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Recently, we have developed Image Scanning Microscopy (ISM) that doubles the resolution of a conventional confocal microscope by replacing the confocal pinhole with an imaging detector. Here, we describe theory and realization of a new fully optical non-linear ISM suitable for two-photon excited fluorescence and second-harmonic generation. It provides excellent sensitivity and high frame-rate in combination with two-times improved lateral resolution compared to a conventional two-photon laser-scanning microscope. We demonstrate the performance using fixed and living specimen, as well as hydrogels. The modular design allows straight-forward implementation into existing microscopes.
We also present a cost-efficient FLIM-ISM detector providing super-resolved fluorescence lifetime images using two-photon excitation and can be implemented into any confocal microscope.
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