This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 10460, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and Conference Committee listing.

The resonant micro-optic gyroscope (RMOG) is an attractive candidate for inertial rotation sensors requiring small, light and robust gyros. A high-performance RMOG needs a low-loss and high finesse waveguide-type ring resonator (WRR). Two general configurations of the WRRs which are made of Ge-doped silica core waveguides based on plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition including the reflector-type and the transmitter-type are introduced. The reflector-type WRR with a length of 7.9 cm and a diameter of 2.5 cm has a finesse of 196.7 and a resonant depth of 98%. In addition, it’s pigtailed with single-polarization fiber to reduce the polarization error. The transmitter-type WRR with a length of 15.9 cm and a diameter of 5.06 cm has a finesse of 128 and a resonant depth of 95%. The waveguide loss low as 0.007 dB/cm has been measured, leading to the shot-noise limited sensitivity of 1.0°/h when the average optical power at the input of the photodetector is 1 mW and the detecting bandwidth is 1 Hz.

Acrylic (PMMA) possesses excellent optical transparency, good chemical stability as well as many other merits such as the feasibilities in dyeing and manufacturing. But its poor hardness and wear resistance restrict its industrialized applications. In order to improve the hardness and wear resistance, SiO₂ films were coated on PMMA substrates by both dip coating method and aerosol spraying method in this work. Heating curing method was carried out after the coating of SiO₂ film, and consequently, the mechanical properties, optical properties and surface morphology were characterized and compared. The experimental results showed that the SiO₂ films prepared by aerosol spraying method has a better performance in both hardness and wear resistance, compared with the films prepared by dip coating method. In the optimized conditions, the hardness of the PMMA was improved from 3H to ~8H, and the non-abrasion rubbing times increased from less than 100 times to 5000 times with a loading of 500g weight after the coating of SiO₂ film, indicating the improvement of the wear resistance.

A unique design method of two cascaded diffractive optical elements (DOEs) with different sizes of effective phase region to modulate broadband beam is presented with consideration of single production material and low relief height on DOE. The iterative algorithm to calculate the relief heights on these DOEs is introduced at first. Where after, a broadband beam at wavelength from 500nm to 600nm propagates through the designed DOEs and is focused on the target plane in the simulation part. The shaping results demonstrate the excellent shaping ability of this unique design method. The shaping system proposed in this paper is significant for nonmonochromatic light modulation and has many applications such as graphic encryption, three-dimensional color display and multi wavelength division multiplexing.

We demonstrate that by appropriately exciting the multistability of the cascaded nonlinear cavities, a broad-bandwidth, reversible, and high-contrast-ratio optical diode can be achieved.

Electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbers are devices in which the incident radiation at the operating wavelengths can be efficiently absorbed and then transformed into ohmic heat or other forms of energy. Especially, EM absorbers based on metallic structures have distinct advantages in comparison with the traditional counterparts. Thus, they have different potential applications at different frequency ranges such as absorbing devices in solar energy harvesting systems. The reflective metallic grating is a kind of metallic EM absorbers and has the fascinating property of efficiently absorbing the incident light due to the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), consequently drawing more and more attention. In this paper, the absorption effect of a reflective metallic grating made of gold is studied by changing grating parameters such as the period, polarization direction of the incident light and so on. We use finite difference time-domain (FDTD) method to design the grating, and simulate the process and detect the absorption spectrum. In our design, the grating has rectangular shaped grooves and has the absorption efficiency 99% for the vertically incident transverse magnetic (TM) light at the wavelength of 818nm with the period of 800 nm, the width of 365 nm and the height of 34 nm. And then we find that the absorption spectrum is blue-shifted about 87 nm with decreasing period from 800 nm to700 nm and red-shifted about 14 nm with increasing the width of the block from 305 nm to 405 nm. The absorption becomes gradually weaker from 98% to almost zero with the polarization angle from 0° to 90°. Finally, we make a theoretical explanation to these phenomena in details. It is believed that the results may provide useful guidance for the design of EM wave absorbers with high absorption efficiency.

Here we present a plasmonic memristor operated at the telecommunication wavelength with compact size (0.61 μm), and high extinction efficiency (4.6 dB/μm). The plasmonic memristor consists of a triangle-shaped metal taper mounted on the top of a Si waveguide with rational doping in the area below the apex of the taper. This device can achieve vertical coupling of light energy from the Si waveguide to the plasmonic region and at the same time concentrates the plasmon to the apex of the metal taper. Moreover, the area with concentrated plasmon is overlap with that where the memristive behavior occurs due to the formation/removal of the metallic nanofilament. As a result, the highly distinct transmission induced by the switching of the plasmonic memristor can be achieved due to the maximized interaction between the plasmon and the filament.

The optical axis dynamic range and detection sensitivity are limited by the focal length of the image lens. The focus gets used to be lengthened for enhancing the detection sensitivity, but the dynamic range will become narrow. In this paper, we proposed a new optical path structure on the basis of a two-dimension orthogonal diffraction grating. A corresponding experimental setup was built to compare the dynamic range and centroid detection accuracy of the new method and the conventional method under the same experiment conditions. The experimental results show that the optical axis dynamic range is enlarged obviously, and the high-precision centroid is detected at the same time.

In order to implement the sub-micron precision measurement, a surface profilometer which based on the coplanar guide rail is designed. This profilometer adopts the open type air floating load and is driven by the magnetic force. As to achieve sub-micron accuracy, the flatness of granite guide working face and aerodynamic block are both processed to the micron level based on the homogenization of air flotation film theory. Permanent magnet which could reduce the influence of the driving disturbance to the measurement accuracy is used as the driving part. In this paper, the bearing capacity and the air floating stiffness of air floating block are both simulated and analyzed as to optimize the design parameters firstly. The layout and magnetic force of the magnet are also simulated. According to the simulation results, type selection and the position arrangement of the magnets are then confirmed. The test results on the experimental platform show that the surface profilometer based on coplanar guide rail possess the basis for realizing the submicron precision measurement.

The aluminum mirrors are widely used as important optical components in some vital fields such as astronomical instruments or military installations due to the unique advantages of aluminum alloy. In order to simplify the structure of optical system and improve the performance at the same time, it’s a tendency that the optics will be designed to aspherical or other freeform shapes. However, the traditional techniques are falling to have adequate abilities to deal with the increasing demands of aluminum optics. For example, the tool marks leaved on the surface from single point diamond turning (SPDT) has obvious adverse effects to optical system. The deterministic and sub-aperture polishing process has showed the potential to fabricate complex shapes over the few years. But it’s still recognized as a problem to polish bare aluminum directly because of its soft surface and active chemical characteristics. Therefore, a combination of magnetorheological finishing (MRF) and small tool polishing (STP) is applied to obtain high performance aluminum optics in this paper. A paraboloid aluminum mirror was polished with this proposed method, and the results showed that the surface texture of the sample is restrained from rms 0.409λ (λ=632.8nm) to rms 0.025λ, and the surface roughness is improved from average Ra 6~7nm to Ra 3~4nm.

Optical devices based on new sensing principle are widely used in biochemical and medical area. Nowadays, mass sensing based on monitoring the frequency shifts induced by added mass in oscillators is a well-known and widely used technique. It is interesting to note that for nanoscience and nanotechnology applications there is a strong demand for very sensitive mass sensors, being the target a sensor for single molecule detection. The desired mass resolution for very few or even single molecule detection, has to be below the femtogram range. Considering the strong interaction between high co-localized optical mode and mechanical mode in optomechanical crystal (OMC) cavities, we investigate OMC splitnanobeam cavities in silicon operating near at the 1550nm to achieve high optomechanical coupling rate and ultra-small motion mass. Theoretical investigations of the optical and mechanical characteristic for the proposed cavity are carried out. By adjusting the structural parameters, the cavity’s effective motion mass below 10fg and mechanical frequency exceed 10GHz. The transmission spectrum of the cavity is sensitive to the sample which located on the center of the cavity. We conducted the fabrication and the characterization of this cavity sensor on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) chip. By using vertical coupling between the tapered fiber and the SOI chip, we measured the transmission spectrum of the cavity, and verify this cavity is promising for ultimate precision mass sensing and detection.

The hierarchical rough structure is essential for superhydrophobic surfaces. In this paper, we prepared a hierarchical surface composed of micro-dot-matrix and SiO₂ nano porous network. The micro-dot-matrix was fabricated on the glass substrate by photolithography and ion beam etching. The SiO₂ nano porous network was generated by incompletely combustion of hexamethyl disilazane (HMDS) and deposited on the surface of substrate via dip-coating. Owing to the incompletely combustion of HMDS, the methyl group was still existed and the resultant surface with hierarchical structure exhibits excellent superhydrophobic property with water contact angle of 157° and water sliding angle of 2° without further low-surface-energy modification. Our method is facile, convenient and scalable which provides a promising avenue for large-scale production.

We have proposed a full dielectric (silicon) nanocube array polarizer based on a silicon dioxide substrate. Each polarization unit column includes a plurality of equal spaced polarization units. By optimizing the length, the width, the height of the polarization units and the center distance of adjacent polarization unit (x direction and y direction), an extinction ratio (ER) of higher than 25dB was obtained theoretically when the incident light wavelength is 1550nm. while for applications of most polarization optical elements, ER above 10dB is enough. With this condition, the polarizer we designed can work in a wide wavelength range from 1509.31nm to 1611.51nm. Compared with the previous polarizer, we have introduced a polarizer which is a full dielectric device, which solves the problems of low efficiency caused by Ohmic loss and weak coupling. Furthermore, compared with the existing optical polarizers, our polarizer has the advantages of thin thickness, small size, light weight, and low processing difficulty, which is in line with the future development trend of optical elements.

We propose and numerically simulate a polarization-independent 1×3 broadband beam splitter based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology with adiabatic coupling. The designed structure is simulated by beam-propagation-method (BPM) and gets simulated transmission uniformity of three outputs better than 0.3dB for TE-polarization and 0.8dB for TM-polarization in a broadband of 180nm.

In this work, the photoresponse and photo-induced memory effect were demonstrated in an organic field-effect transistor (OFET) with semiconductor pentacene and SiO₂ as the active and gate dielectric layers, respectively. By inserting AlO_X nanoparticles (NPs) at the interface of pentacene/SiO₂, obvious enhancing photoresponse was obtained in the OFET with the maximum responsivity and photosensitivity of about 15 A/W and 100, respectively. Moreover, the stable photoinduced memory effect was achieved in the OFET, attributing to the photogenerated electrons captured by the interface traps of the AlO_X NPs/SiO₂.

Joule-Thomson have their unique advantages with respect to compact, light and low cost. It is necessary to explore the performance of Joule-Thomson coolers in order to develop their uses for higher mass and larger diameter focal plane infrared photo-detector. Experiments and analysis are carried on to investigate the parameters of Joule-Thomson coolers. The effects of supply pressures at high ambient temperatures are be focused. It is very helpful to study the performance of Joule-Thomson coolers for large diameter focal plane infrared photo-detector. Deep research on Joule-Thomson coolers will be useful to explore optimization of the Joule-Thomson coolers for infrared photo-detectors.

We study nonlinear far-field propagation of Kerr spatial solitons along a graphene monolayer embedded planar dielectric waveguide. The volumetric permittivity approach model of graphene is introduced to incorporate this carbon atoms layer into our optical simulations, which mathematically approximate graphene by a very thin layer with a finite thickness. A remarkably large third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility of graphene measured in previous experiment is considered in the numerical simulations. We demonstrate numerically that the TE-polarized beam forms Kerr spatial solitons at high beam intensity, due to the nonlinearity of graphene compensates diffraction losses. It’s very interesting that the Kerr optical solitons can adjust the beam width when propagating to become narrower. We suppose that it’s the selfregulation of the solitons after separating a portion of energy during the transmission process to become more compact. Our simulation results also reveal that the optical field distribution of Kerr optical solitons exhibits obvious periodic oscillation along the propagating path. This is a novel phenomenon that the dynamic regulation of the light field causes spatial oscillation of the solitons and a periodic change in the effective refractive index of graphene monolayer, forming a Kerr-induced index grating in the waveguide. We emphasize that the spatial oscillation of the solitons is due to the dynamic regulation of the light field, with a process of alternating self-focusing and defocusing. We predicate that the transmittance will be improved due to the nonlinear phase modulation by the Kerr-induced index grating through the waveguide.

We report the fabrication of in-line photonic microcells (PMCs) by encapsulating tapered elliptical microfibers (MFs) inside glass tubes. The encapsulation does not change the optical property of the MF but protects the elliptical MF from external disturbance and contamination and makes the micro-laboratory robust. Such micro-laboratory can be easily integrated into standard fiber-optic circuits with low loss, making the elliptical MF-based devices more practical for real-world applications. Evanescent field sensing is realized by fabricating micro-channel on the PMC for ingress/egress of sample liquids/gas. Based on the encapsulated elliptical MF PMCs, we demonstrated RI sensitivity of 2024 nm per refractive index unit (nm/RIU) in gaseous environment and 21231 nm/RIU in water.

As the basis of fewer-axis grinding of complex surface, the grinding mathematical model is of great importance. A mathematical model of the grinding wheel was established, and then coordinate and normal vector of the wheel profile could be calculated. Through normal vector matching at the cutter contact point and the coordinate system transformation, the grinding mathematical model was established to work out the coordinate of the cutter location point. Based on the model, interference analysis was simulated to find out the right position and posture of workpiece for grinding. Then positioning errors of the workpiece including the translation positioning error and the rotation positioning error were analyzed respectively, and the main locating datum was obtained. According to the analysis results, the grinding tool path was planned and generated to grind the complex surface, and good form accuracy was obtained. The grinding mathematical model is simple, feasible and can be widely applied.

The quadcopter has been widely used in the field of aerial photography and environmental detection, because of its advantages of VTOL, simple structure, and easy-control. In the field of urban anti-terrorism or special operations, micro reconnaissance quadcpter has its unique advantages such as all-weather taking off and landing, small noise and so on, and it is very popular with special forces and riot police. This paper aims at the flight control problem of the micro quadcopter, for the purposes of attitude stabilization control and trajectory tracking control of the micro quadcopter, first, the modeling of the micro quadcopter is presented. And using the MATLAB/SIMULINK toolbox to build the flight controller of the micro quadcopter, and then simulation analysis and real flight test are given. The results of the experiment show that the designed PID controller can correct the flight attitude shift effectively and track the planned tracks well, and can achieve the goal of stable and reliable flight of the quadcopter. It can be a useful reference for the flight control system design of future special operations micro UAV.

Active resonators based on optical waveguides can significantly enhance the performance of optical gyroscope due to its loss compensation effect. The spontaneous emission noise (SEN) stemmed from optical gain will broaden the linewidth of the resonator and limit the sensitivity and resolution of active resonator optical gyroscope (AROG). In this paper, we modified the sensitivity formula when the spontaneous emission noise is dominant and analyzed theoretically the performance limitations of the AROG. After considering the spontaneous emission noise source, the resolution can be improved through optimizing the design parameters of the AROG

To study the operating characteristics about PV cells, attention must be given to the dynamic behavior of the solar radiation. The dynamic behaviors of annual, monthly, daily and hourly averages of solar radiation have been studied in detail. But faster dynamic behaviors of solar radiation need more researches. The solar radiation random fluctuations in minute-long or second-long range, which lead to alternating radiation and cool down/warm up PV cell frequently, decrease conversion efficiency. Fast dynamic processes of solar radiation are mainly relevant to stochastic moving of clouds. Even in clear sky condition, the solar irradiations show a certain degree of fast variation. To evaluate operating characteristics of PV cells under fast dynamic irradiation, a solar radiation measuring array (SRMA) based on large active area photodiode, LoRa spread spectrum communication and nanoWatt MCU is proposed. This cross photodiodes structure tracks fast stochastic moving of clouds. To compensate response time of pyranometer and reduce system cost, the terminal nodes with low-cost fast-responded large active area photodiode are placed besides positions of tested PV cells. A central node, consists with pyranometer, large active area photodiode, wind detector and host computer, is placed in the center of the central topologies coordinate to scale temporal envelope of solar irradiation and get calibration information between pyranometer and large active area photodiodes. In our SRMA system, the terminal nodes are designed based on Microchip’s nanoWatt XLP PIC16F1947. FDS-100 is adopted for large active area photodiode in terminal nodes and host computer. The output current and voltage of each PV cell are monitored by I/V measurement. AS62-T27/SX1278 LoRa communication modules are used for communicating between terminal nodes and host computer. Because the LoRa LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) specification provides seamless interoperability among Smart Things without the need of complex local installations, configuring of our SRMA system is very easy. Lora also provides SRMA a means to overcome the short communication distance and weather signal propagation decline such as in ZigBee and WiFi. The host computer in SRMA system uses the low power single-board PC EMB-3870 which was produced by NORCO. Wind direction sensor SM5386B and wind-force sensor SM5387B are installed to host computer through RS-485 bus for wind reference data collection. And Davis 6450 solar radiation sensor, which is a precision instrument that detects radiation at wavelengths of 300 to 1100 nanometers, allow host computer to follow real-time solar radiation. A LoRa polling scheme is adopt for the communication between host computer and terminal nodes in SRMA. An experimental SRMA has been established. This system was tested in Ganyu, Jiangshu province from May to August, 2016. In the test, the distances between the nodes and the host computer were between 100m and 1900m. At work, SRMA system showed higher reliability. Terminal nodes could follow the instructions from host computer and collect solar radiation data of distributed PV cells effectively. And the host computer managed the SRAM and achieves reference parameters well. Communications between the host computer and terminal nodes were almost unaffected by the weather. In conclusion, the testing results show that SRMA could be a capable method for fast dynamic measuring about solar radiation and related PV cell operating characteristics.

A tunable optical 90° hybrid composed of a 2 × 4 multimode interference (MMI), a 2 × 2 MMI coupler and a heater pad is proposed, and a set of formulas was deduced for calculation the light intensity output of the device. The simulation has been performed, and the results show agreement with analytical predication. In the wavelength range of c band, the imbalances are below 0.04dB, the excess loss is less than 0.45 dB, and the phase deviations are below 3°. The fabrication tolerance of width as high as 0.3μm, which is larger than traditional optical 90° hybrid.

In this letter, surface plasmon resonance sensors based on grapefruit-type photonic crystal fiber (PCF)with different silver nano-filling structure have been analyzed and compared though the finite element method (FEM). The regularity of the resonant wavelength changing with refractive index of the sample has been numerically simulated. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing properties have been numerically simulated in both areas of resonant wavelength and intensity detection. Numerical results show that excellent sensor resolution of 4.17×10^-5RIU can be achieved as the radius of the filling silver nanowires is 150 nm by spectrum detection method. Comprehensive comparison indicates that the 150 nm silver wire filling structure is suitable for spectrum detection and 30 nm silver film coating structure is suitable for the amplitude detection.

In this paper, a high-integration multi-spectral imaging lens was developed by micro-fabrication technology. By using multiple photo-etching and thermal reflow process, a microlens array and a multi-channels filter were integrated together without position mismatch. Besides, light block layer and isolation layer were brought in the structure to improve the imaging quality. Its fabrication process is described in detail and the optical property was tested by imaging experiments. The multi-spectral imaging lens has 9 optical channels, each channel capable of filtering and imaging independently. The imaging results indicate that the lens can capture pictures of visible bands and near-infrared band at the same time. Because of its high level of integration and image parallel capture capability, the novel lens is suitable to be applied in extracting conceal information and biomedical imaging.

In this paper, according to the principle of non-mechanical structure, the liquid crystal spatial light modulator is used as the modulation device, and a new way to realize the deflection control of the beam is proposed. The theoretical model of beam deflection control is established. The relationship between the radius of the first ring of the Fresnel lens and its corresponding focal length is analyzed. The range and accuracy of the beam deflection angle are analyzed under different center radii. The relationship between the deflection angle of the beam with the same displacement distance at different center radii is analyzed. The relationship between the beam deflection and the fresnel phase diagram size and displacement factor is obtained. Within a certain range, the smaller the radius of the first ring of loaded fresnel phase map, the greater the deflection angle. According to the experiment expected to reduce the phase map radius, with the follow-up optical path should be able to improve the scope of beam scanning.

The VOx thin films are successfully prepared on glass substrate by reactive magnetron sputtering at room-temperature, and subsequently annealed by rapid thermal annealing system in N₂ from 0.5Pa to 10000Pa. The effects of annealing pressure on the optical performance and phase transition temperature (T_c) of VOx thin films are systematically investigated. The results show that the VOx thin films exhibit good performance with T_lum of 28.17%, ΔT_sol of 12.69%, and T_c of 42. The annealing pressure had an obvious influence on the grain size, which can be attributed to light scattering effects by gas molecule. Compared with oxygen vacancy defects, the grain size plays a decisive role in the regulation of T_c. The restricting the growth of grain can be reduced the T_c, and a little deterioration effect on optical performance can be observed. In addition, the method in this paper not only depressed the T_c, but also simplified the process and improved efficiency, which will provide guidance for the preparation and application of VO_x thin films.

In this study, the silk fibroin films with different numbers of layers were fabricated by the spin-coating method and their optical transmittances were observed. The process to synthesise the silk fibroin solution was explained – starting from the silk cocoon until the silk-fibroin solution, approximately 7.5% concentration wt/vol, was obtained. The solution was spin-coated onto clean glass substrates to fabricate samples. Totally 10 samples with different numbers of layers, from 1 to 5 layers, were obtained. All samples can be separated into two groups: those left dried at room temperature after spin-coating and those heated at 60°C. They were then measured for their transmittance over the visible-to-near-infrared region. All samples exhibited the high transmittance where the values were at 95% and 98%, for the samples at room temperature and those at 60°C, respectively. This was believed to be due to the heating effect that caused the silk fibroin to arrange itself after being heated, hence the higher transmittance. These high transmittances were maintained regardless of the number of layers and length of heating time. Results from this study could be used to fabricate a silk fibroin film with high optical transmittance and adjustable other properties.

Two kinds of terahertz (THz) tunable absorber based on boottom-continuous graphene sheet and top-periodic grFeraphene structure were proposed and characterized. For the first absorber of continuous graphene sheet as a metal ground plate, it has two absorption peaks locating at 1.03 THz and 2.60THz under the Fermi energy of 0.8 eV. Upon varying Fermi energy of graphene layer from 0.4 eV to 1.0 eV, the two absorption peaks can be dynamically controlled and the modulation depth approached 19.7 % and 12.6%, respectively. For the second absorber of the periodic graphene structure, the two absorption peaks are shifted from 0.90 THz to 1.03 THz and 2.24 THz to 2.79 THz with increasing Fermi energy of graphene from 0.3 eV to 1.0 eV, respectively. The according modulation depth of two absorption peaks reached 16.23 % and 19.78 %. The absorption magnitude of peaks can both stay above 95% under different Fermi energy for two kinds of THz absorber. These results show that hybrid graphene metamaterial exhibited potentials to achieve high-performance tunable THz absorber, and may offer widespread applications such as biological detection and imaging.

Joule-Thomson coolers have been widely used in infrared photo-detector, which have their unique advantages with respect to compact, light and low cost. The performance of Joule-Thomson coolers is required to be improved with the development of higher mass and larger diameter focal plane infrared photo-detector. In order to maximize the usage time and minimize the cooling down time for a given volume of stored gas for Joule-Thomson coolers, it is important to study on fluid flow and heat transfer of Joule-Thomson coolers. Experiments and analysis are carried on to investigate the parameters of Joule-Thomson coolers. The effects of ambient temperatures are considered. It is useful to study the performance of Joule-Thomson coolers for large diameter focal plane infrared photo-detector. Deep research on Joule-Thomson coolers will be helpful to explore optimization of the Joule-Thomson coolers for infrared photo-detectors.

Bionic compound eye optical element composed of multi-dimensional sub-eye microlenses plays an important role in miniaturizing the volume and weight of an imaging system. In this manuscript, we present a novel structure of the bionic compound eye with multiple focal lengths. By the division of the microlens into two concentric radial zones including the inner zone and the outer zone with independent radius, the sub-eye which is a multi-level micro-scale structure can be formed with multiple focal lengths. The imaging capability of the structure has been simulated. The results show that the optical information in different depths can be acquired by the structure. Meanwhile, the parameters including aperture and radius of the two zones, which have an influence on the imaging quality have been analyzed and discussed. With the increasing of the ratio of inner and outer aperture, the imaging quality of the inner zone is becoming better, and instead the outer zone will become worse. In addition, through controlling the radius of the inner and outer zone independently, the design of sub-eye with different focal lengths can be realized. With the difference between the radius of the inner and outer zone becoming larger, the imaging resolution of the sub-eye will decrease. Therefore, the optimization of the multifocal structure should be carried out according to the actual imaging quality demands. Meanwhile, this study can provide references for the further applications of multifocal microlens in bionic compound eye.

This paper described implementing the shadowless space by two kinds of methods. The first method will implement the shadowless space utilizing the semblable principles used in the integrating sphere. The rays from a built in light source will eventually evolve into a uniform lighting through diffuse reflections for numerous times, consider that the spherical cavity structure and the inner surface with high reflectivity. There is possibility to create a shadowless space through diffuse reflections. At a 27.4m² area, illuminance uniformity achieved 88.2% in this model. The other method is analogous with the method used in medical shadowless lamps. Lights will fall on the object in different angles and each light will generate a shadow. By changing the position distribution of multiple lights, increasing the number of light sources, the possibility of obtaining shadowless area will gradually increase. Based on these two approaches, two simple models are proposed showing the optical system designed for the shadowless space. By taking simulation software TracePro as design platform, this paper simulated the two systems.

In the field of optical metrology, luminous flux is an important index to characterize the quality of light source. There are two kinds of method to measure it that one is light distribution surface method and the other is integrating sphere method. In the integrating sphere method, the baffle which is a key part of integrating sphere has important effects on the measurement results. The paper analyzes in detail the principle of an ideal integrating sphere. We change the relative position and shape of baffle inside the sphere during testing. By experiments, measured luminous flux values at different distances between the light source and baffle are obtained, which we used to take analysis of the effects of different baffle position and shape on the measurement. And then we obtain the optimum position and shape of baffle for luminous flux measurements. Based on the conclusion, we develop the methods and apparatus to improve the luminous flux measurement accuracy and reliability, which makes our unifying and transferring work of the luminous flux more accurate in East China and provides effective protection for our traceability system

The scalar diffractive theory for Gaussian beam has been taken into account to investigate the PSF of the focal plane. The simple slowly varying phase-only pupil filters are adopted to provide specific numerical descriptions to control the DOF of the optical systems. Simulated results of the continuous phase-only pupils in both axial and transverse directions have been presented. The impact of the structure parameters of pupil a and b on the performances of the light intensity distribution is discussed. Furthermore, some useful advices for the design of super-resolving pupils to increase DOF of the optical system based on Gaussian beam are given.

The ion beam figuring(IBF) process can produce high accuracy optical surfaces, but the material removal rate is usually lower than 5nm/s and it usually can’t reduce the surface roughness and the middle frequency. This paper study on material removal characteristic of reactive ion beam figuring(RIBF) for optics mirrors, the RIBF process combines physical and chemical effects to remove material, including physical sputtering, spontaneous chemical etching and simultaneous ion bombardment-enhanced desorption. The experiment results indicated that the RIBF process improved the surface quality for optics mirrors by decreased the surface roughness and the middle frequency, and it increased the removal efficiency compare with the IBF process. The research hopes to establish a combined process of RIBF and IBF, and aim to obtain high removal rate and high accuracy surfaces for complex optics mirrors.

Optical trap has become a powerful tool of biology and physics, since it has some useful functions such as optical rotator, optical spanner and optical binding. We present the translational motions in the transverse plane of a 4.4μm-diameter vaterite particle which is optically trapped in low pressures utilizing the Monte-Carlo method. We find that the air pressure around the microparticle plays an important part in the determination of dynamics of the trapped particle. According to the energy equipartition theorem, the position fluctuations of the optically trapped particle satisfy Maxwell-Bolzmann distributions. We present the features of particles’ displacements and velocities changing with air pressures in detail, and find that the modulation of the trap stiffness makes a higher position variance. The mechanical quality factor Q larger than 10 induces a high peak of power spectral density. Our research presents a powerful tool towards further discovery of dynamical characteristics of optically trapped Brownian particles in low air pressures.

The development of transparent materials is closed to optoelectronic technology. It plays an increasingly important role in various fields. It is not only widely used in optical lens, optical element, optical fiber grating, optoelectronics, but also widely used in the building material, pharmaceutical industry with vessel, aircraft windshield and daily wear glasses.Regard of solving the problem of refractive index measurement in optical transparent materials. We proposed that using the polychromatic confocal method to measuring the refractive index of transparent materials. In this article, we describes the principle of polychromatic confocal method for measuring the refractive index of glass,and sketched the optical system and its optimization. Then we establish the measurement model of the refractive index, and set up the experimental system. In this way, the refractive index of the glass has been calibrated for refractive index experiment. Due to the error in the experimental process, we manipulated the experiment data to compensate the refractive index measurement formula. The experiment taking the quartz glass for instance. The measurement accuracy of the refractive index of the glass is ±1.8×10^-5. This method is more practical and accurate, especially suitable for non-contact measurement occasions, which environmental requirements is not high. Environmental requirements are not high, the ordinary glass production line up to the ambient temperature can be fully adapted. There is no need for the color of the measured object that you can measure the white and a variety of colored glass.

GaN crystal growth requires higher purity of materials. Some contaminants in NH3 gas could be the causal factor of defects in GaN crystals. These atoms act as donor or acceptor. In order to clearly demonstrate the effect of gaseous impurities such as H₂O on the properties of undoped-GaN layer, high purity NH₃ (N70) was used as NH₃ source. The concentration of H₂O in NH₃ was varied at 32, 49, 75, 142, 266, 489, and 899 ppb, respectively. Under the same recipe, we deposited undoped-GaN epitaxial layer with purifier, and H₂O-doped GaN series layers. As similar to the results of CO and CO₂-doped GaN series, the increase tendency of carrier density changing with increasing H₂O concentration. The FWHMs of XRC around (0002) remain stable, witnessing that the crystal quality of GaN layer remain good. LT (15K) PL of undoped-GaN and H₂O-doped GaN were measured, the D⁰X emission peak intensity of all H₂O-doped GaN are decreased drastically compared with undoped-GaN. H₂O impurity was doped into GaN layer, which not only effects electrical properties and but also effects the radiative emission and furthermore effects PL intensity, its mechanism is discussed.

Ultrasensitive near-infrared phototransistors based on Lead sulfide (PbS) quantum dots (QDs)-graphene hybrid channel are fabricated by facile solution processing. The device combines the advantages of the large light absorbance of QDs high mobility of graphene. Under light illumination, the photogenerated carriers will transfer from QDs to graphene. As result, the phototransistor exhibits fast response speed with rise time of 1.4 ms and fall time of 1.3 ms at 36 mW/cm² illumination of 808 nm wavelength, meaning the device can follow a fast switched optical signal. The responsivity (R), effective quantum efficiency (EQE) of the device are 6 A/W and 961% under 166mW/cm2 illumination, respectively. It expected that the PbS QDs–graphene hybrid devices are promising for fast response, low-cost and easy fabrication photoelectronics

This paper introduces standard diffusion reflection white plate method and integrating sphere standard luminance source method to calibrate the luminance parameter. The paper compares the effects of calibration results by using these two methods through principle analysis and experimental verification. After using two methods to calibrate the same radiation luminance meter, the data obtained verifies the testing results of the two methods are both reliable. The results show that the display value using standard white plate method has fewer errors and better reproducibility. However, standard luminance source method is more convenient and suitable for on-site calibration. Moreover, standard luminance source method has wider range and can test the linear performance of the instruments.

The non-resonantly enhanced optical transmission phenomenon of sub-wavelength metallic slits on a thin film is significant for broadband light integrated devices. In order to improve the EOT characteristics of sub-wavelength metallic slits further more, in this paper, wedge-shape metallic slits array embedded with rectangular cavities structure is proposed and its transmission properties are investigated using the finite element method. The results show that wedgeshape metallic slits array can achieve higher transmission compared with straight slits array embedded with rectangular cavities and the light is strongly localized and enhanced at the slit exits. We describe the phenomenon with a transmission line model. The width of entrance of the slit influences the transmission property: the transmittance can be 94%, after optimizing the structure parameters, with the widths 150nm and 30nm at the entrance and exit of the slit, respectively. The thickness of metal film influences the transmission peak position and transmission rate: when the increase of the thickness of the metal film, the transmittance increases and the transmission peak is red-shift, however, the law of long wavelength range is opposite. In addition, the effects of structural period of wedge-shaped slits embedded with rectangular cavities structure on the transmission property are also studied. These results would be helpful for optical signal transmission and the design of near field optical conductor devices with higher transmission capability.

In this report, effects of heat treatment conditions on the transmittance of titanium dioxide, TiO₂, films were examined. The colloidal solution of TiO₂ in two different solvents – isopropanol, IPA, and sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄, were deposited via a spin-coating method onto clean glass substrates. The films were subsequently annealed and cooled down, either quickly or slowly, before being measured for their optical transmittances in the visible region. Three points were noted: Firstly, when the films were quickly cooled down after annealed, their transmittance depended on their annealing temperature. In IPA and H₂SO₄, the transmittance decreased and increased, respectively, when the annealing temperature increased. Secondly, when the films were slowly cooled down after annealed, their transmittance seemed to be independent from the annealing temperature, where the films had roughly equal transmittance regardless of annealing temperature. Lastly, the TiO₂ films with H₂SO₄ provided higher transmittance than those with IPA. All the three stated characteristics were the same for all wavelengths in the visible region. These results were believed to result from the dispersibility of the TiO₂ in each solvent and the cooling-down processes. Such results could be further developed to select a suitable heat treatment process for a spin-coated TiO₂ film with a desired optical transmittance.

We study the dynamics of the single-photon pulse (SPP) propagating through a pair of V-type three-level atoms coupled to a one-dimensional (1D) waveguide. The time evolutions of the two atoms can be influenced by the phase difference of the two external fields driving the atoms. We show that the SPP unidirectional propagation in the 1D waveguide can be controlled by the phase difference of the two external fields, and the rectifying efficiency increases as the bandwidth of the SPP decreases. The system can serve as the basis of all-optical devices, such as optical diode, optical isolator and optical rectifier.

Quantum walks (QWs) have been proposed as powerful tools in a broad range of fields. Discrete-time QW (DTQW) is an extension of the classical random walk, where the walker goes back and forth along a line and the direction at each step depends on the result of a fair coin flip. Continuous-time QW (CTQW) can be shown as a limit of DTQW. Many objects, such as atoms, trapped ions etc., have been used to simulate QW. But photon, with the wave-particle duality, is easy to generate and can be easily manipulated in many platforms, such as space light circuits and integrated optical platforms. Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) integrated optics have been widely used, among these self-collimation photonic crystal shows a great potential. In this paper we propose the simulation of CTQWs and DTQWs with self-collimation photonic crystal chip fabricated on 830 nm thick top silicon SOI. Similarity between theory results and simulations are analyzed.

Based on optical scattering theory of Aden–Kerker method, the extinction efficiencies of submicron hollow particles with 5 kinds of materials, such as graphite(C), brass powder (Cu), cupric oxide (CuO), cuprous oxide(Cu₂O) and soot are given in this paper. Some influences of different materials, inner radius (x), outer radius (y), shell thickness (z) and x-z ratio(x/z) on the extinction efficiencies are studied respectively. Owing to lack of literature data, the optical constants of C, Cu, CuO, and Cu₂O are firstly obtained by measuring infrared spectral transmittance of material piece and retrieving the equivalent optical constants combined with electromagnetic scattering theory and K-K relation. The results show that particle C, Cu, Cu₂O and Soot have a good performance in stability of extinction efficiency distribution within 3-5μm; the extinction efficiencies of C, Cu, Soot decrease gradually with the shortening of the wavelength within 3-5μm; the extinction efficiency of all kinds of particles increase along with outer radius y increased when shell thickness z is fixed.

Specular gloss is the perception by an observer of the mirror-like appearance of a surface. Specular gloss is usually measured by a glossmeter, which can be calibrated by a group of gloss plates according to JJG 696-2015. The characteristics of a gloss meter include stability, zero error, and error of indication. The characteristics of a gloss plate include roughness and spectral transmissivity of a high gloss plate, spectral reflectivity of a ceramic gloss plate. The experiment results indicate that calibration of both gloss meters and gloss plates should be carefully performed according to the latest verification regulation in order to reduce the measurement error.

Optical traps have been widely used in a large variety of applications ranging from biophysics to nano-sciences. More than one microscopic object can be captured in an optical trap. In the practical application, it is always necessary to distinguish and control the number of captured objects in the optical trap. In this paper, a novel method has been presented to distinguish the number of trapped microspheres by measuring the intensity of back signal. Clear descent of the back signal has been observed when a microsphere is captured in the center of optical trap. The relative coupling efficiency of back signal decreases as the number of captured microspheres increases both in experiment and theory. This method contributes to miniaturization and integration of applied systems due to getting rid of the imaging system, and is generally applicable to the area of nanoparticle trapping.

GaN ultraviolet (UV) p–i–n photodetectors (PDs) with a thin p-AlGaN/GaN contact layer are designed and fabricated. The PD exhibits a low dark current density of∼7 nA/cm² under −5 V, and a zero-bias peak responsivity of ∼0.16 A/W at 360 nm, which corresponds to a maximum quantum efficiency of 55%. It is found that, in the wavelength range between 250 and 365 nm, the PD with thin p-AlGaN/GaN contact layer exhibits enhanced quantum efficiency especially in a deep-UV wavelength range, than that of the control PD with conventional thin p-GaN contact layer. The improved quantum efficiency of the PD with thin p-AlGaN/GaN contact layer in the deep-UV wavelength range is mainly attributed to minority carrier reflecting properties of thin p-AlGaN/GaN heterojunction which could reduce the surface recombination loss of photon-generated carriers and improve light current collection efficiency.

The nuclear magnetic resonance gyroscope is based on spin-exchange optical pumping of noble gases to detect and measure the angular velocity of the carrier, but it would be challenging to measure the precession signal of noble gas nuclei directly. To solve the problem, the primary detection method utilizes alkali atoms, the precession of nuclear magnetization modulates the alkali atoms at the Larmor frequency of nuclei, relatively speaking, and it is easier to detect the precession signal of alkali atoms. The precession frequency of alkali atoms is detected by the rotation angle of linearly polarized probe light; and differential detection method is commonly used in NMRG in order to detect the linearly polarized light rotation angle. Thus, the detection accuracy of differential detection system will affect the sensitivity of the NMRG. For the purpose of further improvement of the sensitivity level of the NMRG, this paper focuses on the aspects of signal detection, and aims to do an error analysis as well as an experimental research of the linearly light rotation angle detection. Through the theoretical analysis and the experimental illustration, we found that the extinction ratio σ² and DC bias are the factors that will produce detective noise in the differential detection method.

Spatial light modulator (SLM) is the core device of holographic display, which requires a large space-bandwidth product (SBP), especially needing a wide viewing angle. According to the grating theory, the scale of the holographic display unit should be close to the wavelength of light. The transmission resonances of deep metallic sub-wavelength grating structure, which is produced by the surface plasmon and Fabry-Perot (FP) resonance based on metal grating phenomenon of Wood's anomaly, especially the metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structure provides a theoretical and effective technique for enhancing the reflection resonances and can be used for implementing the holographic display unit technology. In this paper, we replace the top electrode layer of the LCOS with a metallic deep sub-wavelength grating structure and change the grating period, slit width and spacer thickness. The simulation results by aid of CST software are given, which demonstrate that the improved device with dielectric medium parameter within liquid crystal refractive rate range (1.4~1.7) can reach 0 to 2π phase modulation in the visible wavelength range. Moreover, it also decrease the difficulty of device processing.

Based on a testing method of spatial frequency response(SFR), a setup for characteristics measurements of the infrared defect tester,which can also be called electroluminescence tester(EL tester), a machine examining defects of photovoltaic (PV) panel, was built. The influences of focusing plane adjustments and infrared light box arrangements on resolution measurement of EL tester in full field of view were analyzed. For different types of EL testers, portable and fixed, testing methods and procedures were presented. Especially, a novel testing method for portable EL was claimed, which could do the work well without reference background. Based on method claimed and setup built, the resolutions of different types of EL testers were obtained and stable results were achieved. This setup is portable designed to meet online measurements requirements of PV industry.

Micro-channel plate (MCP) is a two dimensional arrays of microscopic channel charge particle multiplier. Silicate composition and hydrogen reduction are keys to determine surface morphology of micro-channel wall in MCP. In this paper, lead silicate glass micro-channel plates in two different cesium contents (0at%, 0.5at%) and two different hydrogen reduction temperatures (400°C,450°C) were present. The nano-scale morphology, elements content and chemical states of microporous wall surface treated under different alkaline compositions and reduction conditions was investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Meanwhile, the electrical characterizations of MCP, including the bulk resistance, electron gain and the density of dark current, were measured in a Vacuum Photoelectron Imaging Test Facility (VPIT).The results indicated that the granular phase occurred on the surface of microporous wall and diffuses in bulk glass is an aggregate of Pb atom derived from the reduction of Pb²⁺. In micro-channel plate, the electron gain and bulk resistance were mainly correlated to particle size and distribution, the density of dark current (DDC) went up with the increasing root-mean-square roughness (RMS) on the microporous wall surface. Adding cesiums improved the size of Pb atomic aggregation, lowered the relative concentration of [Pb] reduced from Pb²⁺ and decreased the total roughness of micro-channel wall surface, leading a higher bulk resistance, a lower electron gain and a less dark current. Increasing hydrogen reduction temperature also improved the size of Pb atomic aggregation, but enhanced the relative concentration of [Pb] and enlarged the total roughness of micro-channel wall surface, leading a higher bulk resistance, a lower electron gain and a larger dark current. The reasons for the difference of electrical characteristics were discussed.

In this paper, factors of fiber coil winding asymmetry, winding tension, non-ideal fiber type, adhensive glue type,and bonding way in fiber optic gyroscope could lead to fiber coils have different temperature distribution, and thermal induced nonreciprocity errors(Shupe errors). The influence of fiber coil temperature distribution in different wingding states on the fiber optic gyrocope temperature performance is studied in this paper, a temperatue distribution measure system of fiber coil is established, and the different wingding states coils are tested. Compared to the truly temperature distribution, the temperatue distribution measure model is exact relatively. The measure system can give more symmetrical and more uniform wingding state of fiber coil by meausure the temperatue distribution. Finally, the contrast experiment of fiber optic gyrocope is progressed, the experimental results agree well with the theory

For fiber optic gyroscope(FOG), the bias stability is an important index to measure its performance level , which directly affects the accuracy of FOG , and affects the initial alignment accuracy and navigation accuracy of FOG inertial navigation system. Therefore, the requirement of the high precision FOG on the bias stability is rising. Due to the conduction of power and the space electromagnetic radiation of circuit, there is unavoidable cross-coupling between the forward channel circuit, the backward channel circuit and the light source driving circuit in the FOG, and these cross-coupling have a certain extent influence on the performance of the FOG. As the cross-coupling coefficient changes in different environments, the FOG bias bring out drift. In this paper, the internal cross-coupling model of FOG is established. Aiming at the bias drift caused by cross-coupling, a suppression method was proposed, which eliminate the bias drift by periodically converting the polarity of Y-waveguide and the corresponding modulation and demodulation algorithm. A large number of tests were carried out at high temperature and low temperature. The experimental results show that the bias drift of FOG is reduced from 0.31°/h to 0.07°/h at different temperature points.

With the continuous shrink of feature sizes, the 3D mask effects cannot be ignored in computational lithography. 3D mask effects inducing focus shift and scalar aberration like spherical aberration have been studied very well. To our knowledge, the polarization aberration (PA) including scalar aberration, retardance and diattenuation caused by 3D mask effects have not been paid attention to, which is very significant for computational lithography in advanced node. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to derive the PA induced by 3D mask effects from the diffraction frequency spectrum between the rigorous electromagnetic field model and the Kirchhoff model and express it as Jones matrix pupil. In addition, the physical decomposition of Jones matrix is adopted to obtain five physical properties of polarization aberration induced by 3D mask. Thus, the proposed method can fully, quantitatively, and clearly describe the PA induced by 3D mask.

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a fast, convenient and highly sensitive detection technique, and preparing the good effect and repeatable substrate is the key to realize the trace amount and quantitative detection in the field of food safety detection. In this paper, a surface enhanced Raman substrate based on submicrometer silver particles structure was prepared by chemical deposition method, and characterized its structure and optical properties.

In optical systems, the lens is the most important element, which has been widely used. Conventional lens takes advantage of its convex interface to change the phase along the light path, in order to focus light to a point in the focal plane. However, their spatial resolution is limited to approximately half of the working wavelength restricting the fine observation of tiny objects particular biological samples. Recently superlenses with high resolution focusing property beyond diffraction limit have been proposed without phase compensation resulting in the lack of ability of focus plane wave. We proposed metalens at mid-infrared region made of metamaterials slab and a phase compensation based on mono-layered concave film realizing subwavelength focusing ability (λ/3). The metamaterials slab consists of 200-layered metal -dielectric structure (doped GaN-Si) possessing hyperbolic regime. The curve shape and electromagnetic property of phase compensation mono-layered concave film is obtained through restrict theoretical computation which related to the parameters of the metamaterials slab. The proposed metalens can also be easily extended to three dimension for realistic application as conventional optical lens.

The microchannel plate (MCP) as the most important component of image intensifiers and ultraviolet detectors, is avalanche two-dimensional electron multiplier device. The emission point as a pattern noise, which is characterized by a bright or a flickering point at a fixed position of the fluorescent screen, affects the visual quality and reliability of the MCP. Therefore, eliminating the emission point is an effective way to improve the performances of the MCP. In this paper, the inner wall morphology and structure defect of the channel were studied, the MCPs with different inner wall morphlogies were analyzed by SEM, and the emission point were tested by using the photoelectric imaging integrated tester. Using the above-mentioned research methods, a specific relationship between the inner wall morphology and the emission point was established. According to the field emission theory, the mechanism of the emission point was analyzed and discussed. The results show that the inner wall structure defects of the channel are the main reasons for the emission point. Furthermore, the study found that the matching of the thermal physical properties between core glass and clad glass is the main reason for the occurrence of structure defects. The structure defects of the inner wall can be effectively reduced by optimizing the composition of the glass material, make the two glasses have the suitable performance matching, avoid forming residual pores at the interface position, the inner wall of the channel will have a smooth, defect free microstructure, thereby effectively controlling the emission point of the MCP.

The spectra of guided mode resonances of two dimensional photonic crystals can be altered due to an angled incident light. This property can be leveraged to achieve sensor designs with higher spectral sensitivity.

Aspheric surface acts an important role in modern optical systems. The null test utilizing a computergenerated hologram (CGH) is fundamental for precision test of aspheres. Its measurement accuracy mainly depends on the fabrication precision of CGH. However, it is not easy to exactly characterize the fabrication error of the CGH as well as its contribution to measurement uncertainty. In this paper, a new CGH wavefront error evaluation method is presented. The CGH fabrication errors such as duty-cycle error, etching depth inhomogeneity, pattern distortion, etc., are related to the fringe spacing based on elaborate measurement of the CGH microstructures. A scanning white-light interferometer and a high-precision two-axis stage are employed to sample the microstructure at a series of designed locations on the CGH. When the fabrication error is modeled through experiments, it can then help to realize rapid measurement of any other CGHs with significantly reduced number of sampling. The second step is then modeling the contribution of CGH fabrication error to measurement uncertainty according to the scalar diffraction theory. Meanwhile, the wavefront error induced by CGH fabrication error can also be characterized through ray-tracing in lens design software. The fabrication error is incorporated into the discrete phase data of CGH surface and its contribution to the final measurement uncertainty is evaluated through simulations.

We study a novel fabrication method of micro/nano optical fiber by mechano-electrospinning (MES) direct-written technology. MES process is able to precisely manipulate the position and diameter of the electro-spun micro/nano fiber by adjusting the mechanical drawing force, which through changing the speed of motion stage (substrate). By adjusting the substrate speed, the nozzle-to-substrate distance and the applied voltage, the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) micro/nano optical fibers (MNOF) with controlled diameter are obtained and the tapered MNOF are fabricated by continuously changing the substrate speed. The transmission characteristics of PMMA micro/nano fiber is experimentally demonstrated, and a PMMA micro/nano fiber based refractive index sensor is designed. Our works shows the new fabrication method of MNOF by MES has the potential in the field of light mode conversion, optical waveguide coupling, refractive index detection and new micro/nano optical fiber components.

The high sensitivity APD arrays have more and more application in the data transmission, LIDAR, remote sensing, medical image diagnosis system, environmental monitoring, military reconnaissance and etc. A preliminary study of Si APD was carried out, including the simulation of the photoelectric characteristics of Si APD, the experiment of Si APD single chip and array, and the test of Si APD. The APD gain is above 100, dark current is several nA, the rise time is nanosecond level. The 4×4, 1×16 Si APD arrays with high gain, quick response and low dark current have been made by means of available conventional semiconductor technology. The pulse width of the transient response under 1064 nm pulse LD illuminated is less than 100 ns at 100 V bias voltage which the pulse width is limited by the following amplification circuit. Some measures to improve the responsivity of APD at 1064nm is discussed. The next step is to develop the CMOS compatible high sensitivity APD array integrated with CMOS readout circuit.

We designed and analyzed the ring resonators used as external optical cavities for hybrid tunable lasers based on silicon waveguides. The designed double-ring resonators (DRRs) for tunable lasers on silicon can provide a tuning range over 40 nm by micro-heaters, which cover the entire C-band with a high tuning accuracy.

This paper focuses on developing an automated method for detecting defects on our wavelength conversion thin film. We analyzes the operating principle of our wavelength conversion Micro/Nano thin film which absorbing visible light and emitting infrared radiation, indicates the relationship between the pixel’s pattern and the radiation of the thin film, and issues the principle of defining blind pixels and their categories due to the calculated and experimental results. An effective method is issued for the automated detection based on wavelet transform and template matching. The results reveal that this method has desired accuracy and processing speed.

The source of LED has been widely used in our daily life. The intensity angle distribution of single LED is lambert distribution, which does not satisfy the requirement of people. Therefore, we need to distribute light and change the LED’s intensity angle distribution. The most commonly method to change its intensity angle distribution is the free surface. Generally, using ordinary differential equations to calculate free surface can only be applied in a point source, but it will lead to a big error for the expand light. This paper proposes a LED collimating lens based on the ordinary differential equation, combined with the LED's light distribution curve, and adopt the method of calculating the center gravity of the extended light to get the normal vector. According to the law of Snell, the ordinary differential equations are constructed. Using the runge-kutta method for solution of ordinary differential equation solution, the curve point coordinates are gotten. Meanwhile, the edge point data of lens are imported into the optical simulation software TracePro. Based on 1mm×1mm single lambert body for light conditions, The degrees of collimating light can be close to ±3. Furthermore, the energy utilization rate is higher than 85%. In this paper, the point light source is used to calculate partial differential equation method and compared with the simulation of the lens, which improve the effect of 1 degree of collimation.

The wire grid polarizer with a particular degree of polarization is an important reference in polarization calibration field in recent years. In this paper, the wire grid polarizer at a wavelength of 670 nm was analyzed. To obtain five different degrees of polarization, five wire grids profiles were optimized by using rigorous coupled-wave theory. The profile of the wire grid was rectangular surface-relief grating, which was determined by the period, the duty cycle, the groove depth and the metal material. We also studied the effects of the deviations of the wire grid profile from optimized parameters on the degrees of polarization and transmittance. Holographic lithography and ion beam etching will be adopted to fabricate the wire grids in late 2017.

The aerostatic guide in the traditional three-coordinate measuring machine and profilometer generally use metal or ceramics material. Limited by the guide processing precision, the measurement accuracy of these traditional instruments is around micro-meter level. By selection of optical materials as guide material, optical processing method and laser interference measurement can be introduced to the traditional aerostatic bearings manufacturing field. By using the large aperture wave-front interference measuring equipment , the shape and position error of the glass guide can be obtained in high accuracy and then it can be processed to 0.1μm or even better with the aid of Magnetorheological Finishing(MRF) and Computer Controlled Optical Surfacing (CCOS) process and other modern optical processing method, so the accuracy of aerostatic bearings can be fundamentally improved and ultra high precision coordinate measuring can be achieved. This paper introduces the fabrication and measurement process of the glass guide by K9 with 300mm measuring range, and its working surface accuracy is up to 0.1μm PV, the verticality and parallelism error between the two guide rail face is better than 2μm, and the straightness of the aerostatic bearings by this K9 glass guide is up to 40nm after error compensation.

Detailed knowledge of polarization aberration (PA) of projection lens in higher-NA DUV lithographic imaging is necessary due to its impact to imaging degradations, and precise measurement of PA is conductive to computational lithography techniques such as RET and OPC. Current in situ measurement method of PA thorough the detection of degradations of aerial images need to do linear approximation and apply the assumption of 3-beam/2-beam interference condition. The former approximation neglects the coupling effect of the PA coefficients, which would significantly influence the accuracy of PA retrieving. The latter assumption restricts the feasible pitch of test masks in higher-NA system, conflicts with the Kirhhoff diffraction model of test mask used in retrieving model, and introduces 3D mask effect as a source of retrieving error. In this paper, a new in situ measurement method of PA is proposed. It establishes the analytical quadratic relation between the PA coefficients and the degradations of aerial images of one-dimensional dense lines in coherent illumination through vector aerial imaging, which does not rely on the assumption of 3-beam/2- beam interference and linear approximation. In this case, the retrieval of PA from image degradation can be convert from the nonlinear system of m-quadratic equations to a multi-objective quadratic optimization problem, and finally be solved by nonlinear least square method. Some preliminary simulation results are given to demonstrate the correctness and accuracy of the new PA retrieving model.

Surface slope profile is commonly used to evaluate X-ray reflective optics, which is used in synchrotron radiation beam. Moreover, the measurement result of measuring instrument for X-ray reflective optics is usually the surface slope profile rather than the surface height profile. To avoid the conversion error, the slope-based figuring model is introduced introduced by processing the X-ray reflective optics based on surface height-based model. However, the pulse iteration method, which can quickly obtain the dell time solution of the traditional height-based figuring model, is not applied to the slope-based figuring model because property of the slope removal function have both positive and negative values and complex asymmetric structure. To overcome this problem, we established the optimal mathematical model for the dwell time solution, By introducing the upper and lower limits of the dwell time and the time gradient constraint. Then we used the constrained least squares algorithm to solve the dwell time in slope-based figuring model. To validate the proposed algorithm, simulations and experiments are conducted. A flat mirror with effective aperture of 80 mm is polished on the ion beam machine. After iterative polishing three times, the surface slope profile error of the workpiece is converged from RMS 5.65 μrad to RMS 1.12 μrad.

The flexible electrodes based on CVD-graphene/ AgNWs hybrid transparent films were prepared by the vacuum filtration and substrate transferring method, and several performances of the films including sheet resistance, optical transmittance, work function, surface roughness and flexibility were further researched. The results suggested that the hybrid films which were obtained by vacuum filtration and substrate transferring method have the advantages such as uniform distribution of AgNWs, high work function, low roughness and small sheet resistance and good flexibility. The sheet resistance of the hybrid films would decrease with the increasing of the concentration of AgNWs, while the surface roughness would increase and the optical transmittance at 550nm of the films decrease linearly. Organic light emitting devices (OLED) devices based on CVD-graphene/AgNWs hybrid films were fabricated, and characteristics of voltage-current density, luminance, current efficiency were tested. It’s found that CVD-graphene/AgNWs hybrid films were better than CVD-graphene films when they were used as anodes for organic light emitting devices. It can be seen that CVD-graphene/AgNWs hybrid transparent films have great potential in applications of flexible electrodes, and are of great significance for promoting the development of organic light emitting devices.