This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 10256, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction (if any), and Conference Committee listing.

Airfield lighting system is an important aiding system of civil aviation airport that guarantees the taking off, landing, taxiing of airplanes at night, with low visibility, or under other complicated weather conditions. In-pavement LED runway edge lights, with the highest degree of light intensity, are the most important lights for safe civil aviation and are most difficult to design within airfield lighting system. With LED as the source of light and the secondary optical design as the core, in light of basic laws of Fresnel loss and total reflection and the principles of edge-ray etendue conservation and the conservation of energy to design major optical elements as lens, prism of the lamp, the in-pavement LED runway edge lights design successfully solves the designing problem of high-power, high-intensity LED airfield lights with narrow beam angle at closed environment. This success is of great significance for the improvement of LED airfield lighting system in China.

The 3D model of BP was built, the supercell model of BP was rebuilt, and created a core hole on a boron atom and the phosphorus atom using supercell model of BP. The 1s core level spectroscopy of BP with and without a core hole have been calculated using the first principles by simulation. Studying on the 1s core level spectroscopy of BP with and without a core hole, the core hole effects were investigated by comparison of the 1s core level spectroscopy of BP with and without a core hole. The core hole effects affect peak position and the width of energy of the 1s core level spectroscopy for BP. The core hole effects is that the peak position moves toward low energy and the width of energy becomes smaller.

In order to increase the speed controlling accuracy of fast steering mirror (FSM) for image motion compensation and thus to increase the definition of picture taken by moving camera, active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) is designed. First, mathematical model of FSM driven by voice coil motor (VCM) is established. Next, ADRC algorithm and its simplified form in actual application are clarified. Finally, simulation research for controlled object is made. The result is compared to control effect of PID. Simulation curves demonstrate that the settling time of ADRC is 6 ms and the bandwidth of system attains 102.2 Hz, which are nearly the same as those of PID. When the error is very small, it can converge to zero at a faster rate if ADRC is used. When the same range disturbance is given to system, the relative error of ADRC reaches 0.050%, which is about 42% of that of PID.

The laser tracker is composed of a mechanical structure and a servo control system. And the characteristics of them all affect the error and stability of the laser tracker measurement system. In the dynamic characteristics, the mechanical structure has its natural frequency and the servo control system has servo bandwidth. If the natural frequency closes to the servo bandwidth, the noise produced by system will have an influence on the stability and measure precision of the turntable. In order to make a laser tracker take a good performance, the natural frequency has to stay away from the range of the servo bandwidth. Based on this relationship between the natural frequency and servo bandwidth, construct and simplify a 3D model, analyze the influence of material stiffness, friction and rotary inertia on the natural frequency of a self-developed laser tracker turntable. Analysis shows that the natural frequency augments with the increase of material stiffness and reduction of rotary inertia and has nothing to do with friction. And factors of the structure material influence the different orders of natural frequency differently. These conclusions show that the kind of material with low density and high stiffness is more fitted to the turntable and provide references for optimization design of precision laser tracking turntable.

The existence and stability of gap solitons are investigated in the semi-infinite gap of a partially parity-timesymmetric two-dimensional periodic potential (optical lattice), which is invariant under complex conjugation and reflection in a single spatial direction. Firstly we study the Bloch bands and band gaps of this partially parity-time-symmetric optical lattice. We find the partially parity-time-symmetric optical lattice can still possess all-real spectra and the phase transition point remains unchangeable. Secondly, we investigate the fundamental solitons in the semi-infinite gap of the partially parity-time-symmetric optical lattice. We get the continuous families of fundamental solitons, which own the same partial parity-time-symmetry as the partially parity-timesymmetric optical lattice. Thirdly, we study the linear stability of the fundamental solitons we have got. We also investigate nonlinear evolution of the partially parity-time solitons under perturbation. It has been found that the stable domains of fundamental solitons in the partially parity-time-symmetric optical lattices are bigger than those in parity-time-symmetric optical lattices.

To overcome the disadvantages of the tradition semi-physical simulation and injection simulation equipment in the performance evaluation of the infrared imaging system (IRIS), a low-cost and reconfigurable IRIS simulator, which can simulate the realistic physical process of infrared imaging, is proposed to test and evaluate the performance of the IRIS. According to the theoretical simulation framework and the theoretical models of the IRIS, the architecture of the IRIS simulator is constructed. The 3D scenes are generated and the infrared atmospheric transmission effects are simulated using OGRE technology in real-time on the computer. The physical effects of the IRIS are classified as the signal response characteristic, modulation transfer characteristic and noise characteristic, and they are simulated on the single-board signal processing platform based on the core processor FPGA in real-time using high-speed parallel computation method.

In this paper, we design and analyze a novel hybrid cylinder-triangle plasmonic waveguide (HCTSPPs), which is composed of three high index dielectric cylinders placed above an equilateral triangular metal with the center corresponding to the three vertices of the triangle. The strong hybridization coupling between Si dielectric cylinders (SDCs) and the metallic triangular wedge SPP (WSPPs) enables enhanced field confinement inside the gap region as well as long propagation length. It is also shown that relative long propagation length (100 λ ) and ultra-small deep subwavelength effective mode area (λ²/4000) can be realized by gradual modification of the geometric size, which is one-order improvement compared to other hybrid waveguides. Moreover, an investigation of the effects of actual fabrication errors on the mode properties about HCTSPPs indicates that mode properties are also quite tolerant to fabrication deviations. The proposed waveguide could be applied to subwavelength laser devices and optically integrated circuits.

In this paper, the aperture averaged scintillations of the Bessel beams carrying optical vortices propagating in turbulent atmosphere are evaluated. The multistep form of the propagation algorithm and a numerical phase screen simulation method are applied to the calculations of the aperture averaged scintillation. The results show that the Bessel beam with more topological charges delivers the smaller scintillation. The relation between the aperture averaged scintillation and the size of the beams is investigated. The effect of inner and outer scales of turbulence on the scintillations of the Bessel beams is also studied. These results may be useful in long-distance optical communications in free space or in turbulent atmosphere.

The spectral characteristics of potassium sorbate in milk powder in the range of 0.2~2.0 THz have been measured with THz time-domain spectroscopy(THz-TDS). Its absorption and refraction spectra are obtained at room temperature in the nitrogen atmosphere. The results showed that potassium sorbate at 0.98 THz obvious characteristic absorption peak. The simple linear regression(SLR) model was taken to analyze the content of potassium sorbate in milk powder. The results showed that the absorption coefficient increases as the mixture potassium sorbate increases. The research is important to food quality and safety testing.

The paper presents a novel long-range hybrid insulator-metal-insulator (IMI) plasmonic waveguide, which is composed of two silicon wedge nanowires and a cylinder metal nanowire. Compared with other hybrid plasmonic waveguide, the proposed waveguide shows better properties. With strong coupling between the silicon nanowire mode and long-range surface plasmon polariton (SPP) mode, both deep subwavelength mode confinement and low propagation loss have been achieved. The properties of the hybrid IMI plasmonic waveguide including propagation length (L), normalized mode area (A_eff /A₀) and figure of merit (FoM) are evaluated. Compared with the hybrid plasmonic waveguides, the designed waveguide enables an ultra-small deep-subwavelength mode in smaller area. The propagation length is nearly 1mm and FoM is ~10⁴, which is larger than that of wedge or rectangle hybrid plasmonic waveguides. We also evaluate the impacts of practical fabrication imperfections on the mode properties. The results show that the proposed waveguide is fairly tolerant to the practical fabrication errors in geometry parameters. The proposed waveguide has many potential applications for nano-photonic components of high performance.

Collimation frame is the key supporting component of Space two-dimensional turntable. Its stiffness characteristics are vital for the performance of turntable. In order to reduce weight and improve rigidity, a lightweight collimation frame is designed. Compared with some commonly used aerospace materials, titanium alloy is chosen as the material of collimation frame for its excellent advantages. Modal analysis of the collimation frame is realized by using finite element analysis software MSC. Patran /Nastran to verify whether the stiffness of frame meet the design requirements. The results of analysis show that the first natural frequency of collimation frame is 169.5Hz, which satisfies the design requirement of stiffness. Then, modal experiment is conducted to verify the correctness of the results obtained from finite element modal analysis. The results of experiment show that simulation and experiment results agree well, which further confirm the correctness of the finite element modal analysis. Therefore, it proves that the selection of material and the design of structure are feasible.

Citrus greening or Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of most serious citrus diseases in the world. Once a tree is infected, there is no cure. The feasibility was investigated for discriminating citrus greening by use of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and least square support vector machine (LS-SVM). The spectra of sound and citrus greening samples were recorded in the wavenumber range of 4000-9000 cm^-1. The preprocessing method of second derivative with a gap of seven was adapted to eliminate spectral baseline. The spectral variables were optimized by principal component analysis (PCA) and (UVE) algorithms. The unknown samples were used to access the performance of the models. Compared to the PLS-DA model, the LS-SVM was better with the input vector of the first 15 principal components and linear kernel function. The regularization factor (γ) of linear kernel function was 1.8756, and the operation time of LS-SVM model was 0.86s. The recognition error of the LS-SVM model was zero. The results showed that the combination of LS-SVM and NIR spectroscopy could detect citrus greening nondestructively and rapidly.

A novel fiber Bragg grating(FBG) with three reflection wavelengths is proposed and demonstrated experimentally by simply phase-mask-based grating inscription over the splice interface between a thin-core fiber (TCF) and a standard single-mode fiber (SMF). The key to the success of this device lies in the refractive index differences between SMF, TCF and splice interface, and the precisely localized grating inscription over the three regions. The reflection wavelengths present different sensitivities to temperature and strain, making it as a good candidate for the measurements of two parameters simultaneously.

We analyze the influence factors that affect the observed degree of squeezing in generation and detection stages theoretically, including the fluctuations of pump power, the intra-cavity loss of the optical parametric amplifier (OPA) cavity , the phase fluctuation on balanced homodyning stage, the propagation efficiency, the mode matching efficiency, the out-put mirror transmission of the OPA cavity and the quantum efficiency of the detector. The theoretical results show that different loss sources appearing at various stages of the squeezed light generation and detection are far more dominant and in the end limit the squeezing level achievable. The analysis of these parameters will be extremely useful for subsequent experiments.

In this paper, we present an auto-focusing and ranging method which is based on light-field imaging spatial refocusing principles and simulation algorithm. The clearest image could be chosen among the refocused image sequences by using image-resolution evaluation functions when we select the window of the object whose distance needs to be measured. Finally, we measure an object on the scene with the auto-focusing and ranging method and analyze its range and accuracy. The experimental results show that the auto-focusing and ranging method could obtain distance information of different objects using one-shooting light-field image and then measure the distances of two or more objects in one scene.

In order to solve the injury of optical sight to shooters, which is produced by recoil for using artillery or firearms, and the usage problems of shooters’ eye mask, headband and gas mask, the ocular with long exit pupil distance has been designed based on optical sighting system. The optical properties and aberration characteristics of ocular with long exit pupil distance has been analyzed, the structural style with positive-positive-negative three lens groups has been put forward. According to the aberration theory and the isoplanatic image formation principle, the focal power assignment expression has been deduced by adopting analytical method. By using of optical design software ZEMAX, the ocular with long exit pupil distance has been designed, the focal length of system is 20mm, the exit pupil diameter is 4mm, the field angle is 40°, the distance of exit pupil is 41mm, and the relative eye relief is greater than 2. The design results show if this method has been adopted, the transfer functions of each field are all greater than 0.15 when the ocular with long exit pupil distance locates on 45lp/mm, which can meet the use requirements of visual optical instruments.

The theoretical operation and experimental demonstration of a Fourier-transform Stokes imaging spectropolarimeter are presented. It is composed of two birefringent crystal retarders with equal thickness (the frontal retarder is rotatable) and a Fourier-transform spectrometer based on Savart polariscope. The polarized light enters the spectrometer to create three sets of interferograms, where the spectral Stokes parameters can be calculated and acquired. Compared with previous instruments, the significant advantages of the described sensor are no spatial aliasing in the polarized spectra and it can be used in wider spectral coverage with low cost, ultra-compact size and a simpler common-path configuration.

Projection matrix is an essential and time-consuming part in computed tomography (CT) iterative reconstruction. In this article a novel calculation algorithm of three-dimensional (3D) projection matrix is proposed to quickly acquire the matrix for cone-beam CT (CBCT). The CT data needed to be reconstructed is considered as consisting of the three orthogonal sets of equally spaced and parallel planes, rather than the individual voxels. After getting the intersections the rays with the surfaces of the voxels, the coordinate points and vertex is compared to obtain the index value that the ray traversed. Without considering ray-slope to voxel, it just need comparing the position of two points. Finally, the computer simulation is used to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm.

In fringe projection profilometry, the phase sensitivity of a fringe pattern to depth variation of the measured surface is vital to measurement accuracy and resolution. This paper represents the implementation of the optimal fringe pattern with the best phase sensitivities over the whole fringe pattern, and deduces an efficient calibration method to determine the relationship between the phase-difference distribution and the depth variation. In it, first we find the epipole location by projecting sets of horizontal and vertical fringe patterns on several depth-known reference planes, and meanwhile determine the parameters of the measurement system calibration by analyzing the geometry of measurement system. And then project the optimal fringe pattern onto the object to measure. Experimental results demonstrate that this method is very efficient and easy to implement.

Since the coherent noise affected the quality of the Fizeau’s interferograms in the large aperture, the coherence of the beam was changed by rotated diffuser to reduce the noise of the interfering system. The relationships between the frequency of the rotated diffuser, the contrast of the fringes and the SNR of the system were simulated. Then, the control parameters of rotated diffuser would be required in the optimum interference fringe. The interference images were obtained under different control parameters, and the fringe contrast and system SNR of each image were analyzed. The results showed that the contrast can be reduced by choosing the proper frequency of the rotated diffuser in a certain extent, but the SNR can be improved effectively and it was convenient to process the interference image later.

High resolution and large FOV represents the developing trends of space optical imaging systems, Considering the characters of infrared optical systems, A low cost and low technical risk method of optical butting concept which offer the promise of butting smaller arrays into long linear detector assemblies is presented in this paper, the design method of optical butting is described, and a hypothetical system is demonstrated as well.

The national standard of length in Japan changed to a femtosecond optical frequency comb (FOFC) in July 2009. The center frequency of the FOFC standard is 1560 nm, which is in the transmission band (C-band) of the communication optical fiber. Thanks to this fact, through the communication fiber networks, an FOFC can be delivered to everywhere at anytime. That means everyone at everywhere may access the high-accuracy length standard via communication fiber networks at anytime.

An FOFC is a stabilized pulse laser. In other words, an FOFC is a phase-coherent combination of several hundreds of thousands of wavelengths. Therefore, this fact means that there are several hundreds of thousands of different wavelengths and their combination, adjacent pulse repetition interval length (APRIL), which can be used as a length scale. Based on this idea, we proposed the APRIL-based method. APRIL-based length measurement method uses an APRIL (the physical length associated with the pulse repetition period) as a ruler for measuring distance. In this work, we show how the uncertainty in length conversion is affected by the change in environmental parameters via the sensitivity coefficients of refractive index under an actual experimental environment.

We demonstrate frequency stabilization of DFB laser via modulation transfer spectroscopy, which avoids the interference of Doppler absorption spectrum. By modulating the frequency of laser beam(pump laser beam), the other laser beam(probe laser beam) overlap pump laser beam is modulated as the same frequency by nonlinear interaction. By demodulating the signal from detection beam, an error signal is generated through the low pass filter. The frequency is stabilized at the 0 point position of the MTS frequency discrimination curve by PID loop which shows frequency fluctuation is less than 149 kHz, and the relative frequency stability is improved by nearly two orders of magnitude.

In order to overcome the problem of the larger energy loss of the metamaterial, the random curve model for the Chinese map is analyzed and discussed, which can make the metamaterial more living and simplicity. The prism and suppression samples for the Chinese map are designed, and the computer simulation and experimental test are carried out. The experimental results show that the metamaterial has a good negative refraction effect at a certain frequency, especially, both the negative refraction frequency band and the transmittance of the suppression sample for the Chinese map are improved greatly compared with the conventional model. This work provides an theoretical and practical guidance for the design and engineering of the metamaterial with a novel cycle structure.

We prepared the vanadium oxide thin films on Si substrates by magnetron sputtering , using different substrate temperatures, 300℃, 350℃, 400℃. The effects of substrate temperature on film composition, micro morphology, resistance temperature characteristics, TCR (temperature coefficient of resistance) and other thin film characteristics were analyzed by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), FESEM (Field emission scanning electron microscopy), and four-probe method. Results show that the increase of substrate temperature is conducive to the promotion of V₂O₅ (101) crystal formation in the films, meanwhile it is beneficial to reduce the gap and improve the uniformity of grain size, so as to increase the density of the films. The variation range of the film resistance was 500~1700 KΩ·cm,200~550 KΩ· cm and 30~160 KΩ· cm when the substrate temperature was 300 ℃ ,350 ℃ and 400 ℃ . With the increase of substrate temperature, the room temperature resistance and high temperature resistance of the thin film are greatly reduced, and the TCR performance has been optimized at the same time. The room temperature TCR of the film is about -2.4%/℃ under 400 ℃ substrate temperature, and the average TCR is about -1.98%/℃ in the process of temperature change.

When the field of operation of precision strike missiles is more and more complicated, autonomous seekers will soon encounter serious difficulties, especially with regard to low signature targets and complex scenarios. So the dual-mode sensors combining an imaging sensor with a semi-active laser seeker are conceived to overcome these specific problems. Here the sensors composed a dual field of view mid-infrared thermal imaging camera and a laser range finder have the common optical aperture which produced the minization of seeker construction. The common aperture optical systems for mid-infrared and laser dual-mode guildance have been developed, which could meet the passive middle infrared high-resolution imaging and the active laser high-precision indication and ranging. The optical system had good image quality, and fulfilled the performance requirement of seeker system. The design and expected performance of such a dual-mode optical system will be discussed.

We have proposed a novel scattered light computation microscopy (SLCM) that takes use of scattered light in imaging objects shaded by strongly scattering media. Based on the principle of light reciprocity, image is formed through computation in the SLCM method. Compared to the conventional scattered light fluorescence microscopy (SLFM) method, the SLCM doesn’t need any pretreatment of objects. Simulation results have shown that subwavelength resolution can be achieved through the SLCM with optimized parameters. The good anti-noise capability of the SLCM is demonstrated by simulation as well.

The distance between the charge couple-device (CCD) and the micro lens array is one of assembling errors which affects the accuracy of Hartmann-Shack wavefront detector. The correction of this motion assembly parameter can effectively reduce the wavefront detector error. The relationship between the subaperture spot centroid shift amount, caused by the spherical wavefront passing through the micro lens, and the structural parameters of wavefront sensor was derived theoretically. By utilizing the relationship, defined an assembly parameter to guide the assembly process. Experiments verified the rationality of theoretical derivation then achieved a sample Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor. This method can not only guide the Hartmann-Shack assembly quickly, but also improve the measurement accuracy of wavefront sensor.

Large aperture static interferometer spectrometer (LASIS) use the method of push-boom to get the geometric and spectral characteristics of ground target, the particularity of principle requires the movement of satellite must be in the same direction with spectrometers detectors. Drift angle of satellite leading to abnormal image shifts in the column direction which should be perpendicular to the detector and can seriously affect the spectrum recovery precision of collected data. This paper analyzes the influence mechanism of drift angle for spectrum recovery precision. Simulation based on the actual on-orbit data analyses the effects of different drift angle of relative mean deviation and relative secondary deviation rehabilitation of the spectrum, besides the influence of spectral angle similarity. These studies have shown that, when the lateral deviation due to the drift angle on the across track is less than 0.3 pixel, the effect for the relative mean deviation of the inversive spectra will be no more than 7%. when the lateral deviation due to the drift angle on the across track is larger than one pixel, even though the resampling correction is proceeded, the restored spectral data cube still shows an relative mean error more than 10%, which seriously affect the availability of spectral data.

A linearization double-group linkage zoom lens was presented based on the 640×512 cooled FPA. This configuration’s zoom groups and compensate groups are moved linear zing, omit zoom cam which control the movement of zoom curve make common double-linkage zoom lens easily. This configuration is similarity to optical compensate zoom has a little image displacement, but it is not influence the image quality when the image displacement control in allow range. This lens was placed at cold shield and 100% cold shield efficiency had reached. Moreover, detailed design and image quality were given by CODE optical software. After analysis, MTF approaches diffraction limit. The results show that this optical system has large zoom ratio, and excellent image quality.

In order to project the laser command information to the proper distance , so a laser zoom projective lens with variable total track optical system is designed in the carrier-based aircraft landing system. By choosing the zoom structure, designing of initial structure with PW solution, correcting and balancing the aberration, a large variable total track with 35~× zoom is carried out. The size of image is invariable that is φ25m, the distance of projective image is variable from 100m to 3500m. Optical reverse design, the spot is less than 8μm, the MTF is near the diffraction limitation, the value of MTF is bigger than 0.4 at 50lp/mm.

As the development of electro-optical weapon system, the technique of common path and multi-sensor are used popular, and becoming a trend. According to the requirement of miniaturization and lightweight for electro-optical stabilized sighting system, a day light telescope/television viewing-aim system/ laser ranger has been designed in this thesis, which has common aperture. Thus integration scheme of multi-band and common aperture has been adopted. A day light telescope has been presented, which magnification is 8, field of view is 6°, and distance of exit pupil is more than 20mm. For 1/3" CCD, television viewing-aim system which has 156mm focal length, has been completed. In addition, laser ranging system has been designed, with 10km raging distance. This paper outlines its principle which used day light telescope as optical reference of correcting the optical axis. Besides, by means of shared objective, reserved image with inverting prism and coating beam-splitting film on the inclined plane of the cube prism, the system has been applied to electro-optical weapon system, with high-resolution of imaging and high-precision ranging.

The images obtained by observing the sun through a large telescope always suffered with noise due to the low SNR. K-SVD denoising algorithm can effectively remove Gauss white noise. Training dictionaries for sparse representations is a time consuming task, due to the large size of the data involved and to the complexity of the training algorithms. In this paper, an OpenMP parallel programming language is proposed to transform the serial algorithm to the parallel version. Data parallelism model is used to transform the algorithm. Not one atom but multiple atoms updated simultaneously is the biggest change. The denoising effect and acceleration performance are tested after completion of the parallel algorithm. Speedup of the program is 13.563 in condition of using 16 cores. This parallel version can fully utilize the multi-core CPU hardware resources, greatly reduce running time and easily to transplant in multi-core platform.

In this paper, we put forward a new method to adjust the air gap of the total reflection air gap of the infrared Pechan prism. The adjustment of the air gap in the air gap of the Pechan prism directly affects the parallelism of the optical axis, so as to affect the consistency of the optical axis of the infrared system. The method solves the contradiction between the total reflection and the high transmission of the infrared wave band, and promotes the engineering of the infrared wave band. This paper puts forward the method of adjusting and controlling, which can ensure the full reflection and high penetration of the light, and also can accurately measure the optical axis of the optical axis of the different Pechan prism, and can achieve the precision of the level of the sec. For Pechan prism used in the infrared band image de rotation, make the product to realize miniaturization, lightweight plays an important significance.

The path length control mirror (PLCM) is essential for high precision ring laser gyro (RLG). In this paper the influence of the structural parameters of the PLCM on its length compensating efficiency (LCE) and the anti-transversedeformation capability(ATDC) is numerically investigated, with the aid of the finite element software ANSYS. The result shows that the inner and outer diameters as well as the thickness of the deformation slot of the PLCM have significant influences on both its LCE and ATDC, while the position of the deformation slot of the PLCM has little impact on its LCE and mainly affect its ATDC. According to the simulation, two types of PLCMs with the same parameters all but the position of deformation slot are fabricated and experimentally demonstrated, with the result showing great agreement with the simulation. That is to say, for a given overall dimension constraint, the dynamic stability of the RLG resonator can be dramatically enhanced by a proper design of the PLCM, without almost any negative impact on its LCE. This will be of great value for the optimization of the PLCM for RLG, especially for miniature RLG.

Based on the principium of light field imaging, there designed a objective lens and a microlens array for gathering the light field feature, the homologous ZEMAX models was also be built. Then all the parameters were optimized using ZEMAX and the simulation image was given out. It pointed out that the position relationship between the objective lens and the microlens array had a great affect on imaging, which was the guidance when developing a prototype.

In this work, we report on the formation and characterization of monomode KTiOPO₄ waveguide at 1539 nm by 6.0 MeV C³⁺ ion implantation with the dose of 2×10¹⁵ ions/cm² and Rb⁺-K⁺ ion exchange, respectively. The relative intensity of light as a function of effective refractive index of TM modes at 633 nm and 1539 nm for KTiOPO₄ waveguide formed by two different methods were compared with the prism coupling technique. The refractive index (n_z) profile for the ion implanted waveguide was reconstructed by reflectivity calculation method, and one for the ion exchanged waveguide was by inverse Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin. The nuclear energy loss versus penetration depth of the C³⁺ ions implantation into KTiOPO₄ was simulated using the Stopping Range of Ions in Matter software. The Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry spectrum of KTiOPO₄ waveguide was analyzed after ions exchanged. The results showed that monomode waveguide at 1539 nm can be formed by ion implantation and Rb⁺ -K⁺ ion exchange, respectively.

Based on the influence of the sensitivity and gain control of the photoelectric detector on the dynamic range of the laser seeker, a method for improving the dynamic range of the laser seeker was presented. Firstly the test for measuring the saturated amplitude was built, The influence of sensitivity and saturation amplitude on dynamic range of seeker were obtained; Secondly the relationship between sensitivity, saturation amplitude, gain control and dynamic range were analyzed in theory, and the method for avoiding the saturation of the detector in the process of gain control was designed. The results indicated the method that avoided output voltage of the detector saturated in advance could meet the 5V gain control of the seeker with a dynamic range of more than 90dB.

Gamma correction is a necessary operation for a digital image before it is sent to display. Uneven illumination images have low resolution and a lot of information is covered. In order to better removal of light effects and reproduce truly plain circumstances, this paper presents a new local adaptive gamma correction method. The experiment shows this method makes the brightness distribution more uniform and proved that the method compared with other methods that have better correction results.

Image fusion is of great importance in object detection. A PCA based image fusion method was proposed. A pixel-level average method and a wavelet-based methods have been implemented for a comparison study. Different performance metrics without reference image are implemented to evaluate the performance of image fusion algorithms. It has been concluded that image fusion using PCA based method showed better performance.

An ultra-short wavelength operation of Tm-doped all fiber laser based on fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) was developed. A bi-directional pump configuration for the ultra-short wavelength operation was designed and investigated for the first time. the laser yielded 3.15W of continuous-wave output at 1706.75nm with a narrow-linewidth of ~50pm and a maximum slope efficiency of 42.1%. The dependencies of the slope efficiencies and pump threshold of the laser versus the length of active fiber and reflectivity of the output mirror (FBG) were investigated in detail. An experimental comparative study between two Thulium-doped fiber lasers (TDFLs) with two different pumping configuration(forward unidirectional pumping and bidirectional pumping) was presented. It is indisputable that the development of 1.7μm silicate fiber lasers with Watt-level output power open up a number of heart-stirring and tempting application windows.

In the single frequency continuous wave radar life detection system, based on the Doppler effect, the theory model of radar life signal is expressed by the real function, and there is a phenomenon that can’t be confirmed by the experiment. When the phase generated by the distance between the measured object and the radar measuring head is л of integer times, the main frequency spectrum of life signal (respiration and heartbeat) is not existed in radar life signal. If this phase is л/2 of odd times, the main frequency spectrum of breath and heartbeat frequency is the strongest. In this paper, we use the Doppler effect as the basic theory, using three different mathematical expressions——real function, complex exponential function and Bessel's function expansion form. They are used to establish the theoretical model of radar life signal. Simulation analysis revealed that the Bessel expansion form theoretical model solve the problem of real function form. Compared with the theoretical model of the complex exponential function, the derived spectral line is greatly reduced in the theoretical model of Bessel expansion form, which is more consistent with the actual situation.

As the observation demand increased, the demand of the lens imaging quality rising. Segment- Compound baffle design method was proposed in this paper. Three traditional methods of baffle design they are characterized as Inside to Outside, Outside to Inside, and Mirror Symmetry. Through a transmission type of optical system, the four methods were used to design stray light suppression structure for it, respectively. Then, structures modeling simulation with Solidworks, CAXA, Tracepro, At last, point source transmittance (PST) curve lines were got to describe their performance. The result shows that the Segment- Compound method can inhibit stay light more effectively. Moreover, it is easy to active and without use special material.

Thermal therapy is an approach applied in cancer treatment by heating local tissue to kill the tumor cells, which requires a high sensitivity of temperature monitoring during therapy. Current clinical methods like fMRI，near infrared or ultrasound for temperature measurement still have limitations on penetration depth or sensitivity. Photoacoustic temperature sensing is a newly developed temperature sensing method that has a potential to be applied in thermal therapy, which usually employs a single wavelength laser for signal generating and temperature detecting. Because of the system disturbances including laser intensity, ambient temperature and complexity of target, the accidental errors of measurement is unavoidable. For solving these problems, we proposed a new method of photoacoustic temperature sensing by using two wavelengths to reduce random error and increase the measurement accuracy in this paper. Firstly a brief theoretical analysis was deduced. Then in the experiment, a temperature measurement resolution of about 1℃ in the range of 23-48℃ in ex vivo pig blood was achieved, and an obvious decrease of absolute error was observed with averagely 1.7℃ in single wavelength pattern while nearly 1℃ in dual-wavelengths pattern. The obtained results indicates that dual-wavelengths photoacoustic sensing of temperature is able to reduce random error and improve accuracy of measuring, which could be a more efficient method for photoacoustic temperature sensing in thermal therapy of tumor.

The propagation characteristics of the circular Airy beam (CAB) modified with low-pass filtering is investigated in details in this paper. Based on a modification of the angular spectrum of CAB, we get a new kind of CAB constructed with low frequency spectrum, which is called “LCAB” for short. A suitable low-pass filter is introduced to cut off the high frequency angular spectrum and maintain the low frequency domain mainly affecting the front light rings of CAB. Two apodization parameters are employed to optimize the low-pass filtering, which influence the propagation characteristic of the LCAB. Fortunately, the abruptly autofocusing property, the most important property of CAB, is still maintained in LCAB. What is more, the initial ring number and the focal spot length can be controlled by adjusting the two apodization parameters. If the two apodization parameters are appropriately chosen, one can form an elegant optical needle which plays an important role in optical manipulations. The numerical results show that the less front light rings are, the longer the optical needle is. It should be noted that the width of the optical needle will increase as long as the length increases, and lead to the decline of the maximum intensity of the optical needle.

The accuracy of numerical reconstruction phase directly affect the result of the digital holographic detection. Because the microscope objective causes additional secondary phase factor, resulting in phase distortion of the reconstructed image. In order to find the phase distortion present in the reconstruction process and take the appropriate way to achieve automatic compensation of phase, digital holographic microscopy in phase compensation issues are studied. Least-squares curve fitting method and choose a background profile data approach is employed to produce the phase mask, and several iterations of correction of mask data by profile data. The theoretical analysis and experimental comparison of this method was validated. The results show that this method can quickly and accurately for better phase distortion correction, while providing new ideas for efficient extraction of real phase.

The images of outdoor scenes obtained in haze, fog and other weather phenomena are usually have poor contrast and color fidelity. In order to get a clear view of the image taken under bad weather, this paper for the image degradation in fog and haze, we detailed analyzed the image degradation causes and fuzzy mechanism and made some meaningful work for improving the existing defogging method and introduing new ideas. The experimental results demonstrate the new method abilities to remove the haze layer as well as provide a reliable depth map.

Humidity is an important environmental parameter, which is difficult to be measured accurately and quickly using traditional measurement methods. Under the environment of low temperature or high humidity, traditional humidity and temperature sensor has shortages in humidity measurement accuracy, corresponding time and wet fade speed. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a method to measure the environmental humidity with wavelength modulation technology and harmonic detection technology based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy. H₂O molecular absorption line near 1392 nm is selected as the characteristic spectra. The effects of temperature, pressure and water concentration on the absorption spectrum width, the wavelength modulation coefficient and the amplitude of the harmonic signal are analyzed. Humidity and temperature sensor is modified using temperature and pressure compensation model, and the influence of the water concentration variation is eliminated by the iterative algorithm. The new humidity and temperature sensor prototype is developed, and the structure of the optical system is simple, which is easy to be adjusted. The response frequency of the humidity detection is 40 Hz. The experiment was carried out for 3 months at Qingdao national basic weather station. Experimental results show that the consistency of the humidity and temperature data is very good, which can proves the validity of the humidity measurement technology.

A practical aspheric non-null testing method of combining numerical simulation with real interferometric testing was proposed. Numerical simulation and analysis of using three typical spherical reference wavefronts which emitted by the interferometer (hereinafter referred to as spherical reference wavefronts) to test ideal aspheric surface were carried out by MATLAB. According to simulation results (simulated interferograms), the smallest one of wavefront aberrations between ideal aspheric surface and three typical spherical reference wavefronts, respectively, was selected as the wavefront under test for aspheric full aperture test; in this case, the theoretical interferogram of aspheric non-null testing was obtained by adding an appropriate amount of tilt and defocus amount to the wavefront under test. According to the theoretical interferogram, a real testing interferogram of an aspherical reflector with a diameter of 110 mm (the maximum asphericity to the vertex sphere is 6.8μm) was obtained quickly by visual observation by Zygo interferometer, and the aspheric machining error was obtained by a series processing of testing data extraction and Zernike polynomials fitting etc.. Comparison with the aspheric testing results of Taylor Hobson profilometer shows that the difference of PV and RMS value errors is less then 0.08μm and 0.02μm, respectively.

A liquid-crystal-filled polymer photonic crystal fiber is designed and numerically analysised for terahertz wave guiding. Bandgap-guiding terahertz fiber is obtained by infiltrating the cladding air holes of index guiding Topas photonic crystal fiber with liquid crystal 5CB. Structural parameter dependence and thermal tunability of the photonic bandgaps, mode properties and confinement losses of the designed fiber are investigated by using the finite element method. The bandgaps are formed based on antiresonances of the individual liquid crystal inclusions, so the positions of bandgaps depend strongly on the cladding hole diameter and weakly on the lattice constant. Bandgaps and the positions of the confinement loss minimum or peaks of the transmission spectra shift toward lower frequency as temperature increased from 25 °C to 34 °C due to the positive dn_o/dT of 5CB. Average thermal tuning sensitivity of -30 GHz/°C is achieved for the designed fiber. At the central frequency of the transmission band, high power transmission coefficient and thus low splicing loss between the aligned liquid-crystal-filled polymer photonic crystal fiber and the unfilled section is obtained. Our results provide theoretical references for applications of liquid-crystal photonic crystal fiber in sensing and tunable fiber-optic devices in terahertz frequencies.

We have successfully prepared the Er³⁺ doped Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-0.25PbTiO₃ (PMN-PT) transparent ceramic by a two ways sintering method. Through studying the green fluorescence originating from ²H_11/2 and ⁴S_3/2 under different electric field, we found that the prepared sample could be enhanced by electric field by 150%, this phenomenon is reversible so it could be used for photonics switching devices in further application. Moreover, the fluorescence intensity ratio of ²H_11/2 and ⁴S_3/2 was studied under different temperature. Unlike the usually exponential response, the FIR here shows a linear response to changing temperature. So an easier temperature measurement method was developed by using Er³⁺ doped PMN-PT transparent ceramic as detector.

The multi-axes synchronous system about the spatial two-axis turntable is the key equipment for semi-physical simulation and test in aerospace. In this paper, the whole structure design of the turntable is created by using Solidworks, then putting the three-dimensional solid model into ANSYS to build the finite element model. The software ANSYS is used to do the simulation about the static and dynamic analysis of two-axis turntable. Based on the modal analysis, we can forecast the inherent frequencies and the mode of vibration during the launch conditions which is very important to the design and safety of the structure.

An inter-satellite X-ray communication system is presented in this paper. X-ray has a strong penetrating power without almost attenuation for transmission in outer space when the energy of X-ray photons is more than 10KeV and the atmospheric pressure is lower than 10^-1 Pa, so it is convincing of x-ray communication in inter-satellite communication and deep space exploration. Additionally, using X-ray photons as information carriers can be used in some communication applications that laser communication and radio frequency (RF) communication are not available, such as ionization blackout area communication. The inter-satellites X-ray communication system, including the grid modulated X-ray source, the high-sensitivity X-ray detector and the transmitting and receiving antenna, is described explicitly. As the X-ray transmitter, a vacuum-sealed miniature modulated X-ray source has been fabricated via the single-step brazing process in a vacuum furnace. Pulse modulation of X-rays, by means of controlling the voltage value of the grid electrode, is realized. Three focusing electrodes, meanwhile, are used to make the electron beam converge and finally 150μm focusing spot diameter is obtained. The X-ray detector based on silicon avalanche photodiodes (APDs) is chosen as the communication receiver on account of its high temporal resolution and non-vacuum operating environment. Furthermore, considering x-ray emission characteristic and communication distance of X-rays, the multilayer nested rotary parabolic optics is picked out as transmitting and receiving antenna. And as a new concept of the space communication, there will be more important scientific significance and application prospects, called “Next-Generation Communications”.

With the increasing demand of the high-resolution remote sensing images by military and civilians, Countries around the world are optimistic about the prospect of higher resolution remote sensing images. Moreover, design a visible/infrared integrative optic system has important value in earth observation. Because visible system can’t identify camouflage and recon at night, so we should associate visible camera with infrared camera. An earth observation optical system with dual spectral and high resolution is designed. The paper mainly researches on the integrative design of visible and infrared optic system, which makes the system lighter and smaller, and achieves one satellite with two uses. The working waveband of the system covers visible, middle infrared (3-5um). Dual waveband clear imaging is achieved with dispersive RC system. The focal length of visible system is 3056mm, F/# is 10.91. And the focal length of middle infrared system is 1120mm, F/# is 4. In order to suppress the middle infrared thermal radiation and stray light, the second imaging system is achieved and the narcissus phenomenon is analyzed. The system characteristic is that the structure is simple. And the especial requirements of the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), spot, energy concentration, and distortion etc. are all satisfied.

Two-axis stabilized turntable is an important part of optical-electronic theodolite, it carries various of measuring instruments. In order to improve the response speed of the optical-electronic theodolite when tracking high speed target. In the same time, improve the stability and precision when tracking low speed target. The traditional servo controller is double close-loop structure. On the basis of traditional structure, we use the fuzzy control theory to design the servo control speed loop adjuster as a fuzzy PID controller, and the position loop is designed as a traditional first order adjuster. We introduce the theory and characteristics of PID control and fuzzy control, and discussed the structure of the speed loop fussy controller and the tuning method of the PID parameters. The fuzzy PID controller was studied with simulation on the MATLAB/Simulink platform, the performance indexes and the anti-jamming abilities of the fussy PID controller and the traditional PID controller were compared. The experiment results show that the fussy PID controller has the ability of parameter self-tuning, and its tacking ability is much better than the traditional PID controller.

An improved interferometric system aiming at measuring micro displacement is put forward on the basis of phase generated carrier(PGC) demodulation of space optics. This system can improve the accuracy of Absolute Gravimeter(AG) by measuring the amplitude and direction of ground vibration. While the carrier frequency is between 1K and 2K, ground vibration with low frequency (10Hz to 100Hz) and micro vibration amplitude (30nm to 300nm) can be obtained, which satisfies the requirements of AG.