated at OMEGA and NIF facilities. Also some advanced proton diagnostics instruments are developed with a high level capability. Preliminary diagnosis of ρR in the deuterium involved fuel capsules by measurement of protons at SG-III facility was implemented. A fusion product emission and transport code by Monte-Carlo method was developed. The primary and secondary protons emission and transport in the fuel and shell plasmas were able to be simulated. The relations of the proton energy loss and the secondary proton yields with the areal density were inspected. Several proton spectrometers have been built up at SG-III facility, such as a step ranged filter (SRF) proton spectrometer and a wedged range filter (WRF) proton spectrometer. Some proton response simulation codes and the codes for proton spectra reconstruction were also developed. The demonstrations of ρR diagnostics at SG-III facility by D-D reaction and D-³He reaction proton spectra measurements are presented.

An analytical isentropic compression model for condensed matter is reported, which can provide explicit solutions for isentropic compression fields. To demonstrate this model, a laser-direct-driven ramp compression experiment is performed using an 8-ns, 740-J temporally shaped laser, achieving a peak pressure of 425 GPa in solid aluminum, which value exceeds all previous experimental results. The primary application suggests that this model can function as an important prototype for ramp compression experiments, and the temporally shaped laser direct-driven ramp compression technique can form a practical method to achieve isentropic compression.

Image Plates as x-ray recorder have advantages including reusable, high dynamic range, large active area, and so on. In this work, Fuji BAS-SR type image plate combined with BAS-5000 scanner is calibrated. The fade rates of Image Plates has been measured using x-ray diffractometric in different room temperature; the spectral response of Image Plates has been measured using ²⁴¹Am radioactive sealed source and fitting with linear model; the spatial resolution of Image Plates has been measured using micro-focus x-ray tube. The results show that Image Plates has an exponent decade curve and double absorption edge response curve. The spatial resolution of Image Plates with 25μ/50μ scanner resolution is 6.5lp/mm, 11.9lp/mm respectively and gold grid radiography is collected with 80lp/mm spatial resolution using SR-type Image Plates. BAS-SR type Image Plates can do high spatial resolution and quantitative radiographic works. It can be widely used in High energy density physics (HEDP), inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and laboratory astronomy physics.

We present a versatile method to diagnose method to diagnose nanosecond laser induced plasma (LIP) plume with good temporal (10 ns here) and spatial (here sub-millimeter) resolution, without requiring the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). The spatially resolved emission images from plasmas formed by 532 nm laser ablation of a silicon target in vacuum (10^-7 mbar) with incident irradiance of 21 GW/cm² were recorded at different time delays using a time-gated iCCD camera attached to a spectrograph and image optics. The spectroscopic emission lines associated with different charged species are assigned in the NIST Atomic Spectra Database. The further analysis of Stark broadened line shapes of those emission images allows tracking the plume dynamics and provides insight into the early time (i.e. within several tens of nanoseconds) mechanism of laser-target interaction and the subsequent laser-plasma coupling. The electron density (N_e) and temperature (T_e) values and their variations with space and time are obtained from best-fitting model to the observed line shapes based on a non-LTE electron energy distribution function (EEDF) rather than a Maxwellian EEDF. The value of N_e and T_e respectively declined from 10²³ to 10²¹ m^-3 and 10 to 0.1 eV since the plume expansion. The time-gated emission images and the spatial and temporal variation of the N_e and T_e values both highlight the inhomogeneity of the LIP plume, and provide the future analysis and possible derivation of the electron emitting model from target surface after laser-lattice interaction within sub-nanosecond.

In this paper, we present a study on the influence of interpulse delay in laser-induced silicon plasma with femtosecond double-pulse, and two subpulses have different laser energies. The meansured optical emission line collected by a lens is the Si (I) at 390.55 nm. The range of double-pulse interpulse delay is from -150 ps to 150 ps. Unlike the femtosecond double pulses with two same energies, the combination of low + high energies can enhance the spectral emission intensity, while the combination of high + low energies probably reduces the spectral line intensity compared with single-pulse femtosecond laser. The results indicate that the interpulse delay is very important for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with femtosecond double-pulse to improve the optical emission intensity.

We used a 300nm polycarbonate (PC) membrane as a supported structure and CsI photocathode was evaporated onto PC surface. The thickness of CsI can be controlled between 100 nm to 1 μm. The effects of deposition speed and deliquescence property on morphology and structure were analyzed. The photoelectric conversion properties of CsI films were analyzed with Manson X-ray source. The energy spectral response peak value of photocathode is above 3000μA/W calibrated at Beijing synchrotron radiation facility. The photocathode was applied to an X-ray streak camera on SG III facility and distinct x-ray images were captured.

The fusion gamma has an advantage to measure fusion reaction history in the deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel implosion experiments. A gas Cherenkov detector is available to measure DT fusion gamma in a high background environment. Simulation is carried out by Geant4 to evaluate the conversion efficiency and the time response of this Cherenkov detector. The background gamma rays are roughly estimated based on ENDF/B-VII.0 data, and the signal-to-noise (SNR) is evaluated based on the simulated energy response curve. The simulation result and the SNR analysis are helpful to construct the Cherenkov detector at Shenguang-III facility.

Planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) has been a very important species analysis approach in combustion research, but is most often presented qualitatively. Therefore, another supplementary techniques are needed for quantitative PLIF measurement. In this paper, we propose a quantitative OH concentration measurement method using PLIF calibrated by cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS). The CRDS measurement is firstly applied to a methane-air atmospheric pressure flame on a McKenna burner and determine the OH absolute density. Then the PLIF signal is calibrated by the determined OH concentration on the same flame under the same condition. The calibrated PLIF setup is fixed, and another PLIF setup is added to form a two-line OHPLIF thermometry to measure the 2D temperature distribution. Finally, a quantitative OH-PLIF measurement method is provided for the turbulent premixed flame on a Bunsen burner based on this setup.

The OH can be generated from photo-dissociation of water in the gas phase, and the generated OH has served in tagging velocimetry using the time-flight method. The hydroxyl tagging mechanism has the advantages of non-seeding, kindly flow following character, but its application in the reaction region is limited for the fluorescence interference from nascent OH. In this paper, we explored the laser induced fluorescence spectrum of OH both from burning and photodissociation. A photo-dissociation laser induced fluorescence (PD-LIF) system with optical multichannel analysis instrument (OMA) for spectrum analysis was developed. Based on multichannel mechanism, the LIF spectrum of OH from photo-dissociation and burning were acquired simultaneously. The temporal spectrum profiles of dissociation OH both in flame and air were taken by varying the pump–probe delay. The normalized emission spectrum in flame showed a process of rotational relaxation while in air the spectrum was almost not changed. The fluorescence intensity was precisely proportional to the base states population, so we can get certain states that the OH from dissociation was predominant from the fluorescence intensity ratio of OH. This result can be further utilized for hydroxyl tagging velocimetry technology (HTV) which was less affected by burning OH.

Nonlinear regime Two-line Atomic Fluorescence (NTLAF) is a promising technique for two-dimensional thermometry. A key challenge is seeding of indium atoms into flame. This work aims at investigating the mechanism of Indium LIF signal generation in a fuel-rich InCl₃-ethanol premixed flame. Several types of images including natural emission of the flame itself, natural emission of CH, natural emission of OH, natural emission at 410 nm/451 nm of indium atom, and laser induced fluorescence at 410 nm/451 nm were obtained. The indium atom was generated in the flame front, and could survive in the post-flame zone for a while which is benefit for making NTLAF measurements. Further detail mechanism of fluorescence signals generation in InCl₃-ethanol solution burning was investigated. The conclusion which probable to be drew is that to gain high NTLAF signals, the size of liquid droplets should be well controlled, neither to be too large nor to be gasified.

The investigation of natural aging of writing inks printed on paper using Raman spectroscopy was performed. Based on the obtained dependencies of the Raman peak intensities ratios on the exposure time, the dye degradation model was proposed. It was suggested that there are several competing bond breaking and bond forming reactions corresponding to the characteristic vibration frequencies of the dye molecule that simultaneously occur during ink aging process. Also we propose a methodology based on the study of the optical properties of paper, particularly changes in the fluorescence of optical brighteners included in its composition as well as the paper reflectivity using spectrophotometric methods. These results can be implemented to develop the novel and promising method of criminology.

For the purpose of measuring the flow velocity in a scramjet test model, an special designed measurement system was established, including the strong vibration suppression, optical transport consideration, the movable device etc. The interference of the strong vibration to the velocity measurements was avoided by two ICCD cameras capturing the reference tag lines image and moved tag lines image together during an experiment. According to the tag lines image feature, data processing including correlation algorithm, data fitting by a Gauss function were used respectively to extract the positions of the reference tag lines and the moved tag lines. The velocity measurements were carried out at the isolation section and the cavity section. The results showed that the well SNR could be achieved in the H₂/air combustion heating flow, but in the kerosene fuel combustion flow, the measurements images might be interfered by the strong OH background from the chemical reaction, and the signal intensity could be reduced due to the tag laser attenuation through the absorption by kerosene vapor. But when the combustor model was run at a low chemical equivalent, the interference could be suppressed to an accepted level.

A comprehensive understanding of the complex physical and chemical process involved in the dissociation process of energetic materials is essential for laser initiation. In this paper, experimental investigations were carried on to reveal the dissociation mechanism of 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-hexanitrostilbene (HNS) under 1064nm excitation. The positive and negative ions produced in the laser-induced dissociation processes were detected by a time of flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS) in vacuum (4×10^-4 Pa). By analyzing the molecular structure of HNS and mass to charge ratio (m/z), possible attributions of different ions were obtained. For the negative ions, the dominant peak appeared at m/z=26, 42, 50, 74, 100 and 136, which corresponded to CN, CH₂N₂/C₂H₂O/CNO, CHCCHC, C₆H₂, C₆H₂CN and C₆H₂ONO₂. For the positive ions, the main peaks could be found at m/z= 24, 28, and 40, these peaks could be ascribed to C₂, CO/N₂/CH₂N and CH₂CN. The intensity of the ion fragments increased gradually with the increasing of laser fluence. The relationship between the ion intensity and the delay time was also revealed. The results might give some help for the further understanding of the laser initiation process of HNS.

A spectral finite element method (SFEM) is developed to analyze guided ultrasonic waves in a delaminated composite beam excited and received by a pair of surface-bonded piezoelectric wafers. The displacements of the composite beam and the piezoelectric wafer are represented by Timoshenko beam and Euler Bernoulli theory respectively. The linear piezoelectricity is used to model the electrical-mechanical coupling between the piezoelectric wafer and the beam. The coupled governing equations and the boundary conditions in time domain are obtained by using the Hamilton’s principle, and then the SFEM are formulated by transforming the coupled governing equations into frequency domain via the discrete Fourier transform. The guided waves are analyzed while the interaction of waves with delamination is also discussed. The elements needed in SFEM is far fewer than those for finite element method (FEM), which result in a much faster solution speed in this study. The high accuracy of the present SFEM is verified by comparing with the finite element results.

More attention has been drawn to ultrasonic guided waves (UGW) based damage detection method for its advantages of wide range inspection of large scale structures. However, complex propagation characteristics of guided waves as well as traditional contact ultrasonic transducers limit its application for the practical damage detection. By combining Scanning Laser Doppler vibrometer (SLDV) technology, Time-Reversal method in frequency-wavenumber domain (f-k RTM) can compensate for the dispersive nature of Lamb waves, localize multiple damage sites and identify their sizes without time consuming numerical calculation. In this work, we adopt f-k RTM for damage detection in plate-like structure. Instead of SLDV in experiment, 3D finite element numerical method is adopted to obtain scattered ultrasonic guided wavefield data with high spatial resolution. The direct path waves were extracted to obtain the incident wavefield while the scattered signals were used to calculate the scattering wave field. Damage imaging can also be achieved by introducing crosscorrelation imaging condition. Imaging results show that the method is very effective for crack localization and boundary shape-recognition. Numerical simulation results and imaging algorithm laid the foundation for the method applied in experiment and practice.

According to the principle of reflectivity measurement using cavity ring-down spectroscopy, the origin of reflectivity measurement uncertainty was analyzed, we particularly discussed the origin of ring-down time measurement uncertainty, and concluded that the maximum amplitude selection of ring-down curve, the fitting of curve, the time delay of detector, and the dispersity of measurement results were the reasons why. Based on the cavity ring-down spectroscopy method, we built a reflectivity measurement system with the wavelength of 1.319 micron, and obtained the ring-down times of straight and folded cavity respectively. According to the origin of uncertainty, the extensional uncertainty of system was obtained. The result showed the high precision of reflectivity measurement using cavity ring-down spectroscopy.

In laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), a serious of cylindrical cavities are used to spatially confine the plasmas produced from silicon (Si) target by using a Nd:YAG laser in air. Time-resolved spectrum of Si plasma with different diameters of cylindrical spatial cavities is measured. Compared with the plasmas generated without the confined cavity, the spectral emission intensity of plasma generated with cylindrical cavity is enhanced at a certain delay time. As the diameter of cylindrical cavity increases, the spectral emission is enhanced later in time and the enhancement becomes weaker. The result shows that the presence of the confined cavity leads to an increase in the spectral emission of plasma which is attributed to compressed plasma by the reflected shockwave.

This paper reports the laser absorption measurements of atomic oxygen in the FD04 arc-heater at China Academy of Aerospace Aerodynamics (CAAA). An atomic oxygen absorption line at 777.19 nm is utilizied for detecting the population of electronically excited oxygen atom in an air plasma flow. A scanned-wavelength direct absorption mode is used in this study. The laser is scanned in wavelength across the absorption feature at a rate of 200 Hz. Under the assumption of thermal equilibrium, time-resolved temperature measurements are obtained on one line-of-sight in the arc-heater. The good agreement of the temperature inferred from the sonic throat method suggests the equilibrium assumption is valid. These results illustrate the feasibility of the diode laser sensors for flow parameters in high enthalpy arc-heated facilities.

The key to improve Hydroxyl Tagging Velocimetry (HTV) Measurement precision in the laser supersonic combustion diagnosis research is to improve the effect of image processing. In terms of strong OH background and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) issues, the approach for HTV signal extraction in supersonic combustion filed is proposed. Firstly, the method of compensation-and-correction-window-filter and the progressive approach characteristic filtering window approach are adopted to remove background for image preprocessing. Then the algorithm combined image segmentation and the skeleton extraction is employed for signal extraction, that improves the signal identification ability in the interferences of fierce combustion zone of a mass of hydroxyl background, solves the insufficient precision problem of extracting hydroxyl effective signal, what's more, achieves the effective information of velocity distribution in combustion flow.

Atmospheric turbulence induces laser guide star (LGS) spot wandering in the sodium layer, which introduces trouble to adaptive optics systems. Experimental study of LGS spot wandering usually needs on-sky test. However, the on-sky test of LGS spot wandering is expensive and complicated. Since spatial light modulators (SLMs) are able to simulate atmospheric turbulence, we have designed and set up a SLMs based LGS simulator to study LGS spot wandering. This LGS simulator is prominent to build a bridge between theoretical study and on-sky test. Its performance is tested for vortex beam generated annular LGS which was proposed to reduce the LGS spot wandering in our former paper.

The results of multiterawatt laser beam formation of a visible range in THL-100 hybrid laser system based on titanium-sapphire front-end and photochemical XeF(C-A) boosting amplifier are presented. The front-end delivers at the second harmonic centered around 475 nm up to 20 mJ energy in 50 fs and to 7 mJ in 50 ps pulses. The active medium of the XeF(C-A) amplifier is produced in a XeF₂/N₂ mixture irradiated by the VUV radiation from electron beam excited xenon. The laser system is described and the latest results are presented.

The polarization smoothing (PS) of the focal spot on target is a key technology for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) laser. A mathematical model is presented to analyze the polarization smoothing in a convergent beam. The relation between the separations (both transverse and longitudinal) of focal spots and the parameters of the crystal are established. Via numerical simulation, the three-dimensional distributions of the far-field with and without PS are demonstrated. The relation between the property of the focal spot and the crystal’s thickness and tilt angle are obtained. Best smoothing can be achieved with the optimized thickness and tilt angle of the PS crystal.

The hybrid gas phase and solid state laser shows its inherent advantages in heat management and high efficiency and compactness, with DPAL becoming a perfect example. However, this kind of laser is limited by concern, for example, narrow absorption linewidth and a series of problems resulting from chemical reactions. As a matter of fact, Prof. Krupke proposed some hybrid gas phase and solid state lasers before DPAL, while they were chemically unfavored. As a newest type of hybrid gas phase and solid state laser, diode pumped nanoparticle gas laser (DPNGL) is a potential candidate in high power laser field. We put forward a rate equation model for Yb³⁺ doped nanoparticle gas laser, and scattering of nanoparticles at the nano scale is included in this model. In addition, modifications of fluorescence lifetime and laser emission and pump absorption cross section are coupled into this model. Some vital factors are simulated and discussed. The results obtained from the modeling show that the influence of scattering is weak, and the Yb³⁺ concentration is not necessarily high to achieve a good laser performance. The results are sufficiently positive for DPNGL to be a promising high power laser.

The multi-tone amplification for the purpose of mitigating stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) effect is investigated. Different wavelengths and power ratio are considered in the simulation model to achieve optimal results. The numerical simulation results indicate that SBS is effectively suppressed in a fiber amplifier with an output from 53.7W to 96.9W by utilizing this approach.

A diode-pumped alkali laser (DPAL) is one of the most promising candidates of the next-generation high-powered laser sources. Until now, a single-heater structure has been widely adopted to control the temperature of an alkali vapor cell in plenty of the DPAL studies. However, for an end-pumped DPAL using a single heater, most pump power can be absorbed by the gain media near the entrance window of a cell due to the large absorption cross section of atomic alkali. As a result, the temperature in the pumping area around the inputted window will be much higher than those in the other positions of the vapor cell. Such a large temperature gradient would bring about some negative influences on the output performance of a DPAL. Additionally, in the worst case, the inputted cell window may even be damaged, especially when the pump intensity becomes very high. To solve the problem, we put forward a new scheme by using a gradient heating process in which several heaters are simultaneously utilized to anneal an alkali vapor cell. In this technique, the temperature at the entrance window is set to be lower than that of the other side. Using this novel method, one can not only achieve a homogeneous absorption of pump energy along the cell axis, but also decrease the possibility of the window damage in the DPAL configuration. The theoretical simulation of the laser output features by use of multiple heaters has been carried out, and the optimum condition in temperature gradient is also discussed in this paper.

Although the concept of the mode filling factor (also named as “mode-matching efficiency”) has been well discussed decades before, the concept of so-called overlap coefficient is often confused by the laser technicians because there are several different formulae for various engineering purposes. Furthermore, the LD-pumped configurations have become the mainstream of solid-state lasers since their compact size, high optical-to-optical efficiency, low heat generation, etc. As the beam quality of LDs are usually very unsatisfactory, it is necessary to investigate how the mode filling factor of a laser system is affected by a high-powered LD pump source. In this paper, theoretical analyses of an end-pumped laser are carried out based on the normalized overlap coefficient formalism. The study provides a convenient tool to describe the intrinsically complex issue of mode interaction corresponding to a laser and an end-pumped source. The mode filling factor has been studied for many cases in which the pump mode and the laser mode have been considered together in the calculation based on analyses of the rate equations. The results should be applied for analyses of any other types of lasers with the similar optical geometry.

We report a continuous wave (CW) all-solid-state Cr:LiSAF laser with a prism-controlled coupled-cavity. Broad-band tuning of 198 nm from 784 nm to 982 nm is demonstrated. The output power is always above 14 mW tuned from 825 nm to 975 nm and reaches the maximum value of 21.4 mW at 900 nm. Dual-wavelength operation is observed at the edge of the tuning range. The coupled-cavity passive loss is discussed and calculated to be 18%.

We report on the recent progress on high power pulsed 2.8 μm Er³⁺-doped ZBLAN fiber laser through techniques of passively and actively Q-switching in our research group. In passively Q-switched operation, a diode-cladding-pumped mid-infrared passively Q-switched Er³⁺-doped ZBLAN fiber laser with an average output power of watt-level based on a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) was demonstrated. Stable pulse train was produced at a slope efficient of 17.8% with respect to launched pump power. The maximum average power of 1.01 W at a repetition rate of 146.3 kHz was achieved with a corresponding pulse energy of 6.9 μJ. The maximum peak power was calculated to be 21.9 W. In actively Q-switched operation, a diode-pumped actively Q-switched Er³⁺-doped ZBLAN fiber laser at 2.8 μm with an optical chopper was reported. The maximum laser pulse energy of up to 130 μJ and a pulse width of 127.3 ns at a repetition rate of 10 kHz with an operating wavelength of 2.78 μm was obtained, yielding the maximum peak power of exceeding 1.1 kW.

The excitation and emission properties of optical materials can be adjusted by nanostructures and to achieve high optical efficiency in the optically pump laser with short absorption length and high threshold pump power, we present and theoretically investigate a Yb-doped thin film on a 1D grating structure in this paper. High reflectivity at the pump and emission wavelength are realized simultaneously and in terms of the guided-mode resonance theory, the local field of high reflected light is enhanced which will increase the absorption of associated laser wavelength. we analyze parameters of the nanostructure in detail based on rigorous coupled-wave theory and an appropriate structure is decided. We set up a simple quasi-three-level model and demonstrate that this designed structure can effectively improve the optical efficiency of optically pump solid state laser.