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Existing preparation methods of reference samples, such as drop-and-dry (drop casting) methods, present a range of variability and reproducibility issues, including inhomogeneous sample coverage and material waste. Especially for the preparation of samples for optical stand-off technologies the drop-on-demand and inkjet printing technology could be a promising method of producing standardized chemically contaminated test materials with high accuracy, precision, scalability, and flexibility to allow for the inexpensive, high-throughput production. Test samples with contaminations ranging from nanogrammes to microgrammes have been prepared and analysed over several weeks of storage. The influence of plot parameters on the morphology and durability of printed samples of various common explosives have been investigated on different substrates. HPLC measurements were made to quantitatively evaluate the durability of printed samples. The morphology of the test samples was additionally characterized by optical microscopy and confocal Raman-microscopy. Besides the occurrence of polymorphic phase changes, described in literature for low concentrated drop-on-demand samples of RDX, we observed changes in sample distribution by recrystallization of some explosives in the printed samples. This paper focuses on the optimization of methods for the preparation of test samples and on the analysis especially concerning the effect of polymorphic phase changes caused by inkjet printing of samples. |
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CITATIONS
Cited by 2 scholarly publications.
Printing
Explosives
Inkjet technology
Standards development
Particles
Explosives detection
Statistical analysis
