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Optical camouflage painting, as a basic measure against optical reconnaissance and optical sighting weapon attack, is a general method of optical camouflage of small vessels. By utilizing this method, we can design the camouflage pattern according to basic features of vessel background, paint the camouflage pattern to equipment target surface with camouflage coating, and imitate the natural background or the outline of segmentation targets in color and texture, thus reducing the exposure signs of equipment targets. Due to the fact that most of existing qualitative evaluations on camouflage effectiveness are quantitative evaluation or evaluation based on experts' judgment, this paper put forward a new evaluation method of optical camouflage effectiveness of marine target based on target identification probability and similarity between the target and the background, carried out practical measurement test on optical camouflage effectiveness of marine targets, and calculated quantitative camouflage evaluation results of 50 collected images according to actual contribution of feature indexes. A mathematic relation model of optical identification probability and similarity of marine targets was built after comparison with manual interpretation results of identification probability. The results indicate that: the higher the similarity, the lower the identification probability. If the target and background are totally different, the corresponding target identification probability is 1, which indicates that the lower the similarity, the more the exposure features of the target, and the easier the target to be detected; if the target and background are similar, the corresponding target identification probability is 0, which indicates that the higher the similarity, the less the exposure features of the target, and the more difficult the target to be detected.
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