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Generation of spin current is critical to develop technologies based on the current induced control of magnetization via spin orbit torques. The spin Hall effect and the Rashba-Edelstien effect convert charge current to spin current: the size of spin current in some systems is sufficiently large to enable magnetization control of nearby magnetic layers. We have studied various spin conversion processes in heterostructures with large spin orbit coupling. To characterize the magnitude of spin current, transport and voltage measurements are used. We show results of the charge-spin and heat-spin conversion processes in Pt/Co bilayers and multilayers, in which an anomalously large spin Hall magnetoresistance is found. Light-spin conversion, which emerge in structures with spin-split bands, are studied in similar heterostructures.
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