This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 10461 including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and Conference Committee listing.

Microscopic hyperspectral images provide a new way for blood cell examination. The hyperspectral imagery can greatly facilitate the classification of different blood cells. In this paper, the microscopic hyperspectral images are acquired by connecting the microscope and the hyperspectral imager, and then tested for blood cell classification. For combined use of the spectral and spatial information provided by hyperspectral images, a spatial-spectral classification method is improved from the classical extreme learning machine (ELM) by integrating spatial context into the image classification task with Markov random field (MRF) model. Comparisons are done among ELM, ELM-MRF, support vector machines(SVM) and SVMMRF methods. Results show the spatial-spectral classification methods(ELM-MRF, SVM-MRF) perform better than pixel-based methods(ELM, SVM), and the proposed ELM-MRF has higher precision and show more accurate location of cells.

In this work, to further find the characteristic wavelengths of glucose, the photoacoustic experiments of glucose aqueous solutions were performed by using the photoacoustic technique. The photoacoustic detection system was established by the Q switched Nd: YAG OPO pulsed laser and ultrasonic detector with central frequency of 20MHz. The photoacoustic signals of samples were averaged with 512 times. Baed on the established photoacoustic detection system, the time-resolved photoacoustic signals of glucose with different concentrations at the different wavelengths were captured by the digital oscilloscope, and compared with that of the pure water. In order to get the characteristic wavelengths of glucose, the photoacoustic peak-to-peak values of glucose with different concentrations at the wavelength from 1350nm to 2100nm were obtained, and the difference spectral was gotten by using the difference method between the glucose solutions and pure water. Moreover, the first order derivation method was also used. The wavelength of 1650nm and 1850nm was chosen as the characteristic wavelengths of glucose. The linear fitting equation was established to verify the availability of two characteristic wavelengths. The average prediction error results showed that the choosing of the characteristic wavelength of 1650nm and 1850nm is available.

Wet gluten is a useful quality indicator for wheat, and short wave near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a high performance technique with the advantage of economic rapid and nondestructive test. To study the feasibility of short wave NIRS analyzing wet gluten directly from wheat seed, 54 representative wheat seed samples were collected and scanned by spectrometer. 8 spectral pretreatment method and genetic algorithm (GA) variable selection method were used to optimize analysis. Both quantitative and qualitative model of wet gluten were built by partial least squares regression and discriminate analysis. For quantitative analysis, normalization is the optimized pretreatment method, 17 wet gluten sensitive variables are selected by GA, and GA model performs a better result than that of all variable model, with R²_V=0.88, and RMSEV=1.47. For qualitative analysis, automatic weighted least squares baseline is the optimized pretreatment method, all variable models perform better results than those of GA models. The correct classification rates of 3 class of <24%, 24-30%, >30% wet gluten content are 95.45, 84.52, and 90.00%, respectively. The short wave NIRS technique shows potential for both quantitative and qualitative analysis of wet gluten for wheat seed.

Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a promising technique, analyzing spectrum of plasma, to detect elements of solid, liquid or gaseous samples. It has many advantages, including in-situ and online detection, remote analysis, non-preparation of samples, and simultaneously multi-elements detection. Aiming at detecting detrimental elements in the polluted river and water, in this paper, collinear dual-pulse (DP) Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) with liquid jet was employed to analyze emission spectrum of Cu element in the CuSO4 solution. We investigated the effect of laser pulse energies ratio and time delay between two lasers on signal intensity, which were simply given by theoretical model in laser-induced plasma for explaining various behaviors of emission spectrum. It was inferred that the maximum signal enhancement of DP-LIBS experiment was roughly 4.5 times greater than that of SP case. The limit of detection (LOD) of Cu using DP-LIBS was approximately 15 times lower than that of SP-LIBS. Results of this research indicate that collinear DP-LIBS is an effective approach to improve the plasma emission intensity and reduce the value of LOD, the application of which can be considered into the environmental problem of the water pollution.

By UV-visible absorption spectroscope, the aggregated β-carotene in hydrated ethanol was studied in the temperature range of 5~55°C, with different ethanol/water ratio. And the structural evolutions of these aggregates with time were detected. The spectrophotometric analysis showed that the aggregate of β-carotene formed in 1:1 ethanol/water solution transfered from H-type to J-type with temperature increase. In 2:1 ethanol/water solution a new type of aggregate with strong coupling was predicated by the appearing absorption peak located at about 550 nm. In the time scales of 48 houses all the aggregated structures were stable, but the absorption intensity decreased with time. It was concluded that the types of aggregated β-carotene which wouldn’t change with time depended on the solvent composition and temperature.

Selection of characteristic lines is a critical work for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; it usually needs a lot of time and effort. A novel method combining genetic algorithm, principal component analysis and artificial neural networks (GA-PCA-ANN) is proposed to automatically extract the characteristic spectral segments from the original spectra, with ample feature information and less interference. On the basis of this method, three selection manners: selecting the whole spectral range, optimizing a fixed-length segment and optimizing several non-fixed-length sub-segments were analyzed; and their classification results of steel samples were compared. It is proved that selecting a fixed-length segment with an appropriate segment length achieves better results than selecting the whole spectral range; and selecting several non-fixed-length sub-segments obtains the best result with smallest amount of data. The proposed GA-PCA-ANN method can reduce the workload of analysis, the usage of bandwidth and cost of spectrometers. As a result, it can enhance the classification capability of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.

The broad application of hyperspectral devices makes hyperspectral image target detection a popular research. This paper presents a new method for target detection by transforming the hyperspectral data into complex networks. By analyzing the networks topological feature corresponding to each pixel, one can easily evaluate the statistical characteristics and intrinsic properties of the signals. Thereby matching the target by comparing the pixel network characteristics. The spectral characteristics of the pixel are analyzed from the perspective of the network, which provides a new spectral matching criterion. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can acquire satisfactory results when compared with traditional methods.

The linearity and the stain resistance of existing humidity sensor is poor, which exists the problems such as low resolution at low temperatures, low faded wet in high humidity environment, large measurement error and long response time. Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy technology is studied to measure the environmental humidity, and digital quadrature lock-in amplifiers are used to extract the first harmonic signal and the second harmonic signal, which can eliminate the influence of the phase delay angle and can improve the detection accuracy of the system. Comparative experiment between TDLAS humidity sensor and R.M.YOUNG humidity sensor was completed in the lab, experimental results show that the consistency of the humidity data is very good, which can proves the validity of the TDLAS humidity measurement technology.

Seeing that about 70% component of fresh biological tissues is water, many scientists try to use water models to describe the dielectric properties of biological tissues. The classical water dielectric models are Debye model, Double Debye model and Cole-Cole model. This work aims to determine a suitable model by comparing three models above with experimental data. These models are applied to fresh pork tissue. By means of least square method, the parameters of different models are fitted with the experimental data. Comparing different models on both dielectric function, the Cole-Cole model is verified the best to describe the experiments of pork tissue. The correction factor α of the Cole-Cole model is an important modification for biological tissues. So Cole-Cole model is supposed to be a priority selection to describe the dielectric properties for biological tissues in the terahertz range.

The coded aperture spectrometer can achieve high throughput and high spectral resolution by replacing the traditional single slit with two-dimensional array slits manufactured by MEMS technology. However, the sampling accuracy of coding spectrum image will be distorted due to the existence of system aberrations, machining error, fixing errors and so on, resulting in the declined spectral resolution. The influence factor of the spectral resolution come from the decode error, the spectral resolution of each column, and the column spectrum offset correction. For the Czerny-Turner spectrometer, the spectral resolution of each column most depend on the astigmatism, in this coded aperture spectroscopy, the uncorrected astigmatism does result in degraded performance. Some methods must be used to reduce or remove the limiting astigmatism. The curvature of field and the spectral curvature can be result in the spectrum revision errors.

The dual channel complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) can get high dynamic range (HDR) image through extending the gray level of the image by using image fusion with high gain channel image and low gain channel image in a same frame. In the process of image fusion with dual channel, it adopts the coefficients of radiation response of a pixel from dual channel in a same frame, and then calculates the gray level of the pixel in the HDR image. For the coefficients of radiation response play a crucial role in image fusion, it has to find an effective method to acquire these parameters. In this article, it makes a research on radiation calibration of high dynamic range based on the dual channel CMOS, and designs an experiment to calibrate the coefficients of radiation response for the sensor it used. In the end, it applies these response parameters in the dual channel CMOS which calibrates, and verifies the correctness and feasibility of the method mentioned in this paper.

The experiment takes cabbage leaves as research object to capture images based on multi-spectral imaging system with combination of LCTF and CMOS camera by every 5 nm interval from 400 nm to 720 nm. Firstly, according to the principle of image brightness information, the value of distinguish degree for cabbage leaves are calculated with every band; Then through sorting the value of distinguish degree for cabbage leaves, along with information features of the image and distinguish degree, it can be concluded that band 555 nm, 715 nm, 710 nm, 575 nm, 535 nm, 520 nm, 720 nm, 605 nm and 650 nm have better distinguish degree; Finally, the classification accuracy statistic of feature bands for cabbage leaves is 95.56% and 93.13% through using the principle of Euclidean distance and spectral angle match respectively. It can draw a conclusion that the selected bands are with ideal classification accuracy for cabbage leaves. Therefore, 555 nm, 715 nm, 710 nm, 575 nm, 535 nm, 520nm, 720 nm, 605 nm and 650 nm can be used as feature bands for cabbage leaves. To select feature bands for cabbage leaves is one of effective means to identify the status for plants, which provides a method for fine classification and data processing for plant multi-spectral images with broad prospects and ideal application value.

Electric field Monte Carlo (EMC) simulation is capable of modeling the polarization and coherence phenomena of light. Previous EMC program treat the turbid media as an infinite slab. An electric field Monte Carlo simulation of polarized light propagation in multi-layered media (EMCML) is presented in this paper. The complex electric field vectors are traced during the scattering and the reflection (or refraction) events. In order to improve the computational efficiency, our EMCML program is implemented in parallel in the GPU. The validity of EMCML is demonstrated by comparison between simulation results obtained by EMCML and previously reported programs.

A theoretical description of pressure-calibration method based on wavelength modulation absorption spectrometry (WMAS) with second harmonic detection for precise measurements of trace gas concentration will be present in this paper. The method can obtain the consistent relation between gas concentration and second harmonic signal in pressure changes. The signal is monotonic function when gas concentration as metrics and it becomes a complete linear function when density of particles number as metrics. It not only allows complying with traditional WMAS technique without any calibration methods, but also applying to various environment of pressure variations. Typical applications like environmental monitoring and remote sensing can be used this method to calibrated measurement results. In addition, the method is not restricted to situations with typical applications. Furthermore, it can also easily be adapted to various gas concentration detection under pressure changes. The pressure-calibration method can be useful for gas concentration measurements so that assist to ensure the accuracy of data in research.

Periodic silver coated hydrogen silsesquioxane nanopost arrays (HSQ@Ag NPAs) with various diameters were fabricated as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) active substrates, and the SERS performance of the substrates were studied both experimentally and numerically. Raman signals of Rhodamine 6G molecules absorbed on the HSQ@Ag NPAs were measured and showed excellent SERS performance with significant enhancement and high uniformity. The enhancement factor under 514.5 nm excitation wavelength increased firstly and then decreased, but increased monotonically under 633 nm excitation wavelength. Finite-difference time-domain simulations of electric field distribution and far field absorption demonstrated that SERS enhancement is related to strong electric enhancements under both excitation and Stokes wavelengths, and the strongest enhancement occurred in HSQ@Ag NPAs with localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) wavelength located in the region between excitation wavelength and Stokes wavelength. Thus, by tuning the LSPR wavelength to the region between excitation wavelength and Stokes wavelength via reasonably designing the parameters of the nanostructure, SERS substrate with excellent performance could be obtained. Our work could be helpful in understanding the fundamental mechanism of SERS and provides a possible way to reasonably design excellent SERS substrates.

Raman spectroscopy has been extensively used in biochemical tests, explosive detection, food additive and environmental pollutants. However, fluorescence disturbance brings a big trouble to the applications of portable Raman spectrometer. Currently, baseline correction and shifted-excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (SERDS) methods are the most prevailing fluorescence suppressing methods. In this paper, we compared the performances of baseline correction and SERDS methods, experimentally and simulatively. Through the comparison, it demonstrates that the baseline correction can get acceptable fluorescence-removed Raman spectrum if the original Raman signal has good signal-to-noise ratio, but it cannot recover the small Raman signals out of large noise background. By using SERDS method, the Raman signals, even very weak compared to fluorescence intensity and noise level, can be clearly extracted, and the fluorescence background can be completely rejected. The Raman spectrum recovered by SERDS has good signal to noise ratio. It’s proved that baseline correction is more suitable for large bench-top Raman system with better quality or signal-to-noise ratio, while the SERDS method is more suitable for noisy devices, especially the portable Raman spectrometers.

A synthetic method of solar spectrum which based on the spectral characteristics of the solar spectrum and LED, and the principle of arbitrary spectral synthesis was studied by using 14 kinds of LED with different central wavelengths.The LED and solar spectrum data were selected by Origin Software firstly, then calculated the total number of LED for each center band by the transformation relation between brightness and illumination and Least Squares Curve Fit in Matlab.Finally, the spectrum curve of AM1.5 standard solar spectrum was obtained. The results met the technical indexes of the solar spectrum matching with ±20% and the solar constant with >0.5.

A coarse-to-fine approach with sparse representation is proposed for medical hyperspectral image classification in this work. Segmentation technique with different scales is employed to exploit edges of the input image, where coarse super-pixel patches provide global classification information while fine ones further provide detail information. Different from common RGB image, hyperspectral image has multi bands to adjust the cluster center with more high precision. After segmentation, each super pixel is classified by recently-developed sparse representation-based classification (SRC), which assigns label for testing samples in one local patch by means of sparse linear combination of all the training samples. Furthermore, segmentation with multiple scales is employed because single scale is not suitable for complicate distribution of medical hyperspectral imagery. Finally, classification results for different sizes of super pixel are fused by some fusion strategy, offering at least two benefits: (1) the final result is obviously superior to that of segmentation with single scale, and (2) the fusion process significantly simplifies the choice of scales. Experimental results using real medical hyperspectral images demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art SRC.

In this paper, a calibration method of LVF-based spectroradiometer is summarize, including spectral calibration and radiometric calibration. The spectral calibration process as follow: first, the relationship between stepping motor’s step number and transmission wavelength is derivative by theoretical calculation, including a non-linearity correction of LVF;second, a line-to-line method was used to corrected the theoretical wavelength; Finally, the 3.39 μm and 10.69 μm laser is used for spectral calibration validation, show the sought 0.1% accuracy or better is achieved.A new sub-region multi-point calibration method is used for radiometric calibration to improving accuracy, results show the sought 1% accuracy or better is achieved.

Hydrocarbon contaminated soil can impose detrimental effects on forest health and quality of agricultural products. To manage such consequences, oil leak indicators should be detected quickly by monitoring systems. Remote sensing is one of the most suitable techniques for monitoring systems, especially for areas which are uninhabitable and difficulty to access. The most available physical quantities in optical remote sensing domain are the intensity and spectral information obtained by visible or infrared sensors. However, besides the intensity and wavelength, polarization is another primary physical quantity associated with an optical field. During the course of reflecting light-wave, the surface of soil polluted by crude oil will cause polarimetric properties which are related to the nature of itself. Thus, detection of the spectralpolarimetric properties for soil polluted by crude oil has become a new remote sensing monitoring method. In this paper, the multi-angle spectral-polarimetric instrument was used to obtain multi-angle visible and near infrared spectralpolarimetric characteristic data of soil polluted by crude oil. And then, the change rule between polarimetric properties with different affecting factors, such as viewing zenith angle, incidence zenith angle of the light source, relative azimuth angle, waveband of the detector as well as different grain size of soil were discussed, so as to provide a scientific basis for the research on polarization remote sensing for soil polluted by crude oil.

Laser-induced fluorescence(LIFS), which is one of most effective discrimination methods to identify the material at the molecular level by inducing fluorescence spectrum, has been popularized for its fast and accurate probe’s results. According to the research, violet laser or ultraviolet laser is always used as excitation light source. While, There is no atmospheric window for violet laser and ultraviolet laser, causing laser attenuation along its propagation path. What’s worse, as the laser reaching sample, part of the light is reflected. That is, excitation laser really react on sample to produce fluorescence is very poor, leading to weak fluorescence mingled with the background light collected by LIFS’ processing unit, when it used outdoor. In order to spread LIFS to remote probing under the complex background, study of improving signal-noise ratio for fluorescence channel is a meaningful work. Enhancing the fluorescence intensity and inhibiting background light both can improve fluorescence’ signal-noise ratio. In this article, three different approaches of inhibiting background light are discussed to improve the signal-noise ratio of LIFS. The first method is increasing fluorescence excitation area in the proportion of LIFS’ collecting field by expanding laser beam, if the collecting filed is fixed. The second one is changing field angle base to accommodate laser divergence angle. The third one is setting a very narrow gating circuit to control acquisition circuit, which is shortly open only when fluorescence arriving. At some level, these methods all can reduce the background light. But after discussion, the third one is best with adding gating acquisition circuit to acquisition circuit instead of changing light path, which is effective and economic.

Contains H₂, CO and unburned components of high-temperature plume of rocket engine, then injected into the atmosphere, continue to carry out the oxidation reaction in the plume near field region with the volume in the plume of oxygen in the air, two times burning. The afterburning is an important cause of infrared radiation intensification of propellant plume, which increases the temperature of the flame and changes the components of the gas, thus enhancing the infrared radiation intensity of the flame. ^[1]. Two the combustion numerical using chemical reaction mechanism involving HO₂ intermediate reaction, the study confirmed that HO₂ is a key intermediate, plays a decisive role to trigger early response, on afterburning temperature and flow concentration distribution effect. A finite rate chemical reaction model is used to describe the two burning phenomenon in high temperature plume^[2]. In this paper, a numerical simulation of the flame flow field and radiative transfer is carried out for the afterburning phenomenon. The effects of afterburning on the composition, temperature and infrared radiation of the plume are obtained by comparison.

Based on wavelength modulation spectroscopy and algebraic reconstruction technique, two-dimensional tomography of gas temperature in the range of 400K-1500K and H₂O concentration in the range of 0.05-0.20 was realized. From the numerical simulation, the transmitted signals of two lines using wavelength modulation spectroscopy method are simulated, then the integrated areas of the absorption lines are obtained. Using the integrated areas of two lines, the two-dimensional tomographic reconstruction are derived. It is shown that the reconstructed gas temperature and H₂O concentration are consistent with the predicted value and the most relative errors are 2.21% and 5.17%.

A new light field spectrometry microscope imaging system, which was composed by microscope objective, microlens array and spectrometry system was designed in this paper. 5-D information (4-D light field and 1-D spectrometer) of the sample could be captured by the snapshot system in only one exposure, avoiding the motion blur and aberration caused by the scanning imaging process of the traditional imaging spectrometry. Microscope objective had been used as the former group while microlens array used as the posterior group. The optical design of the system was simulated by Zemax, the parameter matching condition between microscope objective and microlens array was discussed significantly during the simulation process. The result simulated in the image plane was analyzed and discussed.

Integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS) is a technique used for high sensitive measurement of absorption spectra. In this paper，we introduced the principle of ICOS measurement technology. By analyzing the theory of ICOS technology to effectively absorb the increase of optical path length, get the relationship of the specular reflectance and the selection for the length of cavity to the stability of cavity and detection sensitivity in the designing of experimental facility. We introduced the application of ICOS technology in atmospheric monitoring, medical testing, and industrial process and so on, summed up the role of wavelength modulation and off-axis incidence combined with ICOS on noise suppression. We summed up the advantages and disadvantages of ICOS technology in trace gas detection. At the end of the paper, the trend of ICOS technology was analyzed.

Laser-induced fluorescence system(LIfS) has been found its significant application in identifying one kind of substance from another by its properties even it’s thimbleful, and becomes useful in plenty of fields. Many superior works have reported LIfS’ theoretical analysis , designs and uses. However, the usual LIPS is always constructed in labs to detect matter quite closely, for the system using low-power laser as excitation source and charge coupled device (CCD) as detector. Promoting the detectivity of LIfS is of much concern to spread its application. Here, we take a high-energy narrow-pulse laser instead of commonly used continuous wave laser to operate sample, thus we can get strong fluorescent. Besides, photomultiplier (PMT) with high sensitivity is adopted in our system to detect extremely weak fluorescence after a long flight time from the sample to the detector. Another advantage in our system, as the fluorescence collected into spectroscopy, multiple wavelengths of light can be converted to the corresponding electrical signals with the linear array multichannel PMT. Therefore, at the cost of high-powered incentive and high-sensitive detector, a remote LIFS is get. In order to run this system, it is of importance to turn light signal to digital signal which can be processed by computer. The pulse width of fluorescence is deeply associated with excitation laser, at the nanosecond(ns) level, which has a high demand for acquisition circuit. We design an acquisition circuit including, I/V conversion circuit, amplifying circuit and peak-holding circuit. The simulation of circuit shows that peak-holding circuit can be one effective approach to reducing difficulty of acquisition circuit.

In this paper, a spontaneous Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering spectrometer is developed to measure the gaseous spontaneous Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering (SRBS) profiles over the pressure range 1 to 6 atm for a wavelength of 532nm at the constant room temperature of 296K and 90⁰ scattering angle. The measured Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering spectra are deconvolved using Wiener filtering to remove the effect of the Airy transmission function of the Fabry-Pérot scanning interferometer and get high resolution Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering spectra. The root-mean-square error is less than 2% and χ ² is less than 15 over the pressure range 1 to 6 atm. The comparison between theoretical spectra (Tenti S6 model) and deconvolved Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering spectra is made. Some factors that effected the deconvolution of accuracy are analyzed and discussed.

Impurity of melon seeds variety will cause reductions of melon production and economic benefits of farmers, this research aimed to adopt spectral technology combined with chemometrics methods to identify melon seeds variety. Melon seeds whose varieties were "Yi Te Bai", "Yi Te Jin", "Jing Mi NO.7", "Jing Mi NO.11" and " Yi Li Sha Bai "were used as research samples. A simple spectral system was developed to collect reflective spectral data of melon seeds, including a light source unit, a spectral data acquisition unit and a data processing unit, the detection wavelength range of this system was 200-1100nm with spectral resolution of 0.14 ~7.7nm. The original reflective spectral data was pre-treated with de-trend (DT), multiple scattering correction (MSC), first derivative (FD), normalization (NOR) and Savitzky-Golay (SG) convolution smoothing methods. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method was adopted to reduce the dimensions of reflective spectral data and extract principal components. K-nearest neighbour (KNN) and Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA) methods were used to develop discriminant models of melon seeds variety based on PCA. Spectral data pretreatments improved the discriminant effects of KNN and FDA, FDA generated better discriminant results than KNN, both KNN and FDA methods produced discriminant accuracies reaching to 90.0% for validation set. Research results showed that using spectral technology in combination with KNN and FDA modelling methods to identify melon seeds variety was feasible.

In order to promote the classification ability of the traditional time-resolved LIF technique to achieve oil spill detection, a novel LIF polarization experimental setup was developed in the laboratory with the ability to obtain time-resolved LIF spectra of both the Co-polarized and Cross-polarized components simultaneously under linearly excitation. With it, a series of oil spills investigation were performed with six crude oil samples, which were carefully selected to ensure each two of them are derived from adjacent wells located within the same well block. After recording of a complete series of time-resolved LIF spectral data, the polarization direction of the excitation was rotated by 90 degrees to proceed with acquisition of another series of data. And with these two sets of data, LIF spectra of the two orthogonal polarization components were calibrated to guarantee the accuracy of the polarization detection. Spectral data of the two orthogonal polarization components were processed with the newly proposed intensity-normalized method and combined to form the data array, based on which clustering and classification results were obtained via the approach of PCA. It was showed that no matter within the three-dimensional space nor the two-dimensional plane composed of the principal components, ideal clustering results can be obtained from similar crude oil samples based on time-resolved LIF polarization technique, even though their locations of fluorescence peak intensities were quite close. Compared with the classification results achieved with the traditional time-resolved LIF technique based on the same data set, it can be concluded that with the auxiliary help of the distinct LIF polarization characteristics of different oil, the classification ability of time-resolved LIF technique is significantly improved.

Cavity structure is used to increase the Interferometric Rayleigh scattering signal intensity. By using ZEMAX method, we simulate a special cavity mode comprising two spherical reflectors with different size, including the focal length and the diameter. The simulations suggest that the parallel beam can reflect repeatedly in the resonant cavity and concentrate on the focus. Besides, the reflection times and the ray width can reach about 50 and 2.1 cm after some feasible solutions.

In this paper, a multi-line interferogram stitching method based on orthogonal shear using the Wollaston prism(WP) was proposed with a 2D projection interferogram recorded through the rotation of CCD, making the spectral resolution of Fourier-Transform spectrometer(FTS) of a limited spatial size increase by at least three times. The fringes on multi-lines were linked with the pixels of equal optical path difference (OPD). Ideally, the error of sampled phase within one pixel was less than half the wavelength, ensuring consecutive values in the over-sampled dimension while aliasing in another. In the simulation, with the calibration of 1.064μm, spectral lines at 1.31μm and 1.56μm of equal intensity were tested and observed. The result showed a bias of 0.13% at 1.31μm and 1.15% at 1.56μm in amplitude, and the FWHM at 1.31μm reduced from 25nm to 8nm after the sample points increased from 320 to 960. In the comparison of reflectance spectrum of carnauba wax within near infrared(NIR) band, the absorption peak at 1.2μm was more obvious and zoom of the band 1.38~1.43μm closer to the reference, although some fluctuation was in the short-wavelength region arousing the spectral crosstalk. In conclusion, with orthogonal shear based on the rotation of the CCD relative to the axis of WP, the spectral resolution of static FTS was enhanced by the projection of fringes to the grid coordinates and stitching the interferograms into a larger OPD, which showed the advantages of cost and miniaturization in the space-constrained NIR applications.

In order to solve the problem of the quantitative test of spectrum and color of aerosol, the measurement method of spectrum of aerosol based on human visual system was proposed. The spectrum characteristics and color parameters of three different aerosols were tested, and the color differences were calculated according to the CIE1976-L*a*b* color difference formula. Three tested powders (No 1# ，No 2# and No 3# ) were dispersed in a plexglass box and turned into aerosol. The powder sample was released by an injector with different dosages in each experiment. The spectrum and color of aerosol were measured by the PRO 6500 Fiber Optic Spectrometer. The experimental results showed that the extinction performance of aerosol became stronger and stronger with the increase of concentration of aerosol. While the chromaticity value differences of aerosols in the experiment were so small, luminance was verified to be the main influence factor of human eye visual perception and contributed most in the three factors of the color difference calculation. The extinction effect of No 3# aerosol was the strongest of all and caused the biggest change of luminance and color difference which would arouse the strongest human visual perception. According to the sensation level of chromatic color by Chinese, recognition color difference would be produced when the dosage of No 1# powder was more than 0.10 gram, the dosage of No 2# powder was more than 0.15 gram, and the dosage of No 3# powder was more than 0.05 gram.

During the iron-making process in blast furnace, the Si content in liquid pig iron was usually used to evaluate the quality of liquid iron and thermal state of blast furnace. None effective method was found for rapid detecting the Si concentration of liquid iron. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a kind of atomic emission spectrometry technology based on laser ablation. Its obvious advantage is realizing rapid, in-situ, online analysis of element concentration in open air without sample pretreatment. The characteristics of Si in liquid iron were analyzed from the aspect of thermodynamic theory and metallurgical technology. The relationship between Si and C, Mn, S, P or other alloy elements were revealed based on thermodynamic calculation. Subsequently, LIBS was applied on rapid detection of Si of pig iron in this work. During LIBS detection process, several groups of standard pig iron samples were employed in this work to calibrate the Si content in pig iron. The calibration methods including linear, quadratic and cubic internal standard calibration, multivariate linear calibration and partial least squares (PLS) were compared with each other. It revealed that the PLS improved by normalization was the best calibration method for Si detection by LIBS.

With the increasing demand of users for the extraction of remote sensing image information, it is very urgent to significantly enhance the whole system’s imaging quality and imaging ability by using the integrated design to achieve its compact structure, light quality and higher attitude maneuver ability. At this present stage, the remote sensing camera’s video signal processing unit and image compression and coding unit are distributed in different devices. The volume, weight and consumption of these two units is relatively large, which unable to meet the requirements of the high mobility remote sensing camera. This paper according to the high mobility remote sensing camera’s technical requirements, designs a kind of space-borne integrated signal processing and compression circuit by researching a variety of technologies, such as the high speed and high density analog-digital mixed PCB design, the embedded DSP technology and the image compression technology based on the special-purpose chips. This circuit lays a solid foundation for the research of the high mobility remote sensing camera.

The research of the multifunctional analyzer which integrates absorbance detection, fluorescence detection, time-resolved fluorescence detection, biochemical luminescence detection methods, can make efficient detection and analysis for a variety of human body nutrients. This article focuses on the absorbance detection and fluorescence detection system. The two systems are modular in design and controlled by embedded system, to achieve automatic measurement according to user settings. In the optical path design, the application of confocal design can improve the optical signal acquisition capability, and reduce the interference. A photon counter is used for detection, and a high performance counter module is designed to measure the output of photon counter. In the experiment, we use neutral density filters and potassium dichromate solution to test the absorbance detection system, and use fluorescein isothiocyanate（FITC）for fluorescence detection system performance test. The experimental results show that the absorbance detection system has a detection range of 0~4OD, and has good linearity in the detection range, while the fluorescence detection system has a high sensitivity of 1pmol/L concentration.

Light emitting diode (LED) is widely employed in industrial applications and scientific researches. With a spectrometer, the chromaticity of LED can be measured. However, chromaticity shift will occur due to the broadening effects of the spectrometer. In this paper, an approach is put forward to bandwidth correction for LED chromaticity based on Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. We compare chromaticity of simulated LED spectra by using the proposed method and differential operator method to bandwidth correction. The experimental results show that the proposed approach achieves an excellent performance in bandwidth correction which proves the effectiveness of the approach. The method has also been tested on true blue LED spectra.

The photodetachment of electron from F- ions by a short linearly polarized laser pulse is investigated. It is found that our result from summation over different values of m = 0,±1 is closer agreement with the most recent results from saddlepoint (SP) method and R matrix with time dependence (RMT) method.

We study the momentum spectrum of the photoelectrons detached from H- ions in a linearly polarized few-cycle laser pulse. Based on the SP method, the interference effect of coherent quantum wave packets in the classical propagation step of detachment processes are analyzed, respectively.

The developed underwater laser induced breakdown spectrometer consists of two units: 1- remotely operated vehicle (ROV) with the next main characteristics: work deep – up to 150 meters, maximum speed of immersion 1 m/s, maximum cruise velocity - 2 m/s and 2 – spectrometer unit (SU) consist of a DPSS Nd: YAG laser excitation source (double pulse with 50 mJ energy for each pulse at wavelength 1064 nm, pulse width 12 ns and pulse repetition rate 1-15 Hz, DF251, SOL Instruments), a spectrum recording system (Maya HR4000 or 2000 Pro spectrometer, Ocean Optics) and microcomputer. These two units are connected by Ethernet network and registered spectral data are automatically processed in a MATLAB platform.

This paper considers the phase retrieval problem of recovering the unknown signal from the given quadratic measurements. A phase retrieval algorithm based on Incremental Truncated Amplitude Flow (ITAF) which combines the ITWF algorithm and the TAF algorithm is proposed. The proposed ITAF algorithm enhances the initialization by performing both of the truncation methods used in ITWF and TAF respectively, and improves the performance in the gradient stage by applying the incremental method proposed in ITWF to the loop stage of TAF. Moreover, the original sampling vector and measurements are preprocessed before initialization according to the variance of the sensing matrix. Simulation experiments verified the feasibility and validity of the proposed ITAF algorithm. The experimental results show that it can obtain higher success rate and faster convergence speed compared with other algorithms. Especially, for the noiseless random Gaussian signals, ITAF can recover any real-valued signal accurately from the magnitude measurements whose number is about 2.5 times of the signal length, which is close to the theoretic limit (about 2 times of the signal length). And it usually converges to the optimal solution within 20 iterations which is much less than the state-of-the-art algorithms.

The explosives detection has been a hot and difficult issue in the field of security，it is particularly important to detect explosives quickly and reliably. There are many methods to detect explosives currently, stand-off Raman spectroscopy is one of the most promising and practical technologies, this technique can be used for non-contact and nondestructive detection, ensure the safety of attendants, at the same time the precision and speed of detection are also very high and be characterized by rapid response. This paper mainly gives an account of the fundamental principle of Raman spectroscopy, as well as recount major challenges of Standoff Laser Raman Spectroscopy applied in explosives detection and corresponding solutions. From the perspective of the system, this paper sums up related theories and techniques of the excitation laser and telescopic system etc.. Ultimately, a brief analysis and summary of the development trend of this technology is given.

A self-assembled surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor is reported in this paper. To achieve high sensitivity, a high sensitive SERS substrate and a high efficient self-constructed light path were made. The SERS substrate was composed by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs, pH=13), glycidyl methacrylate-ethylene dimethacrylate (GMA-EDMA) porous material and syringe filter. The substrate had a good repeatability, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the same substrate was less than 5%. The efficiency of the self-constructed light path is about two times better than RPB Y type reflection fiber when the energy density was roughly equal on samples. The size of the SERS sensor is 350×300×180 mm and the weight is 15 kg. Its miniaturization and portable can comply with the requirements of field detection. Besides, it has good sensitivity, stability and selectivity. For lab experiments, strong enhancements of Raman scattering from organic pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) molecules were exhibited. The dependences of SERS intensities on concentrations of PAHs were investigated, and the results indicated that they revealed a satisfactory linear relationship in low concentrations. The limits of detection (LODs) of PAHs phenanthrene and fluorene are 8.3×10^-10 mol/L and 7.1×10^-10 mol/L respectively [signal to noise ratio (S/N) =3]. Based on this SERS sensor, signals of benzo (a) pyrene and pyrene were found in environmental water and the sensor would be an ideal candidate for field detection of PAHs.

Imaging spectrometer can gain two-dimensional space image and one-dimensional spectrum at the same time, which shows high utility in color and spectral measurements, the true color image synthesis, military reconnaissance and so on. In order to realize the fast reconstructed processing of the Fourier transform imaging spectrometer data, the paper designed the optimization reconstructed algorithm with OpenMP parallel calculating technology, which was further used for the optimization process for the HyperSpectral Imager of ‘HJ-1’ Chinese satellite. The results show that the method based on multi-core parallel computing technology can control the multi-core CPU hardware resources competently and significantly enhance the calculation of the spectrum reconstruction processing efficiency. If the technology is applied to more cores workstation in parallel computing, it will be possible to complete Fourier transform imaging spectrometer real-time data processing with a single computer.

The shooting accuracy of cluster laser is an important indicator to evaluate the performance of ICF laser devices. By measuring the distribution of the X-ray generated from interaction between the third-harmonic beam and the target, the position information of the third-harmonic beam to the target can be obtained, along with the shooting accuracy. In the beam transmission process, the fundamental, second-harmonic beams and the third-harmonic beams approach to the target at the same time generating spurious X-ray. Based on the radiation fluid, the present paper is to assess the effect of the stray light on the performance of the shooting accuracy. The intensity distribution and power density of the fundamental, second-harmonic and third-harmonic beams at the target position were calculated for the SG-III laser device using SG-99 software. The characteristics of X-ray generated by the different beams radiation are simulated by one-dimensional radiation fluid program MULTI 1D. The results show that the power density of the fundamental, the second-harmonic and third-harmonic beams at the target position are, under the condition of typical shooting precision test (infused fundamental energy of 50J and pulse width is 200ps) 0.28GW / s / cm² , 0.14GW / s / cm² , 99GW / s / cm² , respectively. The X-ray energy intensity radiated from the interaction between the third-harmonic beam and target is 10⁴ times of that from the fundamental, second-harmonic beam. In the current optical system configuration conditions of SG-III laser device, the effects of the fundamental and second-harmonic beams on the target accuracy test can be ignored.

Remote sensing-Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (RS-FTIR) is one of the most important technologies in atmospheric pollutant monitoring. It is very appropriate for on-line dynamic remote sensing monitoring of air pollutants, especially for the automotive exhausts. However, their absorption spectra are often seriously overlapped in the atmospheric infrared window bands, i.e. MWIR (3~5μm). Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an algorithm based on the theory of the biological neural network, which simplifies the partial differential equation with complex construction. For its preferable performance in nonlinear mapping and fitting, in this paper we utilize Back Propagation-Artificial Neural Network (BP-ANN) to quantitatively analyze the concentrations of four typical industrial automotive exhausts, including CO, NO, NO₂ and SO₂. We extracted the original data of these automotive exhausts from the HITRAN database, most of which virtually overlapped, and established a mixed multi-component simulation environment. Based on Beer-Lambert Law, concentrations can be retrieved from the absorbance of spectra. Parameters including learning rate, momentum factor, the number of hidden nodes and iterations were obtained when the BP network was trained with 80 groups of input data. By improving these parameters, the network can be optimized to produce necessarily higher precision for the retrieved concentrations. This BP-ANN method proves to be an effective and promising algorithm on dealing with multi-components analysis of automotive exhausts.

In order to further eliminate aberration and improve resolution, the paper employs parabolic mirror as the collimating mirror and the focusing mirror to design “Z” configuration and “U” configuration optical structure of parabolic spectrometer with the F number 2.5 and the spectral range varying from 250 nm to 850 nm. We conduct experiments on ZEMAX to simulate and optimize the initial parameters of two structures with the root-mean-square (RMS) radius of spots along Y axis as the optimization goal. Through analyzing the spot diagram and the root-mean-square (RMS) of Y axis, we can see that the “U” configuration spectrometers can achieve much better spectral resolution than the “Z” configuration.

Ammonia (NH₃) is the most abundant alkalescency trace gas in the atmosphere having a foul odor, which is produced by both natural and anthropogenic sources. Chinese Emission Standard for Odor Pollutants has listed NH3 as one of the eight malodorous pollutants since 1993, specifying the emission concentration less than 1 mg/m³ (1.44ppmv). NH₃ detection continuously from ppb to ppm levels is significant for protection of environmental atmosphere and safety of industrial and agricultural production. Tunable laser absorption spectroscopy (TLAS) is an increasingly important optical method for trace gas detection. TLAS do not require pretreatment and accumulation of the concentration of the analyzed sample, unlike, for example, more conventional methods such as mass spectrometry or gas chromatography. In addition, TLAS can provide high precision remote sensing capabilities, high sensitivities and fast response. Hollow waveguide (HWG) has recently emerged as a novel concept serving as an efficient optical waveguide and as a highly miniaturized gas cell. Among the main advantages of HWG gas cell compared with conventional multi-pass gas cells is the considerably decreased sample which facilitates gas exchanging. An ammonia sensor based on TLAS using a 5m HWG as the gas cell is report here. A 9.56μm, continuous-wave, distributed feed-back (DFB), room temperature quantum cascade laser (QCL), is employed as the optical source. The interference-free NH₃ absorption line located at 1046.4cm^-1 (λ~9556.6nm) is selected for detection by analyzing absorption spectrum from 1045-1047 cm^-1 within the ν₂ fundamental absorption band of ammonia. Direct absorption spectroscopy (DAS) technique is utilized and the measured spectral line is fitted by a simulation model by HITRAN database to obtain the NH3 concentration. The sensor performance is tested with standard gas and the result shows a 1σ minimum detectable concentration of ammonia is about 200 ppb with 1 sec time resolution. Benefitting from the use of QCL and HWG, the sensor is simple and compact. Moreover, the concentration inversion algorithm is simple and suitable for embedding into the microprocessor to form a more compact and miniaturized system. The absolute measurement based on DAS without calibration can reduce the influence of light variation on measurement which may attribute to the instability of electrocircuit, optical path and laser source. Therefore, the sensor based on HWG gas cell is very well suited for sensitive and real-time monitoring ammonia in the atmosphere. Furthermore, this sensor provides the capabilities for improved the in-situ gas-phase NH₃ sensing relevant for emission source characterization and exhaled breath measurements.

The measurements of dissolved CO₂ in seawater is of great significance for the study of global carbon cycle. At present, the commercial sensors used for dissolved CO₂ measurements are mostly equipped with permeable membranes for the purpose of gas-liquid separation, with the advantages of easy operation, low cost, etc.. However, most of these devices measure CO₂ after reaching gas equilibrium, so it takes a few minutes to respond, which limited its applications in rapid measurements. In this paper, a set of prototype was developed for the rapid measurements of dissolved CO₂. The system was built basing the direct absorption TDLAS. To detect the CO₂ absorption line located at 4991.26 cm^-1 , a fiber-coupled DFB laser operating at 2004 nm was selected as the light source. A Herriott type multi-pass cavity with an effective optical path length of 10 m and an inner volume of 90 mL was used for absorption measurements. A detection limit of 26 μatm can be obtained with this compact cavity. To realize the rapid measurements of dissolved CO₂, a degasser with high degassing rate was necessary. A hollow fiber membrane with a large permeable area used in this paper can achieve degassing rate up to 2.88 kPa/min. Benefitted from the high degassing rate of the degasser and high sensitivity of the compact TDLAS system, a rapid measurement of dissolved CO₂ in water can be achieved within 1s time, and the response time of the prototype when the dissolved CO₂ concentration changed abruptly in actual measurement was 15 s. To evaluate the performance of the prototype, comparison measurements were carried out with a commercial mass spectrometer. The dissolved CO₂ in both seawater and tap-water was measured, and the experimental results showed good consistent trends with R² of 0.973 and 0.931. The experimental results proved the feasibility of dissolved CO₂ rapid measurement. In the near future, more system evaluation experiments will be carried out and the system will be further optimized focusing on the underwater in-situ detection system.

The windowing static spectrometer has the advantage of high spectral resolution and high flux. Then combined the spectrometer reconstruction processing algorithms with the new computer technology CUDA, for the large spectral data and the suitable of being processed in parallel lines. Researched the parallel algorithms and programming including the cube data access, restructuring , filtering, mirroring and FFT. The results show that, compared with the traditional spectral reconstruction algorithms, CUDA-based spectral reconstruction has been greatly speeds up the spectral reconstruction.

Hydatid disease is a serious parasitic disease in many regions worldwide, especially in Xinjiang, China. Raman spectrum of the serum of patients with echinococcosis was selected as the research object in this paper. The Raman spectrum of blood samples from healthy people and patients with echinococcosis are measured, of which the spectrum characteristics are analyzed. The fuzzy neural network not only has the ability of fuzzy logic to deal with uncertain information, but also has the ability to store knowledge of neural network, so it is combined with the Raman spectrum on the disease diagnosis problem based on Raman spectrum. Firstly, principal component analysis (PCA) is used to extract the principal components of the Raman spectrum, reducing the network input and accelerating the prediction speed and accuracy of Network based on remaining the original data. Then, the information of the extracted principal component is used as the input of the neural network, the hidden layer of the network is the generation of rules and the inference process, and the output layer of the network is fuzzy classification output. Finally, a part of samples are randomly selected for the use of training network, then the trained network is used for predicting the rest of the samples, and the predicted results are compared with general BP neural network to illustrate the feasibility and advantages of fuzzy neural network. Success in this endeavor would be helpful for the research work of spectroscopic diagnosis of disease and it can be applied in practice in many other spectral analysis technique fields.

A kind of oscillating arm type Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTS) which based on the corner cube retroreflector is presented, and its principle and properties are studied. It consists of a pair of corner cube retroreflector, beam splitter and compensator. The optical path difference(OPD) is created by oscillating reciprocating motion of the moving corner cube pair, and the OPD value is four times the physical shift value of the moving corner cube pair. Due to the basic property of corner cube retroreflector, the oscillating arm type FTS has no tilt problems. It is almost ideal for very high resolution infrared spectrometer. However, there are some factors to reduce the FTS capability. First, wavefront aberration due to the figures of these surfaces will reduce modulation of FTS system; second, corner cube retroreflector consist of three plane mirror, and orthogonal to each other. When there is a deviation from right angle, it will reduced the modulation of system; third, the apexes of corner cube retroreflector are symmetric about the surface of beam splitter, if one or both of the corner cube retroreflector is displaced laterally from its nominal position, phase of off-axis rays returning from the two arms were difference, this also contributes to loss of modulation of system. In order to solve these problems, this paper sets up a non-sequential interference model, and a small amount of oscillating arm rotation is set to realize the dynamic simulation process, the dynamic interference energy data were acquired at different times, and calculated the modulation of the FTS system. In the simulation, the influence of wedge error of beam splitter, compensator or between them were discussed; effects of oscillating arm shaft deviation from the coplanar of beam splitter was analyzed; and compensation effect of corner cube retroreflector alignment on beam splitter, oscillating arm rotary shaft alignment error is analyzed. In addition, the adjustment procedure was made according to the analysis conclusion. In the assembling process, the structure ensure the theoretical position of beam splitter and oscillating arm shaft, when necessary adjust corner cube retroreflector to compensate residual error. Finally, the actual spectrometer test results show that the simulation results guide the FTS optical alignment precisely.

Aiming at the great challenge for Computer Generated Hologram (CGH) duo to the production of high spatial-bandwidth product (SBP) is required in the real-time holographic video display systems. The paper is based on point-cloud method and it takes advantage of the propagating reversibility of Fresnel diffraction in the propagating direction and the fringe pattern of a point source, known as Gabor zone plate has spatial symmetry, so it can be used as a basis for fast calculation of diffraction field in CGH. A fast Fresnel CGH method based on the novel look-up table (N-LUT) method is proposed, the principle fringe patterns (PFPs) at the virtual plane is pre-calculated by the acceleration algorithm and be stored. Secondly, the Fresnel diffraction fringe pattern at dummy plane can be obtained. Finally, the Fresnel propagation from dummy plan to hologram plane. The simulation experiments and optical experiments based on Liquid Crystal On Silicon (LCOS) is setup to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method under the premise of ensuring the quality of 3D reconstruction，the method proposed in the paper can be applied to shorten the computational time and improve computational efficiency.

In the field of trace gas measurement, with the characteristics of high sensitivity, high selectivity and rapid detection, tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) is widely used in industrial process and trace gas pollution monitoring. Herriott cell is a common form of multiple reflections of the sample cell, the structure of the Herriott cell is relatively simple, which be used to application of trace gas absorption spectroscopy. In the pragmatic situation, the gas components are complicated, and the continuous testing process for a long time can lead to different degree of pollution and corrosion for the reflector in the sample cell. If the mirror is not cleaned up in time, it will have a great influence on the detection accuracy. In order to solve this problem in the process of harsh environment detection, this paper presents a design of the built-in sample cell to avoid the contact of gas and the mirror, thereby effectively reducing corrosion pollution. If there is optical pollution, direct replacement of the built-in optical sample cell can easily to be disassembled, and cleaned. The advantage of this design is long optical path, high precision, cost savings and so on.

Terahertz (THz) radar system, with excellent potentials such as high-resolution and strong penetration capability, is promising in the field of anti-camouflage. Camouflage net is processed by cutting the camouflage net material, which is fabricated on pre-processing substrate by depositing coatings with camouflage abilities in different bands, such as visible, infrared and radar. In this paper, we concentrate on the propagation characteristic of THz wave in camouflage net material. Firstly, function and structure of camouflage net were analyzed. Then the advantage and appliance of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) was introduced. And the relevant experiments were conducted by utilizing THz-TDS. The results obtained indicate that THz wave has better penetration capacity in camouflage net material, which demonstrates the feasibility of using THz radar to detect those targets covered with camouflage net.

Spectral imaging is a technique which enables the ability of detecting the target by un-contact measurement with both imaging and spectral feature in every pixel inside the image. In this way, spectral imaging device is able to collect more detailed information than traditional RGB camera and hence classify the objects into a more precise category. Environment surveillance is a vital step in the environment protection in the terms of advance warning, pollution area measurement, pollution identification, emergency response and response effectiveness evaluation. In this case, a measurement with a large surveillance area and the capacity of recognizing the target object will be preferred in this application especially for the country with large land area such as China. In this paper, a solution based on the miniaturized spectral imaging system is proposed and the practical experiment has been performed. The result shows that the proposed system is able to be installed in a small UAV and work in an altitude up to 1.7 km.

For mastery of infrared radiation characteristics and flow field of the special vehicle exhaust system, first, a physical model of the special vehicle exhaust system is established with the Gambit, and the mathematical model of flow field is determined. Secondly, software Fluent6.3 is used to simulated the 3-D exterior flow field of the special vehicle exhaust system, and the datum of flow field, such as temperature, pressure and density, are obtained. Thirdly, based on the plume temperature, the special vehicle exhaust space is divided. The exhaust is equivalent to a gray-body. A calculating model of the vehicle exhaust infrared radiation is established, and the exhaust infrared radiation characteristics are calculated by the software MATLAB, then the spatial distribution curves are drawn. Finally, the numerical results are analyzing, and the basic laws of the special vehicle exhaust infrared radiation are explored. The results show that with the increase of the engine speed, the temperature of the exhaust pipe wall of the special vehicle increases, and the temperature and pressure of the exhaust gas flow field increase, which leads to the enhancement of the infrared radiation intensity

For aim to find a simple multiple configuration solution and achieve higher refractive efficiency, and based on to reduce the situation disturbed by FOV change, especially in a two-dimensional spatial expansion. Coded aperture system is designed by these special structure, which includes an objective，a coded component，a prism reflex system components, a compensatory plate and an imaging lens．Correlative algorithms and perfect imaging methods are available to ensure this system can be corrected and optimized adequately. Simulation results show that the system can meet the application requirements in MTF, REA, RMS and other related criteria. Compared with the conventional design, the system has reduced in volume and weight significantly. Therefore, the determining factors are the prototype selection and the system configuration.

With the hope of applying LIBS to solid target detection in deep-sea, the influences of laser focus to sample distance (LFTSD) on the plasma characteristics were investigated using spectra-image approach with the laser energies at sub- and super- threshold irradiance of solution. The experimental results show that LFTSD is a critical parameter which can directly influence the plasma shapes, by changing the laser fluence on sample surface. The plasma is divided into two parts under pre-focus condition, while the plasma only forms at the surface of Cu target under de-focus condition. Moreover, the “seed electron” generated from Cu sample can reduce the breakdown threshold of the solution. By comparing the laser energy, it seems to be inefficient by using super-threshold energy due to the plasma shielding effect of the liquid. High quality spectra can be observed by using lower laser energy and longer gate delay (25 mJ and 1000 ns, in this work).

Digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI) can diagnose the topography evolution in real-time, continuous and non-destructive, and has been considered as a most promising technique for Plasma-Facing Components (PFCs) topography diagnostic under the complicated environment of tokamak. It is important for the study of digital speckle pattern interferometry to enhance speckle patterns and obtain the real topography of the ablated crater. In this paper, two kinds of numerical model based on flood-fill algorithm has been developed to obtain the real profile by unwrapping from the wrapped phase in speckle interference pattern, which can be calculated through four intensity images by means of 4-step phase-shifting technique. During the process of phase unwrapping by means of flood-fill algorithm, since the existence of noise pollution, and other inevitable factors will lead to poor quality of the reconstruction results, this will have an impact on the authenticity of the restored topography. The calculation of the quality parameters was introduced to obtain the quality-map from the wrapped phase map, this work presents two different methods to calculate the quality parameters. Then quality parameters are used to guide the path of flood-fill algorithm, and the pixels with good quality parameters are given priority calculation, so that the quality of speckle interference pattern reconstruction results are improved. According to the comparison between the flood-fill algorithm which is suitable for speckle pattern interferometry and the quality-guided flood-fill algorithm (with two different calculation approaches), the errors which caused by noise pollution and the discontinuous of the strips were successfully reduced.

Hyperspectral imaging sensors can acquire images in hundreds of continuous narrow spectral bands. Therefore each object presented in the image can be identified from their spectral response. However, such kind of imaging brings a huge amount of data, which requires transmission, processing, and storage resources for both airborne and space borne imaging. Due to the high volume of hyperspectral image data, the exploration of compression strategies has received a lot of attention in recent years. Compression of hyperspectral data cubes is an effective solution for these problems. Lossless compression of the hyperspectral data usually results in low compression ratio, which may not meet the available resources; on the other hand, lossy compression may give the desired ratio, but with a significant degradation effect on object identification performance of the hyperspectral data. Moreover, most hyperspectral data compression techniques exploits the similarities in spectral dimensions; which requires bands reordering or regrouping, to make use of the spectral redundancy. In this paper, we explored the spectral cross correlation between different bands, and proposed an adaptive band selection method to obtain the spectral bands which contain most of the information of the acquired hyperspectral data cube. The proposed method mainly consist three steps: First, the algorithm decomposes the original hyperspectral imagery into a series of subspaces based on the hyper correlation matrix of the hyperspectral images between different bands. And then the Wavelet-based algorithm is applied to the each subspaces. At last the PCA method is applied to the wavelet coefficients to produce the chosen number of components. The performance of the proposed method was tested by using ISODATA classification method.

A division of aperture infrared Stokes imaging polarimeter (ISIP) with optimal linear polarization measurements is presented. The focal plane array of the ISIP is divided into four independent imaging channels by a lens array, which is turned into four independent polarimetric analyzing channels by placing four linear polarizers of different orientation angles in front of each channel and a wave plate in one of the channels. An optimization method for the four polarization analyzing channels is proposed to improve measurement accuracy. For a high priority to linear polarization measurement, instead of optimization for full states of polarization components, we optimize the ISIP first for linear polarization components and then for circular polarization component. We demonstrate that the orientation angles of the polarizers are set at 0°, 60°, 90° and 120°, respectively. The optimal retardance of the wave plate is 90° with the orientation angle of 0°.

Ultraviolet warning technology is one of the important methods for missile warning. It provides a very effective way to detect the target for missile approaching alarm. With the development of modern technology, especially the development of information technology at high speed, the ultraviolet early warning system plays an increasingly important role. Compared to infrared warning, the ultraviolet warning has high efficiency and low false alarm rate. In the modern warfare, how to detect the threats earlier, prevent and reduce the attack of precision-guided missile has become a new challenge of missile warning technology. Because the ultraviolet warning technology has high environmental adaptability, the low false alarm rate, small volume and other advantages, in the military field applications it has been developed rapidly. For the ultraviolet warning system, the optimal working waveband is 250 nm ~280 nm (Solar Blind UV) due to the strong absorption of ozone layer. According to current application demands for solar blind ultraviolet detection and warning, this paper proposes ultraviolet warning optical system based on interference imaging, which covers solar blind ultraviolet (250nm-280nm) and dual field. This structure includes a primary optical system, an ultraviolet reflector array, an ultraviolet imaging system and an ultraviolet interference imaging system. It makes use of an ultraviolet beam-splitter to achieve the separation of two optical systems. According to the detector and the corresponding application needs of two visual field of the optical system, the calculation and optical system design were completed. After the design, the MTF of the two optical system is more than 0.8@39lp/mm.A single pixel energy concentration is greater than 80%.

Gas detection and identification is based on the spectral absorption peak feature, which is acquired by the spectrometer. FTIR imaging spectrometer has the advantages of high spectral resolution and good sensitivity, which are both suitable for the unknown or mixture gas identification applications, such as plume pollution monitoring, chemical agents detection and leakage detection. According to the application requirement, a dual band FTIR imaging spectrometer has been developed and verified. This FTIR imaging spectrometer combines the infrared thermal imaging sensor and Michelson interferometer to form the three dimensional data cube. Based on this instrument, the theoretical analysis and algorithm is introduced, and the numerical method is explained to illuminate the basic idea in gas identification based on spectral features. After that, the field verification test is setup and completed. Firstly, the FTIR imaging spectrometer is used to detect SF6, NH3 and the mixture gas, while the gas is exhausted out from the storage vase with a specific speed. Secondly, the instrument is delivered to the industrial area to monitor the plume emission, and analyze the components in plume. Finally, the instrument is utilized to monitoring the oil spill in ocean, and the practical maritime trial is realized. Further, the gas concentration evaluation method is discussed. Quantitative issue in gas identification is an important topic. The test results show that, based on the gas identification method introduced in this paper, FTIR imaging spectrometer can be utilized to identify the unknown gas or mixture gas in real time. The instrument will play a key role in environmental emergency and monitoring application.

The acquisition of hyperspectral image dataset of the earth from space with high accuracy of spectrum and radiation is the objective that a number of space missions dedicate to, which is critical to studying and quantifying aquatic environments, wildfires, coastal ecosystem, and atmospheric composition. In this paper, a hyperspectral imager in geostationary orbit ranging from ultraviolet to longwave infrared is proposed. Geostationary perspective has the capability to provide high temporal, spatial, and spectral resolution measurements. The optical system employed in the proposal is composed of an ultra-large aperture afocal system, three telescope subsystems, and five spectral channels with area array image detectors. The key parameters of the system are identified through analyzing and optimizing of system architecture and specification.