This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 10619, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and Conference Committee listing.

We apply balanced detection to self-mixing interferometry for displacement and vibration measurement, using two photodiodes for implementing a differential acquisition. The method is based on the phase opposition of the self-mixing signal measured between the two laser diode facet outputs. The balanced signal obtained by enlarging the self-mixing signal, also by canceling of the common-due noises mainly due to disturbances on laser supply and transimpedance amplifier. Experimental results demonstrate the signal-to-noise ratio significantly improves, with almost twice signals enhancement and more than half noise decreasing. This method allows for more robust, longer-distance measurement systems, especially using fringe-counting.

We report self-starting femtosecond operation of a 127-MHz SESAM mode locked Cr:ZnSe laser around 2420 nm. A thulium doped double clad fiber laser at 1908 nm was used as the pumping source. In the normal dispersion regime, stable pulse pairs with constant phase differences in the multipulse regime were observed. The maximum output power was 342 mW with respect to incident pump power of 4.8 W and the corresponding slope efficiency was 10.4%. By inserting a piece of sapphire plate, dispersion compensation was achieved and the intra-cavity dispersion was moved to the anomalous regime. A maximum output power of 403 mW was obtained and the corresponding slope efficiency was 12.2%. Pulse width was measured to be 408 fs by a collinear autocorrelator using two-photon absorption in an InGaAs photodiode. The laser spectrum in multipulse operation showed a clear periodic modulation.

In the recent years, lasers around 1.6 μm are attracted much attention since their wavelengths fit the atmospheric transmission window and can be used for applications in a range of fields including laser radar, gas sensing, and free-space communications. As one of the lasing wavelengths of an Er:YAG medium is just located in the 1.6 μm region, such a laser has been gaining more and more extensive applications in the near infrared. Until now, rare literatures have been found in the MOPA (Master Oscillator Power Amplifier) study of a 1.617 μm Er:YAG laser because the effect of upconversion will become greater while a higher doping concentration is adopted. In this study, we theoretically analyze the amplification features of a 1.617 μm Er:YAG seed laser by using a multiple MOPA configuration. In the simulation, a kinetic model is established to investigate how the doping concentration, crystal length, and pump power affect the amplification efficiency of a seed laser. The results would be helpful to construct a feasible 1.617 μm laser system.

In this paper, we build a theoretical model to study a continues-wave (CW) Ho³⁺:BaY₂F₈ laser by considering both energy transfer up-conversion (ETU) and cross relaxation (CR) processes. The influences of the pump power, reflectance of an output coupler (OC), and crystal length on the output features are systematically analyzed for an end-pumped configuration, respectively. We also investigate how the processes of ETU and CR in the energy-level system affect the output of a Ho³⁺:BaY₂F₈ laser by use of the kinetic evaluation. The simulation results show that the optical-to-optical efficiency can be promoted by adjusting the parameters such as the reflectance of an output coupler, crystal length, and pump power. It has been theoretically demonstrated that the threshold of a Ho³⁺:BaY₂F₈ laser is very high for the lasing operation in a CW mode.

A new method for combining Finite Element Method (FEM) thermal analysis and thermo-mechanical coupling method for calculating the thermal lensing values in diode end-pumped Er:YAG lasers is proposed. A finite-element model is used to simulate the thermal effects in different Er:YAG crystals with pumping scenarios. The influences of pump powers, crystal absorption coefficients and crystal sizes on the Er:YAG thermal effects are discussed, and the relationship between the thermal effects and thermal lensing effects is analysed. A thermo-mechanical coupling model is also constituted for finite-element analysis based on the above results, and the focal length of the Er:YAG crystal with different pump powers are obtained by using this thermo-mechanical coupling model. The predicted thermal lensing values are compared with experimental results, which agree well with the simulated results.

We demonstrated an all-fiber single-frequency DBR master oscillator and power amplifier at 1992.6 nm. The maximum output power of the fiber amplifier was 100 W with a slope efficiency of 53% and the optical signal-to-noise ratio was about 50dB. The linewidth was less than 66 kHz and the beam quality factor M² was 1.22 at the maximum output power. The RINs of the seed and the power amplifier were measured to be -120 dB/Hz and -102 dB/Hz at the relaxation oscillation frequency, respectively.

In this letter we have demonstrated, an all-fiber Ho-doped fiber laser working on the noise-like pulse regime based on nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR). The 18.3 nm spectral bandwidth was obtained at the central wavelength of 2133 nm, with the maximum output power of 68.6 mW. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first Ho-doped fiber laser working in noise-like pulse regime. The evolvement among different pulse regimes was also investigated in this experiment.

Coherent dual-frequency Lidar (CDFL) is a new development of Lidar which dramatically enhances the ability to decrease the influence of atmospheric interference by using dual-frequency laser to measure the range and velocity with high precision. Based on the nature of CDFL signals, we propose to apply the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm in place of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to estimate the phase differences in dual-frequency Lidar. In the presence of Gaussian white noise, the simulation results show that the signal peaks are more evident when using MUSIC algorithm instead of FFT in condition of low signal-noise-ratio (SNR), which helps to improve the precision of detection on range and velocity, especially for the long distance measurement systems.

Random distributed feedback fiber lasers (RDFFL) are now attracting more and more attentions for their unique cavity-free, mode-free and structural simplicity features and broadband application potentials in many fields, such as long distance sensing, speck free imaging, nonlinear frequency conversion as well as new pump source. In this talk, we will review the recent research progresses on high power RDFFLs. We have achieved (1) More than 400 W RDFFL with nearly Gaussian beam profile based on crucial employment of fiber mismatching architecture. (2) High power RDFFL with specialized optical property that include: high power narrow-band RDFFL, hundred-watt level linearly-polarized RDFFL, hundred-watt level high-order RDFFL. (3) Power enhancements of RDFFL to record kilowatt level are demonstrated with the aid of fiber master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) with different pump schemes.

Although magnesium and magnesium alloys are considered biocompatible and biodegradable, insufficient biocompatibility in body fluid environment is still the major drawback of magnesium alloys for their successful applications as biodegradable orthopaedic implants. In this work, magnesium alloy surface with both enhanced corrosion resistance and better cell adhesion property was directly fabricated by laser surface processing. Laser surface melting was used to improve corrosion resistance of Mg-6Gd-0.6Ca alloy. After laser surface melting, laser surface texturing was utilized on melted surface for better cell adhesion property. The corrosion resistance of laser-treated and as-received samples were evaluated using electrochemical technique. The effect of laser surface treatment on phase and microstructure evolution was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. This work investigated the effect of laser treatment on cell distribution across the surface of magnesium alloy substrates. Osteoblast was cultured on the laser-treated surface and as-received surface. Cell morphology was observed with a scanning electron microscopy, and cell viability was evaluated by optical density measurement.

We propose a new method to investigate fast wavelength switching, which consists of control circuit, driving circuit and 8-channel DFB laser array using reconstruction-equivalent-chirp technique. The control circuit is in charge of selecting required lasers to switch wavelength, the driving circuit supply adjustable and stable direct current to the DFB laser arrays. Experimental results show that wavelength switching time of 8 channels is about 500ns and stability of laser output is promised.

Frequency swept laser sources have various applications, such as LIDAR, spectroscopy, sensing. We demonstrate a 1.5-μm frequency-sweepable single frequency fiber laser in this work. By modulating the intensity of the pump, photo-induced refractive index change occurs in the gain fiber and the free spectral range of the laser is improved. As a result, the frequency sweeping can be realized. The DBR structure is employed to ensure the single-frequency operation. The central wavelength and the maximum sweeping range is measured to be 1550.25nm and 800MHz, respectively. A repetition rate up to 1kHz with an average output power of 0.6mw is realized.

We demonstrated an all-fiber-integrated linearly-polarized picosecond ytterbium-doped master-oscillator power-amplifier system, which yielded 225-W of average output power and the corresponding slope efficiency is 70.5%. The seed source was a compact passively mode-locked polarization-maintaining ytterbium-doped all-fiber oscillator with a pulse duration of 80-ps at 58.2-MHz repetition rate. In combination with two pre-amplifiers and a large-mode-area polarization-maintaining ytterbium-doped all-fiber master amplifier, output pulse energy up to 3.8-μJ with 48.3-kW pulse peak power was obtained without the need of complex free-space coupling and output setups. The polarization extinction ratio were measured to be 14.5 dB and the beam quality M² factors was less than 1.49 in the both orthogonal directions at maximum output power.

Single-frequency fiber laser has attracted a lot of interest in recent years due to its numerous application potentials in telecommunications, LIDAR, high resolution sensing, atom frequency standard, etc. Phosphate glass fiber is one of the candidates for building compact high gain fiber lasers because of its capability of high-concentration of rare-earth ions doping in fiber core. Nevertheless, it is challenging for the integration of UV-written intra-core fiber Bragg gratings into the fiber laser cavity due to the low photosensitivity of phosphate glass fiber. The research presented in this paper will focus on demonstration of UV-written Bragg gratings in phosphate glass fiber and its application in direct-written short monolithic single-frequency fiber lasers. Strong π-phase shift Bragg grating structure is direct-inscribed into the Er/Yb co-doped gain fiber using an excimer laser, and a 5-cm-long phase mask is used to inscribe a laser cavity into the Er/Yb co-doped phosphate glass fibers. The phase mask is a uniform mask with a 50 μm gap in the middle. The fiber laser device emits output power of 10.44 mW with a slope efficiency of 21.5% and the threshold power is about 42.8 mW. Single-longitudinal mode operation is validated by radio frequency spectrum measurement. Moreover, the output spectrum at the highest power shows an excellent optical signal to noise ratio of about 70 dB. These results, to the best of our knowledge, show the lowest power threshold and highest efficiency among the reports that using the same structure to achieve single-longitudinal mode laser output.

2kW single-mode fiber laser with two cascade home-made cladding light strippers (CLSs) by employing bidirectionalpump scheme has been demonstrated. 2.009 kW signal power is obtained when pump power is 2.63 kW and the slope efficiency is 76.6%. Raman Stokes light is less than -47 dB at 2.009 kW even with a 10-m delivery fiber with core/inner cladding diameter of 20/400um. The beam quality M2≤1.2 and the spectral FWHM bandwidth is 4.34nm. There is no transverse mode instability and the output power stability of ±0.14% is achieved by special thermal management for a more uniform temperature distribution on the Yb-doped gain fiber.

An Er:YAG triangular ring laser resonantly pumped by a 1470 nm laser diode was reported. 7.28 W continuous-wave output power at 1645 nm was obtained by using a triangular ring resonator. In the Q-switched mode, the Er:YAG laser generated pulse energies from 6.05 mJ to 16.6 mJ at 1645 nm when pulse repetition rates change from 1 kHz to 200 Hz. By inserting an etalon into the resonator, the Er:YAG laser yielded Q-switched energies from 1.714 mJ to 5.1 mJ at 1617 nm when pulse repetition rates change from 1 kHz to 200 Hz.

We designed and experimentally studied a sampled Bragg grating semiconductor laser with π equivalent phase shift (EPS) and three equally separated electrodes. When the central electrode is injected different current from the other electrodes, a distributed phase shift (DPS) can be introduced into the studied laser. By changing the injection current ratio into three electrodes, the DPS can be controlled and then the lasing wavelength can be tuned while the laser keeps single longitudinal mode operation.

The mathematical relation between the beam quality β factor of high-energy laser and the wavefront aberration of laser beam is important in beam quality control theory of the high-energy laser weapon system. In order to obtain this mathematical relation, numerical simulation is used in the research. Firstly, the Zernike representations of typically distorted atmospheric wavefront aberrations caused by the Kolmogoroff turbulence are generated. And then, the corresponding beam quality β factors of the different distorted wavefronts are calculated numerically through fast Fourier transform. Thus, the statistical distribution rule between the beam quality β factors of high-energy laser and the wavefront aberrations of the beam can be established by the calculated results. Finally, curve fitting method is chosen to establish the mathematical fitting relationship of these two parameters. And the result of the curve fitting shows that there is a quadratic curve relation between the beam quality β factor of high-energy laser and the wavefront aberration of laser beam. And in this paper, 3 fitting curves, in which the wavefront aberrations are consisted of Zernike Polynomials of 20, 36, 60 orders individually, are established to express the relationship between the beam quality β factor and atmospheric wavefront aberrations with different spatial frequency.

In order to exactly predict the continuous laser direct writing quality in Polar-coordinate, we take into consideration the effect of the photoresist absorbing beam energy, the Gaussian attribute of the writing beam and the dynamic exposure process, and establish a dynamic exposure model to describe the influence of the tangential velocity of the normal incident facular center and laser power on the line width and sidewall angle. Numerical simulation results indicate that while writing velocity remains unchanged, the line width and sidewall angle are all increased as the laser power increases; while laser power remains unchanged, the line width and sidewall angle are all decreased as the writing velocity increases; at the same time the line profile in the exposure section is asymmetry and the center of the line has tiny excursion toward the Polar-coordinate origin compared with the facular center. Then it is necessary to choose the right writing velocity and laser power to obtain the ideal line profile. The model makes up the shortcomings of traditional models that can only predict line width or estimate the profile of the writing line in the absence of photoresist absorption, and can be considered as an effect analysis method for optimizing the parameters of fabrication technique of laser direct writing.

The absolute measurement technique for atmospheric temperature can avoid the calibration process and improve the measurement accuracy. To achieve the rotational Raman temperature lidar of absolute measurement, the two-stage parallel multi-channel spectroscopic filter combined a first-order blazed grating with a fiber Bragg grating is designed and its performance is tested. The parameters and the optical path structure of the core cascaded-device (micron-level fiber array) are optimized, the optical path of the primary spectroscope is simulated and the maximum centrifugal distortion of the rotational Raman spectrum is approximately 0.0031 nm, the centrifugal ratio of 0.69%. The experimental results show that the channel coefficients of the primary spectroscope are 0.67, 0.91, 0.67, 0.75, 0.82, 0.63, 0.87, 0.97, 0.89, 0.87 and 1 by using the twelfth channel as a reference and the average FWHM is about 0.44 nm. The maximum deviation between the experimental wavelength and the theoretical value is approximately 0.0398 nm, with the deviation degree of 8.86%. The effective suppression to elastic scattering signal are 30.6, 35.2, 37.1, 38.4, 36.8, 38.2, 41.0, 44.3, 44.0, 46.7 dB. That means, combined with the second spectroscope, the suppression at least is up to 65 dB. Therefore we can fine extract single rotational Raman line to achieve the absolute measurement technique.

A compact external cavity fiber laser has been proposed by using a silver diaphragm as the end-coupled cavity of Distributed Bragg Reflector. In this paper, structure and performance of the optimized all-fiber laser with external cavity is in good agreement with the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Meanwhile, experimental results demonstrate that the external cavity laser based on Distributed Bragg Reflector fiber laser could reduce threshold pump power from 25.6mW to 24.0mW and narrow the linewidth from 28.3kHz to 16.4kHz.

Different doped silicon substrates have different device applications and have been used to fabricate solar panels and large scale integrated circuits. The thermal transport in silicon substrates are dominated by lattice vibrations, doping type, and doping concentration. In this paper, a variable-temperature Raman spectroscopic system is applied to record the frequency and linewidth changes of the silicon peak at 520 cm^-1 in five chips of silicon substrate with different doping concentration of phosphorus and boron at the 83K to 1473K temperature range. The doping has better heat sensitive to temperature on the frequency shift over the low temperature range from 83K to 300K but on FWHM in high temperature range from 300K to 1473K. The results will be helpful for fundamental study and practical applications of silicon substrates.

This paper uses the BP neural network and grey algorithm to forecast and study radar wind field. In order to reduce the residual error in the wind field prediction which uses BP neural network and grey algorithm, calculating the minimum value of residual error function, adopting the residuals of the gray algorithm trained by BP neural network, using the trained network model to forecast the residual sequence, using the predicted residual error sequence to modify the forecast sequence of the grey algorithm. The test data show that using the grey algorithm modified by BP neural network can effectively reduce the residual value and improve the prediction precision.

A practical femtosecond polarization-maintaining Yb-doped fiber amplifier enabling 153 fs transform-limited pulse duration with 32 μJ pulse energy at 1 MHz repetition rate corresponding to a peak power of 0.21 GW is demonstrated. The laser system based on chirped-pulse amplification (CPA) technique is seeded by a dispersion managed, nonlinear polarization evolution (NPE) mode-locked oscillator with spectrum bandwidth of 31 nm at 1040 nm and amplified by three fiber pre-amplifying stages and a rod type fiber main amplifying stage. The laser works with beam quality of M² of 1.3 and power stability of ∼0.63% (root mean square, RMS) over 24 hours will be stable sources for industrial micromachining, medical therapy and scientific research.

A passively Q-switched mode locking operation was first realized in a Tm, Ho:LLF laser by using a reflection-type MoS₂ saturable absorber. When the absorption pump power is greater than 1.1W, a stable Q-switched mode locking operation was achieved, corresponding to a 100MHz of the mode-locked frequency. The modulation depth in Q-switching envelopes is close to 100%. The results show that the reflection-type MoS₂ can be used as the absorber material for 2μm all solid state lasers.

The increase of the numbers of laser channel is beneficial to the improvement of laser communication capacity, and a three-longitudinal-mode Nd:YAG laser with a central wavelength of 1.06 μm is studied. The three-longitudinal-mode continuous-wave(CW) laser output is obtained in 808nm LD-pumped 2.4mm Nd: YAG thin disk with a slope efficiency of 11.65% at 20°, the output power of the CW laser is 11.9mW when the power of the pumping is 365mW, and the frequency spacing is 35.4GHz.The maximum output power of 60.3mW is obtained under the 801mW pumped power. The longitudinal mode gain competition is verified in the experiment and the three-longitudinal-mode laser can maintain a stable output when the pumped power reaches 667mW. With the pump power increases, the frequency of laser output power increases, also accompanied by the phenomenon of frequency drift.

Lidars have a wide range of applications in military detection and civilian remote sensing. Coherent Dual-Frequency Lidar (CDFL) is a new concept of laser radar that is using electrical coherence instead of optical coherence. It uses laser with two coherent frequency components as transmitting wave. The method is based on the use of an optically-carried radio frequency (RF) signal, which is the frequency difference between the two components, which is specially designed for distance and speed measurements. It not only ensures the system has the characteristics of high spatial resolution, high ranging and velocity precision of laser radar, but also can use mature signal processing technology of microwave radar, and it is a research direction that attracts more concern in recent years.

A CDFL detection system is constructed and field experiment is carried out. In the system, a narrow linewidth fiber laser with a wavelength of 1064nm is adopted. The dual-frequency laser with frequency difference of 200MHz and 200.6MHz is obtained by acousto-optic frequency shift and recombination. The maximum output power of dual frequency laser is 200mW. The receiver consists of all-fiber balanced InGaAs photo-detector and homemade analog signal processing board. The experimental results show that the distance resolution and velocity resolution of the system are 0.1m and 0.1m/s separately when the working distance is greater than 200m, and the spatial resolution is 0.5mrad.

The laterally coupled DFB-LD shows unique advantages to achieve single longitudinal mode LD, which has attracted the attention of researchers both at home and abroad in recent years. The laterally coupled DFB-LD can not only effectively solve wavelength stability problem of a LD, but also can realize high performance devices owing to its easy preparation technology. It is of great importance to the development of small, efficient and low-cost wavelength locked semiconductor lasers. In this paper, we analyzed laterally coupled DFB-LD in terms of its structural characteristics, operating mechanism, and output characteristics. As the grating position is different from that of the traditional Bragg grating, different fabrication means are explored and compared. Therefore, its progress over the world is reviewed, and its wide applications are forecasted.

This article shows a dual-frequency OPO with multi-grating (28.5-31.5 μm) periodically poled MgO:LiNbO₃ (MgO:PPLN) pumped by a dual-frequency continuous wave at 1.064 μm. The wavelengths of idler and signal varying versus temperature at different periods of inverted domains were numerical simulated. It proves that as the temperature rises, or as the poling period increases, the idler wavelength shortens and signal wavelength lengthens. The pump is a 30 W dual-frequency fiber laser MOPA with beat note frequency varying from 125 MHz to 175 MHz. The pump threshold of the bow-tie ring cavity OPO was 3 W. An average dual-frequency idler output power of 2.6 W was obtained when the pump power was 17.2 W at 45 °C. The idler wavelength was 3.4 μm when the poling period was 30.5 μm. The idler wavelength could be tuned from 2.9 μm to 3.9 μm by changing the temperature and the poling period, and the beat note frequency was proved to be equal to that of the pump.

This paper designed a circle-shaped Fresnel lens with large aperture as part of the solar pumped laser design project. The Fresnel lens designed in this paper simulate in size 1000mm×1000mm, focus length 1200mm and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) material in order to conduct high convergence efficiency. In the light of design requirement of concentric ring with same width of 0.3mm, this paper proposed an optimized Fresnel lens design based on previous sphere design and conduct light tracing simulation in Matlab. This paper also analyzed the effect of light spot size, light intensity distribution, optical efficiency under four conditions, monochromatic parallel light, parallel spectrum light, divergent monochromatic light and sunlight. Design by 550nm wavelength and under the condition of Fresnel reflection, the results indicated that the designed lens could convergent sunlight in diffraction limit of 11.8mm with a 78.7% optical efficiency, better than the sphere cutting design results of 30.4%.

A diode-pumped alkali laser (DPAL) has been regarded as one of the most potential candidates to achieve high power performances of next generation. In this paper, we investigate the physical properties of a rubidium cell side-pumped by a Laser-Diode-Array (LDA) in this study. As the saturated concentration of a gain medium inside a vapor cell is extremely sensitive to the temperature, the populations of every energy-level of the atomic alkali are strongly relying on the vapor temperature. Thus, the absorption characteristics of a DPAL are mainly dominated by the temperature distribution. In this paper, the temperature, absorption, and lasing distributions in the cross-section of a rubidium cell side-pumped by a LDA are obtained by means of a complicated mathematic procedure. Based on the original end-pumped mode we constructed before, a novel one-direction side-pumped theoretical mode has been established to explore the distribution properties in the transverse section of a rubidium vapor cell by combining the procedures of heat transfer and laser kinetics together. It has been thought the results might be helpful for design of a side-pumped configuration in a high-powered DPAL.

Coherent Doppler wind lidars (CDWL) are widely used in aerospace, atmospheric monitoring and other fields. The parameters of laser source such as the wavelength, pulse energy, pulse duration and pulse repetition rate (PRR) have significant influences on the detection performance of wind lidar. We established a simulation model which takes into account the effects of atmospheric transmission, backscatter, atmospheric turbulence and parameters of laser source. The maximum detection range is also calculated under the condition that the velocity estimation accuracy is 0.1 m/s by using this model. We analyzed the differences of the detection performance between two operation systems, which show the high pulse energy-low pulse repetition rate (HPE-LPRR) and low pulse energy-high repetition rate (LPE-HPRR), respectively. We proved our simulation model reliable by using the parameters of two commercial lidar products. This research has important theoretical and practical values for the design of eye-safe coherent Doppler wind lidar.

The study of interaction of laser with tumor-embedded gastric tissue is of great theoretical and practical significance for the laser diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer in medicine. A finite element (FE)-based simulation model has been developed incorporating light propagation and heat transfer in soft tissues using a commercial FE simulation package, COMSOL Multiphysics. In this study, FE model is composed of three parts of 1) homogeneous background soft tissues submerged in water, 2) tumor tissue inclusion, and 3) different wavelengths of short pulsed laser source (450nm, 550nm, 632nm and 800nm). The laser point source is placed right under the tissues submerged in water. This laser source light propagation through the multi-layer tissues using the diffusion equation and bioheat transfer in tissues is simulated using bioheat equation for temperature change. The simulation results show that the penetration depth and light energy distribution mainly depend on the optical parameters of the different wavelengths of the tissue. In the process of biological heat transfer, the temperature of the tissue decreases exponentially with the depth and the deep tissues are almost unaffected. The results are helpful to optimize the laser source in a photoacoustic imaging system and provide some significance for the further study of the early diagnosis of gastric cancer.

Super-continuum Generation is demonstrated in air-holes silica photonic crystal fiber using soliton pulse. Fiber nonlinearity is investigated according to ratio between d and Λ. Third-order dispersion is investigated on suppression of soliton splitting.

A 978 nm single mode passively mode-locked all-fiber laser delivering square-wave pulses was demonstrated using a figure-8 cavity and a 75 cm commercial double-clad ytterbium-doped fiber. We found the three-level system near 978 nm was able to operate efficiently under clad pumping, simultaneously oscillation around 1030 nm well inhibited. The optimized nonlinear amplifying loop mirror made the mode locking stable and performed the square-pulses shaping. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time to report the square-wave pulse fiber laser operating at 980 nm. The spectral width of the 978 mode-locked square pulses was about 4 nm, far greater than that of the mode-locked square pulses around 1060 nm reported before, which would be helpful to deeply understand the various square-wave pulses’ natures and forming mechanisms. Compared with modulated single-mode or multimode 980 nm LDs, this kind of 980 nm square-wave sources having higher brightness, more steeper rising and falling edge and shorter pulse width, might have potential applications in pumping nanosecond ytterbium or erbium fiber lasers and amplifiers.

With the split-step-Fourier-transform method for solving the nonlinear paraxial wave equation, the intensity distribution of the light field when the pits diameter or depth change is obtained by using numerical simulation, include the intensity distribution inside optical element, the beam near-field, the different distances behind the element and the beam far-field. Results show that with the increase of pits diameter or depth, the light field peak intensity and the contrast inside of element corresponding enhancement. The contrast of the intensity distribution of the rear surface of the element will increase slightly. The peak intensity produced by a specific location element downstream of thermal effect will continue to increase, the damage probability in optics placed here is greatly increased. For the intensity distribution of the far-field, increase the pitting diameter or depth will cause the focal spot intensity distribution changes, and the energy of the spectrum center region increase constantly. This work provide a basis for quantitative design and inspection for pitting defects, which provides a reference for the design of optical path arrangement.