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We studied the use of vibrationally resonant, third-order sum-frequency generation (TSFG) for imaging of biological samples. We found that laser-scanning TSFG provides vibrationally sensitive imaging capabilities of lipid droplets and structures in sectioned tissue samples. Although the contrast is based on the infrared-activity of molecular modes, TSFG images exhibit a high lateral resolution of 0.5 μm or better. We observed that the imaging properties of TSFG resemble the imaging properties of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy, offering a nonlinear infrared alternative to coherent Raman methods. TSFG microscopy holds promise as a high-resolution imaging technique in the fingerprint region where coherent Raman techniques often provide insufficient sensitivity.
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Eric O. Potma, Adam M. Hanninen, Richard C. Prince, "High-resolution IR-based imaging with third-order sum-frequency generation microscopy (Conference Presentation)," Proc. SPIE 11122, Ultrafast Nonlinear Imaging and Spectroscopy VII, 111220I (9 September 2019); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2530523