This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 11442 including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and Conference Committee listing.

Detection of laser radiation by the warning system may indicate an attempt to track by a certain type of weaponry. Obtaining information about this intention increases the chances of the protected vehicle surviving on the battlefield. Depending on the type of threat and the equipment of the protected vehicle, various defense scenarios can be implemented, e.g. placing a smokescreen, maneuver to avoid hitting. Information about location the source of laser radiation can be automatically transferred to the weapon system and to convey this information through the battlefield management system to other platforms nearby. This information can be used by these platforms to locate and neutralize the source of danger. The warning system to fulfill its functions, it must detect the sources of laser radiation and should be resistant to optical interference. Considering the characteristics of the laser beam and the propagation of laser radiation in the atmosphere, the sensors of the warning system should work in the optical spectrum defined by laser sources, compensate for the signal dynamics resulting from the variable power of the sources and the distance between the radiation source and the warning system. The warning system as an element of the optoelectronic surveillance system should be equipped with a database of signatures of optical signals occurring on the battlefield (laser sources and interferences). Systems on the protected platform should be integrated to ensure aggregation obtained information and, in this way, improve the probability of threat detection and reduce false alarm probability.

We present a concept of software modification of three-dimensional (3D) radar systems, designed to work in the low pulse repetition frequency mode, that equips them with the ability to estimate the radial velocity and to properly measure the range of targets that are detected outside the radar’s instrumented range. Despite the fact that the proposed modifications are designed so as to require only minor changes in software, they offer significant growth in the system capabilities. The modified system may potentially work in the medium pulse repetition frequency mode as a so-called four-dimensional (4D) system. The proposed Doppler velocity estimation algorithm is presented in details as well.

End-to-End Mission Performance Simulators for Earth Observation missions are one of the prominent tools for system design and scientific validation in early mission phases. The European Space Agency has promoted efforts to exploit synergies between activities and reduce engineering costs in mission planning. The main goal of the BIBLOS project is to provide a library of software units called “Building Blocks”, or simply “Blocks”. These blocks could then be integrated into modules, following the reference architecture developed in the frame of the ARCHEO-E2E project, in order to build an End-to-End Simulator in an efficient manner. The first stage of BIBLOS project, referred to as EOMODEL (or BIBLOS-1) and, focused on Passive Optical instruments, was successfully finished (in April 2016) with the geometry, scene generation and instrument modelling of optical imagers, which are one of the most frequent types of passive optical instrument on Earth Observation satellites. BIBLOS-2, which is the second stage of the BIBLOS project, is a currently finished activity with the purpose of expanding the BIBLOS library to include Passive Microwaves instruments and Active Microwaves instruments. Additionally, as part of a continuous improvement process, this second stage of BIBLOS has also updated some of the most computational performance intensive blocks for Passive Optical instruments with parallel implementation for Graphic Processing Units. For BIBLOS-2, the Sentinel-1 and MicroWave Imager (MWI) instruments have been selected to develop the building blocks for Active Microwaves and Passive Microwaves instruments respectively. During the BIBLOS-2 stage the full simulation chain has been developed for Passive Microwave, starting from the Geometry Module, through Scene Generation and Instrument Modules and ending at Level 1 Processing Module. For Active Microwave Instruments this stage of the BIBLOS activity is focused on the Geometry Module and the Performance Evaluation Module only. Special efforts are devoted to adapt the Geometry Module for monostatic, bistatic and multistatic missions in various configurations and with different a number of microwave instruments. In addition, the Performance Evaluation Module is in charge of evaluating the performance figures and providing plots, such as diamond diagram, ambiguity area and ratios, Noise Equivalent Sigma Zero and antenna radiation patterns. This paper presents the work successfully carried out during the BIBLOS-2 stage, currently performed by GMV under ESA contract.

A software extension for radar stations designed to work in the low-PRF mode that allows them to correctly measure range to targets outside of their instrumented range, is proposed. The solution does not require substantial modifications of the radar software. Additionally, we describe tools that allow one to simulate the output of a low-PRF radar observing targets that are outside its instrumented range. The proposed approach is verified using computer simulations.

Radar target tracking can be presented as combination of track filtering and association algorithm, where association problem is to determine validity of observation-to-track pairing. Track represents single real object build as set of observations connected together using association process. To eliminate unlikely observation-to-track pairings association algorithms employ gating techniques. Using track filtering results, a gate is formed, as a constricted space around tracked object predicted position. This space is called tracking gate and all observation that fall within the gate are considered for the track update. In this paper analysis of tracking gate shape and behaviour is investigated, with association gates build using Kalman filtering and Mahalanobis distance as a metric. Results are presented as graphical spatial imaging of tracking gates, for simulated tracking data considering different manoeuvring scenarios and tracking filter parametrisation.

The paper presents the concept of using devices creating active interference characterized by a relatively low cost of implementation and that can provide, despite the low output power, an effect comparable to that obtained using expensive high power devices. Due to the fact that modern radars have many mechanisms that increase their tolerance to interference, including active ones, in this paper was proposed use for this purpose synchronized sources of interference, generating signals in specific frequency bands, corresponding to the frequency of the device being interrupted. Taking into account the above and remembering the limitations of currently known and used solutions (e.g. noise sources or digitally controlled), the article focuses on the concept of creating dedicated spatial interference using miniature microwave oscillators, synchronized by received signal from the device being interrupted.

The megawatt pulsed power magnetron operating in the L-band was designed based on magnetrons produced in the past at Kubara Lamina. Unlike its predecessors, it is characterized by much higher operating parameters: supply voltage and anode current, which translates into an increase in the obtained output power. The magnetron was designed using software for numerical simulations of the interaction of an electric charge with an alternating electromagnetic field (Particle in Cell - PiC). Aspects such as microwave matching of individual components of the device and thermal resistance of the entire system, including the appropriate type of cooling, have also been subjected to numerical analysis. In order to obtain the proper parameters of power supply of the tube, a dedicated impulse modulator powered by supercapacitors was build. The modifications allowed to obtain a power signal with a sharp and stable edge and a pulse length of the length of single microseconds. Obtaining the optimal power source had a key impact on the tube’s operation. The measurements of tube output power in the waveguide system with dummy load were carried out, during which the output power of the megawatts range was obtained. This magnetron is a tube with the highest output power among the microwave tubes ever designed in the Kubara Lamina Company and probably throughout Poland.

The microwave frequency discriminators (MFD) are important part of instantaneous frequency measurement (IFM) receivers. There are known, so-called, single function discriminators (SFMFD) and quadrature discriminators (QMFD). The QMFDs have a more complicated structure but enable achieve, in comparable conditions, a higher frequency measurement resolution. Directional couplers, among other elements, are used for MFD construction. The couplers based on coupled lines provide wide operation frequency band but their fabrication requires more complicated technology. The new structure of quadrature microwave frequency discriminator based on two single-step power dividers and two rat-race 3 dB couplers is proposed in the paper. The correlator of the QMFD was designed and fabricated onto single printed circuit board (PCB). The input port connector and connectors for output microwave detectors were mounted in such way to avoid crossings of the transmission lines on PCB. The middle part of the made discriminator’s operation frequency range includes WiFi frequency band. Structure and measured parameters of the developed and fabricated quadrature microwave frequency discriminator were presented in the paper.

The solution of the boundary value problem of electromagnetic wave transmission through an anisotropic layered structure placed in a rectangular waveguide is presented. The main axes of the crystallographic system of the layers are oriented parallel to the edges of the waveguide. For transmission through a single slab, the resulting scattering matrix elements S₁₁ and S₂₁ are transformed to the form known from the Nicolson-Ross-Weir model. This gives the possibility of using this model to retrieve complex material parameters (components of the permittivity and permeability tensors).

Within research presented in this article, several radar waveforms were designed. Waveforms based on common simple and complex radiolocational signals were combined using OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). Combined with the ever-increasing technological possibilities, OFDM can be a valuable tool to overcome the challenges of modern radiolocation, such as limited spectrum resources and the improvement of electronic intelligence (ELINT) and electronic warfare (EW) methods. Despite it has become quite common in today's radiolocation, OFDM still appears to be a innovative solution with high development potential and a lot of still unused possibilities. Due to above, an attempt was made to explore the properties of waveforms significantly differing from typical telecommunications modulations. Designed signals were subjected to the analysis of properties in the time and frequency domains using cross-sections of the ambiguity function. The results were compared with the properties of classic radar signals in a given frequency band. The goal of the simulations was to illustrate the potential benefits and losses in the time-frequency waveforms of the synthesized signal compared to classic solutions. Potential degradation of signal parameters is a particularly important issue for combined radar-communication systems. The proprietary element of the study is the synthesis and analysis of signals containing different types of modulation on individual sub-bands simultaneously. The collected results will be used for further research on the methods of synthesis and processing of radiolocation signals using OFDM technology.

In this work, a two-dimensional analytical model of a multi-position radar system with ambiguous range measurements is elaborated and tested. In the proposed analytical model, properties of ambiguous measurements of fractional parts of relative unambiguity intervals in each radar are determined. Theorems are formulated defining the conditions of the unambiguous mapping of a target’s coordinates onto the aforementioned fractional parts, as well as a reverse unambiguous mapping of those fractional parts onto a two-dimensional vector of integers. The vector contains ranges from the target to pairs of radars composing the considered system. The theorems are based on a principle of mapping the measurements of fractional parts onto a multidimensional unit cube, and the interpretation of the total set of measurements as a multilayer structure of this cube. Moreover, each layer is a multidimensional hypersurface bounded by the cube faces, and the unambiguity conditions are reduced to the conditions that these layers do not intersect with each other. Based on the developed model and the formulated theorems, an algorithm is proposed for disclosing the ambiguities of the fractional parts mentioned, as well as for obtaining unambiguous estimates of the target coordinates. An example of a multi-position radar system and results of modeling chosen elements of the algorithm for disclosing ambiguities are also presented. The aims of further research are formulated, particularly regarding the synthesis of multiposition radar systems and the elaboration of an analytical model for systems for the localization of emission sources of periodic radio signals.

In the classical radar processing chain detection and tracking are separate, consecutive processes. In the case of the large amount of detection the number of false alarms and in consequence the number of false plot-to-track associations highly increase. In such case it can be used one of the Track-Before-Detect (TBD) algorithms that connects the detection and tracking into one process. An important part of such method is the plots preselection during the track forming process which is related to track constraints. One of the simplest method is gating that eliminates unlikely observation-to-track pairings. The basic gates in the two-dimensional space are the rectangular one and elliptical one. In the article the comparison of the use of both shapes is presented. The number of false associations and the gating computational complexity is considered.

In the article the idea and the main implementation problem of a tactical ballistic missile (TBM) tracking chain are presented. The processing chain implements the Track-Before-Detect (TBD) method to confirm a TBM detection and as the next step an extended Kalman filter as a tracker is used. The structure of the system and the descriptions of the purpose of particular modules are presented in the paper. A complex data structure for storing of the measurements, the organizational data and the algorithms parameters has been designed in order to improve the computational effectiveness and use of system resources. The proposed data storing solution allows for the reduction of the amount of stored measurement data without a loss of tracking results quality. In the paper selected results of TBM tracking for different data organization solutions and different methods of the data amount reduction are presented.

Parkinson’s disease is a relatively common illness, constantly progressing, evoking anxiety and depression resulting from significantly restricted independence. Its dominating symptoms include muscle rigidity, rest tremor, slowness and postural disorders. They can lead to progressing gait disorders, hypomimia, extrapyramidal dysarthria and micrography. Acquisition of data imaging the condition of a patient and their objective evaluation can constitute a valuable tool improving the diagnostics and treatment monitoring. The developed data acquisition set enables recording data while the patient is performing selected tests, based on the UDPRS scale. The set consists of an infrared camera, a camera operating within the visible range, a microphone with a preamplifier, a graphic tablet and a laptop. A set of recording devices controlled by a graphic user interface guarantees the acquisition of data for the purposes of studying primarily motor symptoms. The set of recorded data includes a face image in the visible light range and in infrared for studying hypomimia, video images of the limbs for studying finger tapping movement regularity, hand movement regularity, lower limb agility and gait, and spontaneous and forced speech samples to evaluate the strength of the voice, its timbre and quality. In addition, the used graphic tablet enables collecting handwriting samples for testing writing speed and the force used. The suggested solution enables non-invasive quantitative measurements and archiving multimodal data describing the condition of a patient, which after processing can be used in diagnostics, evaluating treatment effectiveness and studying the progression of the disease.

Engineering support in the field of distinguishing Parkinson's disease from other diseases, diagnosing its progression and monitoring the effectiveness of drug treatment is nowadays implemented by way of recording and analyzing equipment fitted with motion sensors. The time series they provide enable quantitative evaluation of a set of symptoms describing daily activities and motor abilities of patients. The paper presents the preliminary results of fundamental research, which based on known medical observations indicating the diminution of facial expressions and micrographic apart from general motor deterioration, suggest that the clinical studies could utilize the techniques of processing image data acquired during the medical history taking. The image data includes video recording of the face and limbs conducted in the course of the coercions suggested in the study and manual drawings by patients. The image data are redundant and require processing for presentations facilitating their interpretation by a physician and enabling efficient utilization of machine learning algorithms in the next study stage. Within the framework of preliminary processing of acquired images, attempts were made to determine the quantitative measures, such as, e.g. blinking frequency and the indicators generated as a result of analyzing the position of characteristic points within the facial image. In the case of limbs, it is suggested to reproduce the motion on the image using a time series acquired thanks to the fixed markers. Preliminary processing of data coming from a graphic tablet also guarantees the generation of time series for images created by patients.

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease, which is becoming an increasingly greater social issue due to the growing incidence rate caused by population ageing. Over the recent years, the doctors have been focusing on searching for new methods supporting the diagnosis of such disorders. Acoustic voice analysis in Parkinson’s patients can be a valuable and objective tool supporting the diagnosing diseases of neurodegenerative nature. The article discusses a concept of utilizing voice processing techniques in evaluating patients with Parkinson’s disease. Using time analysis, frequency analysis and time-frequency analysis, the authors attempted performing acoustic voice analysis in that group of patients. The research utilized recordings conducted at the Department of Neurology at the Medical University of Warsaw. The study involved both women and men. The recording scenario was divided into several parts. The first part contained two various texts read out by the tested person. Yet another segment involved recording the vowel “a” with prolonged phonation, uttered by a patient for at least 5 seconds. The last part of the recordings involved the patient uttering individual words and sentences according to an assumed scenario. A total of 7 acoustic signals per patient, with an average length of ca. 75 seconds were recorded. The conclusions from the conducted studies will enable determining, which of the applied techniques can be a promising tool for supporting the diagnostics of neurodegenerative disorders, including parkinsonism. Further studies involving larger groups are required in order to confirm the obtained results and the structure of a target diagnostic system.

Biometric technology based on the human gait identifies people even if a person's face is covered, hidden or invisible to cameras in a dark environment. This paper presents a method of human motoric feature identification based on image recognition. One way of image recognition is described – the Haar Cascade method in conjunction with the classifier training process. Classifiers trained on MPII Human Pose and Microsoft Common Objects in Context data were used to recognize a human figure in an image. In the identification method described, joint movement parameters and characteristic body parts were analyzed. Five people were surveyed and recorded twice. The data obtained after the analysis of the first recordings, made with a camera placed at the front, served as benchmarks in the process of comparison with data from the second recordings (from behind the identified person). Data analysis was performed using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet.

This article discusses the aspects related to the use of modern technologies based on electromagnetic non-ionizing radiation, such as the 5G network. Current normative values for safe levels of non-ionizing radiation in Poland, Europe and the United States were presented. The 5G network and its possible impact on changing current regulations in Poland were briefly presented. All types of non-ionizing radiation and the risk of contact with each of them were also discussed.

The paper presents a construction of a wireless hybrid data link operates applying two transmission channels using optical radiation (FSO – Free Space Optics) and radio one (RF - Radio Frequency). Based on some parameters (e.g. laser power, optics aperture, photodetector detectivity, signal bandwidth, beam divergence) of the link components, its data range was determined for various operating conditions (visibility and turbulence). Preliminary tests of the link prototype (TRL 6) were carried out at the Military Communication Institute, Poland. The results showed that the use of FSO/RF technology systems can provide the increase in data transmission security, link availability, and immunity to intentional interference. Considering the features of this technology, high applicable potential to military activities was observed.

The paper presents the main objective of the idea of a photonic radar and an example of the engineering of the first fixed photonic radar demonstrator, designed for use in air traffic control. Some issues related to the production and transmission of microwave and optical signals, as well as the frequency conversion of these signals have also been presented.

The article presents the experimental results of research works aimed at manufacturing photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSSs) on semi-insulating (SI) gallium phosphide (GaP) wafers. The PCSS is an electrical switch, triggered into the conduction state by means of an optical pulse with specific photon energy. The switches presented in the paper are developed for the applications in power systems and high-pulse voltage generators. The paper presents time courses of the photocurrent being a response to the excitation of semiconductor material with an optical pulse that generates excess charge carriers. The effect of laser beam photon energy on the height and time constant of photocurrent pulses was determined. The results of measurements of photocurrent in the conduction state for various values of electric field strength are presented. The research methodology was discussed and the measuring system used was described. Possible directions of further research were also presented. The research was carried out thanks to the cooperation of scientific teams from the Military University of Technology (WAT) and the Institute of Electronic Materials Technology (ITME).

The capability to navigate accurately is one of the features, that a mobile robot should have to be able to perform tasks autonomously. In a GPS/GNSS-denied environment, for example inside buildings, localization of a mobile platform is an especially challenging problem. In such cases, to provide a robot with the ability to determine its position and to analyze its surroundings, Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithms could be implemented. In the article, we present a SLAM system that uses a Kalman filter together with data gathered by a 2D LiDAR. Our approach applies the ICP algorithm to calculate the localization and employs clustering and shape recognition technics to build the map of the environment. The article contains a detailed description of the individual elements of the proposed SLAM solution. Furthermore, it presents the results of experiments during which the system was validated.

A crucial aspect of assuring safety for public areas is the possibility to effectively supervise them. Variety of monitoring systems are being employed for that purpose, but many of them need to be accommodated by local infrastructure. It is not always possible however, and necessity to monitor them arises occasionally for a limited periods of time. A solution is a system that can be deployed in field and operate in various weather conditions. Thermal cameras can be used during night and low visibility conditions like mist without need for additional illumination. Designed system consisting of such cameras will use internet of things technology for internal communication, eliminating need for extensive networks of cables and speeding up configuration and installation by automating protocols. Primary role of this system is to monitor area of interest for movement, emergencies, inflow and outflow of people or sabotage attempts. The system will use a network of miniature thermal cameras with 80x80 microbolometric sensor. Cameras will be equipped with geolocalization sensors and will be able to operate independently for at least 2 days without external power source. The system will monitor area and detect presence and movement of people and vehicles at certain distances. The system will be supplemented by other sensors like PIR, acoustic or seismic sensors. System will be placed as dispersed mesh configuration, what enables scaling or fast deployment via airplane drops.

The article presents the model of a dual-band LTE antenna operating on the 1800 MHz and 2600 MHz band as well as the results of research on the influence of antenna dielectric thickness on selected parameters. Designed and the built antenna works in the 1.71- 1.93 GHz frequency band for GSM 1800, GSM 1900 and 2.42 - 2.85 GHz frequency for LTE 2500, LTE 2600. Using the transmission line model, the antenna dimensions were obtained and then in the CST Studio Suite environment, the presented parameters were obtained by means of optimization. The parameters obtained before and after the dielectric thickness change were compared with each other. The practically made antenna was tested in the Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory of the Military University of Technology.

Classified information protection is regulated by dedicated acts and related laws that require use of necessary physical, personal, information and communication technologies, electromagnetic and cryptographic security measures. Equipment and tools for cryptographic protection of classified information should be examined and assessed by the designated government services. Certificates issued by these services authorize the use of cryptographic devices to protect classified information, but this is not a sufficient condition. Each ICT system intended for processing classified information is subject to accreditation. All this makes the process of reaching the right level of protection for this type of information long and expensive – especially if this protection should be effectively provided in the battlefield. Additional specific requirements are put on information protection measures for radio communication, especially military, where radio transmission is characterized by uncertainty of establishing and maintaining connections, bit rates are lower than in cable or fiber optic connections, most often there is no full duplex. All this has an impact on the methods of cryptographic synchronization and implementation of cryptographic functions. A different approach to information protection is required by classic narrowband radio communications, a different one in time-division multi-access mode, and another one in broadband packet data transmission. Systems designed for the protection of classified information in radio communications implement appropriate operating modes of operation for cryptographic algorithms and protocols. Latest threats from quantum computers pose new challenges to the cryptographic protection, especially in systems using public key cryptography, because there are algorithms that can be used to attack public-key schemes with polynomial complexity.

The Secure Communication Interoperability Protocol (SCIP) is the basic solution introduced by NATO for secure voice and data communication of different network devices through heterogenous networks. It was designed to provide interoperable end-to-end connectivity in a variety of communication systems, from military radio communication, traditional telephone communication system through satellite communication channels to VoIP and various types of mobile telephony standards. SCIP enables simplex operation in point-to-point or point-to-multipoint modes. It supports 2.4 kbps transmission to ensure communication via narrowband and broadband radio channels. The main challenge associated with this issue is therefore the provision of high security, high availability and high Quality of Service (QoS). The implementation of any encryption algorithm in nowadays heterogenous networks with restricted bandwidth can lead to degradation of the voice quality due to increased loss packets and packet latency resulting from the deterioration of radio channel conditions. This paper presents the results of measurements including the impact of end-to-end SCIP encryption on the quality of VoIP communication in a wideband radio channel. The measurements were carried out using the MultiDSLA tester and PESQ and POLQA methods. The results of laboratory tests indicate what effect does SCIP encryption-based security has on the voice communication quality over radio channel.

The importance of the CIS (Communications and Information System) for supporting the processes of command and management of components of the Armed Forces under the so-called special secure communications systems are discussed. Next, basic communication technologies used in telecommunications systems/networks are briefly characterized. NATO strategies for secure communication in networks were presented, and the importance and role of SCIP (Secure Communications Interoperability Protocol) for End-to-End communication by heterogeneous networks was discussed. Attention was drawn to various concepts and solutions of organization of communication systems in order to ensure the communication systems of the Armed Forces ready for the implementation of specific tasks.

Solvents belong to an important group of special substances used in modern technological processes and in the operation of various types of systems, especially electronic ones. Relatively high consumption of these chemicals generates the need to monitor their quality and, above all, purity. There are many analytical methods for testing the purity of chemical compounds. However, they are usually time-consuming or expensive. The paper analyses the results of tests of the acoustoelectronic system designed to assess the quality of technical solvents. The proposed method is simple, cheap and, as it seems, very effective in assessing the quality of solvents with sufficiently high evaporation rate. The method can be also applied to fast testing of light fuels. It uses the interaction between the vibrating surface of a quartz beam and the micro-droplet of the tested solvent applied to it. The theoretical basis of system operation and preliminary measurement results are also described.

Infrared image recognition by means of FLIR cameras (forward-looking infrared) is one of the elements of the recognition of the maritime situation and it supports in many situations the creation of so-called maritime picture. This paper presents results of two FLIR image classifiers research. The first part presents the use of SVM (Support Vector Machine) to classify images of maritime objects, while the second part presents the classifier using the time series comparison method DTW (data time warping). The SVM network uses to perform the multi-class classification the oneagainst-all method. Both classifiers use the histograms of vertical projection of pre-processed FLIR images as input data (for training and testing). These histograms are created as a result of FLIR color images processing, including, among others, transformation of color images into grayscale images, grayscale images segmentation using the Otsu algorithm with a possible manual correction, rescaling, centering and leveling. In the further part of the work a method of determining the basic belief assignment is proposed for both SVM and DTW classifiers. In the final part of the paper test results of the both classification methods and their fusion by the Dempster-Shafer method for a set of maritime objects FLIR images registered in the Baltic Sea are presented.

The development of mobile technologies implies the increase of the popularity of applications – programs dedicated for these devices. The production of an IT system intended for many end users must include the stages of analysis, design and development of the mobile application in order to achieve commercial success. The content created for a mobile device can have the form of a responsive website or a mobile application. The article presents the process of designing a native mobile application for the Android operating system on the example of a system for marking digital photos with a resistant watermark. The use of the Inversion of Control design pattern used in the application and the use of the programming paradigm - reactive programming - was discussed. The article describes the disadvantages and advantages of technology and libraries used when designing a mobile application on the example of a system for identifying digital photos and their owners on the Internet using data hiding techniques.

This paper provides an overview of the characteristics of selected types of active interference dedicated to medium range surveillance radars. That is why at the very beginning examples of platforms used to interfere the operations of both land based surveillance radars and radars mounted on boards of combat aircraft are characterized. The paper focuses mostly on surveillance radars and their resistance to noise jamming. An example calculation of effective jamming range in relation to a medium range radar is considered in the text. Moreover a graphic representation of the influence of jamming on the operation of a radar with reference to the application of jamming and thereof lack are discussed. The basic aim of the considerations is an efficiency assessment of the jamming impact on the operation of the radar. Among others the effectiveness of the radar transmit pulse power changing is assessed with regard to the prevention of intentional jamming. The conclusions provide exemplary methods of mitigating the impact of jamming on the operation of the radar. Additionally the paper provides information on priorities to be taken into consideration in the field of contemporary radiolocation.

The article presents a brief description of the ELINT Subsystem (PR Subsystem) included in the Integrated Air Electronic Warfare Range (IAEWR), created as part of a development project co-financed by the National Center for Research and Development. Typical ELINT class devices used in the Polish Armed Forces were implemented in the design of the PR subsystem. In particular, the authors of the paper focus on presenting the role of PR Subsystem in the process of assessing the effectiveness of registered radio-electronic jamming signals generated from an aircraft platform. This will allow for the future implementation of aviation training tasks, including the assessment of the correctness of the crew's and the aircraft's built-in defense system response to simulated electromagnetic emissions (radar threats). The article also presents the adopted criteria for the detection and classification of selected types of radio electronic interference, including narrowband noise jamming, wideband noise jamming, Range Gate Pull Off, Range False Targets and Square Swept Wave. The article describes the basic features of the above-mentioned types of interference and the general principles of detection and registration.

There are many solutions in the world used to combat unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in a non -kinetic way. Considering the costs associated with the kinetic control of UAV, technological development makes it possible to replace such annihilation of the threat in favor of non-kinetic control. However, the degree of complexity in developing effective non-kinetic control does not allow the easy introduction of appropriate solutions to ensure high efficiency. An important element of combat systems UAVs is to detect threats, but the use of appropriate measures to combat the threat depends on the effectiveness. Considering the latest technical solutions, UAVs systems have interference-proof control systems, enabling them to return to the starting place, as well as other elements hindering their eradication. There are few solutions in the world combining kinetic and non-kinetic control. Considering the degree of technical sophistication of such systems, there is not much of such systems in the world. The most common are manual systems that enable electromagnetic pulse interaction or the transmission of appropriate interference signals. In the civil market, UAVs systems most often use frequencies close to Wi-Fi. Connectivity relationships can easily be distorted by commercially available Wi-Fi interfering devices. A more difficult issue is military UAVs systems. The possibility of communication between the operator and the aircraft expands to more available radio spectrum, as well as technologies to boost their immunity. Therefore, the article presents an analysis of current methods do not kinetic combat UAVs systems. Next, the solutions of non-kinetic UAV control were reviewed to present the conclusions from the multifaceted tactical and technical analysis of the possibilities of currently used solutions in the subject area. Based on the knowledge from the area of the advantages and disadvantages of these systems it is possible to submit a proposal to increase the resistance against the destructive non-kinetic combat UAVs.

This paper uses the PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) algorithm to linearly control a BSP unmanned aircraft, enabling accurate tracking of a predefined trajectory. In the process of control optimization, the PSO algorithm was implemented with a quadratic cost function. During the study, unstable algorithm behavior was observed, as a result of which a modification was made by introducing a coefficient suppressing the movement of particles in the search space. The main task of the coefficient is to ensure the convergence of the solution. The effect of the coefficient value on population behavior was tested. In the simulation research on tracking, the previously generated trajectory was used, which is a reference for the location, velocity, and course for the linear dynamic BSP model. The results of these tests were presented in the form of waveforms of control signals and waveforms of state variables. By selecting the appropriate parameters, the proposed algorithm enabled the repeatability of results, as well as the proper mapping of the trajectory at the time of the operation of the algorithm not exceeding 0.03 seconds.

The widespread availability of global navigation satellite signals has become so obvious that it is difficult to imagine their absence. However, under conditions of severe intentional interference, these signals can be degraded (spoofing) or blocked (jamming). It becomes necessary to search for solutions that allow to create your own location system operating in the local coordinate system. The ultrawideband modules that measure distances (that are on the institute's equipment) can be used for this purpose. Therefore, an attempt was made to analyze algorithms based on the measurement of this parameter that allow the location and tracking of the air objects (drone) in 3D space. Although the use of radio waves is also assumed here, the spectrum of the signal is dispersed. This allows you to avoid detecting signals and thereby avoiding interference. The adopted method also gives potential opportunities to build an indoor positioning system where satellite system signals are unavailable. Studies have been carried out for various air object trajectories in open space. They were analysed using the ordinary least squares method, the extended Kalman filter and its modification. Graphic imagery of trajectory and calculated values of traced trajectory errors for different system configurations are shown. On this basis, the implemented algorithms were evaluated.

One of the first applications of the photoacoustic effect included the wireless voice communication over long distances. Nowadays, the photoacoustic methods have laid the foundation for the operation of measuring instruments, used e.g. for contactless specification of the composition and spatial distribution of substances. Photoacoustic methods are also used in the ultra-sensitive spectroscopic examination of trace gases, e.g. for the detection of toxic substances, explosives, biological materials. Remote sensing applications, such as contactless imaging of material structures as well as biological in vivo structures are a manifestation of the extraordinary versatility of photoacoustic methods. Photoacoustic imaging is of very high resolution and contrast. Selected aspects of photoacoustics in remote sensing, especially the possibility of remote sensing of underwater objects have been presented with the history of photoacoustics development in the background.

Conducting research on the state of superposition and the phenomenon of tunnelling has resulted in the discovery of quantum entanglement and quantum teleportation. They have laid the foundation for quantum cryptography and the construction of devices for remote sensing surveillance. The article presents selected aspects and references to some phenomena formulating the basis of quantum remote sensing. The potential benefits of quantum entanglement and quantum entangled photon beam illumination in this field have also been mentioned.

One of the most common methods of navigation data integration is the use of a Kalman filter. The paper presents a computer application facilitating testing of the properties of a Kalman filter, designed for a pedestrian or a robot positioning system using range measurements to several base stations. The description of the system is composed of a linear dynamics model and a non-linear observation model. Due to the non-linearity of the observation model, an extended Kalman filter (EKF) was chosen for the position estimation. A computer application was developed in the MATLAB® environment to test the filter properties and to support the process of choosing its parameters. The application gives an insight into the EKF operation and enables an assessment of its accuracy, depending on the assumed shape of the object trajectory, an assumed motion model, a number and locations of the base stations and the filter parameters. Chosen results of simulations are presented in the paper in the same form as they are seen in the GUI of our application. The application enables displaying the assumed trajectory of motion, its estimates from the EKF, as well as the components of estimated position and velocity errors. Additionally, it calculates and presents root-mean-squared (RMS) and maximal estimation errors. The application proved useful for testing the filter efficiency in various configurations. Due to its comfortable GUI, intuitive handling and wide range of possible tests, it can find its applications both in the research and the teaching.

In this paper we discuss Imagery Intelligence (IMINT) process based on the images from a short-range Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (TUAV) with EO/IR system and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) payload. Properly planned TUAV’s flight path is needed to obtain a proper data for further processing and analysis required by IMINT analyst. Path planning process must additionally take cognizance of individual sensor requirements. We also present a waypoint generation method which is a base for planning the TUAV’s flight path as it allows to take into consideration dynamic limitations of UAV.

This article presents the results of research on improving the relational database performance through the use of software and hardware parallel processing methods. The research has been based on the Oracle Relational DataBase Management System, which is one of the few to perform parallel queries. The choice of Oracle to use as a base for the system has been dictated by its capabilities, namely support for Linux (Linux is widely used in radio-electronic systems used for military applications), support for most of the used indexes, and support for various operations and security used in RDBMS.

The paper presents a practically realized system of electronic programmable detonator designed for tandem systems. The presented layout was implemented on the basis of micro-controllers using RISC architecture. The detonator is equipped with a fast precursor excitation system and can be programmed for the required delay time of the detonation of the main charge in the range from a few to several hundred μs. The paper presents the results of laboratory preliminary tests of the implemented system. Thanks to the possibility of delay time programming, the system has a wide range of practical applications also during shooting tests.

One of the tasks performed by contemporary radars is the classification of a type of detected objects. Among many types of objects, helicopters, and especially hovering ones, are of special interest in radar’s self-defence. The echo signal of such object possesses specific properties of its spectrum that result from the construction of the object. A characteristic property of the echo signal is the presence of the spectral components from the hull of the helicopter as well as from the main rotor. The parameters of the latter components depend on the rotary speed of the rotor, the number of the blades and their length.

The article presents a way of using machine learning algorithms to recognize objects in images. To implement this task, an artificial neural network was used, which has a high adaptability and allows work with a very large set of input data. The neural network was described using a program written in the MATLAB simulation environment. The basic problem faced by the designer of objects recognition is to collect a sufficient training set of images to achieve the high probability of correct recognition. The set of learning patterns in the artificial neural networks may contain from several dozen thousands to one million training samples. In this article at the beginning the neural network was pre-trained trained based on the images included in the publicly available CIFAR 100 database, which are characterized by a small size of 32x32 pixels. It contains 70 000 images assigned to 10 basic categories. Then the author's database, consisting from 1000 pedestrians, cars and road signs was used. The article contains a description of applied algorithm, method of supervised learning and correction of weight coefficients, selection of activation function and operation on max pooling filter. The results of proposed solution are presented in the form of screenshots from calculations and in figures depicting results of recognized objects. Attention was also paid to the impact of used database for learning the network on the speed of calculations and recognition efficiency. The proper selection of number and types of layers, number of neurons, activation function and the value of the learning factor is very important in designing the neural network in application to objects recognition contained in the images. The problems occurring in the process of learning the neural networks and suggestions for their further improvement are also presented.

The article presents a method of recognizing alphanumeric characters located in the image, based on a previously created database of patterns using neural networks. For this purpose the convolutional networks were used, which independently search for features that allow to distinguish characters in the image. A larger number of convolution layers allows us to recognize a greater number of features and thus to increase the probability of correctly recognized characters. The main purpose of the paper is to present software that recognizes the alphanumeric characters in images and to investigate the impact of the size of this database on the program's speed and character recognition efficiency. This software can also be used in more complex structures, such as automatic translators or as a computer reader. The calculation of the first program that recognizes single character and the second program that reads all the text from the image have been made in the MATLAB environment. The paper describes the components of this software, such as the learning subsystem and the character recognition subsystem. The results of the program were presented in the form of screenshots showing the results of the learning process and character recognition process. The speed of the software and the effectiveness of recognizing alphanumeric characters using the artificial neural networks and maximally stable extremal regions (MSER) algorithm are presented in the table and figures. Attention was also paid to the impact of the size of the database used to learn the network on the speed of calculations and recognition efficiency.

The paper presents results of the development and experimental study of an eight-channel search sensor for railway rails defectoscopy. The experimental sample of the search sensor is implemented on the basis of Hall sensors and is designed to record the changes of the longitudinal component of the scattering magnetic field of the structural elements of the track and defects. The choice, for the registration of defectoscopic signals, changes in the longitudinal component of the scattering magnetic field is due to the fact that the same component of the field is registered by regular singlechannel induction search sensors of the carriages-defectoscopes. The investigated search sensor contained eight Hall sensors SS49E, which were placed at intervals of approximately 1 cm in a row on a special board, which was fixed to the search ski of the carriage-defectoscope. Thus, an eight-channel search sensor covered the entire surface of the rail head. Defectoscopic information from eight Hall sensors was synchronously recorded on a personal computer using a multi-channel data acquisition system with a sampling rate of 20 kHz and a bit resolution of 12-bit of analog-to-digital converter. During the experimental researches on the carriage-defectoscope, with departure to the track section of the Lviv railway, it was found that the eight-channel search sensor registers all structural elements of the railway track, including welded rail joints. The adequacy of the records was proved by numerically differentiating the signal from the bolt rail joint. As a result of such verification, a signal was obtained, the shape of which corresponds to the signal of the induction sensor from the bolt rail joint, which is common to carriage-defectoscope operators. The signals of the adjacent channels are practically coincided. The worst case correlation coefficients were not less than 0,95.

A settling time of the Kalman filter is a common problem of track initiation. The achievement of a steady state takes a few periods between consecutive measurements. In the case of the ABT objects (Air Breathing Target) the settling problem is negligible but should be considered for targets with high linear velocity like space crafts or tactical ballistic missiles. It is caused by a big distance between consecutive position measurements and the non-linearity of object’s trajectory. To reduce the settling period the track formation using Track-Before-Detect (TBD) algorithms can be used. The TBD methods allows to preselect measurements collected during few scanning periods and its filtering should reduce the time of duration of the Kalman filter’s unsteady state. In this paper a comparison of tracking results of classical tracking by Kalman filter and with pre-processing using chosen TBD algorithm is presented.

A choice of positioning algorithm is a key issue when designing a navigation system. The paper presents an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) for a personal navigation system using range measurements between ultrawideband radio modules for positioning. The mentioned system is described by a linear dynamics model and a non-linear observation model, and therefore UKF can be successfully applied for its state estimation. The unscented Kalman filter is a suboptimal non-linear filtration algorithm, however, in contrast to algorithms such as EKF or LKF, it uses an unscented transformation (UT) as an alternative to a linearization of non-linear equations with the use of Taylor series expansion. The linearization considers only the first term of a Taylor series and its higher terms are omitted, which degrades estimation accuracy in highly non-linear systems. Lack of necessity of a linearization of the dynamics and observation models leads to a higher navigation system accuracy. It also facilitates an implementation of the algorithm as non-linear transformations of a set of deterministically chosen sigma points replaces calculations of Jacobian matrices. The paper presents a personal navigation system designed by the authors, describes its unscented Kalman filter used for a mobile user position estimation and contains chosen simulation results of the tests of the filter. Based on these data, efficiency of using this kind of filtration in non-linear navigation systems has been assessed.

The article discusses a phenomenon of heat exchange between the environment and an electrical cable in temperature conditions exceeding the permissible values for commonly used non-flammable electrical cables. The method applying the thermal diffusivity coefficient of electrical cable structural elements was used for the model, which constitutes own research contribution of the author into studying the thermal phenomena in electrical cables. The correctness of the results generated by the developed temperature model was verified based on the experimental data obtained from an individually designed and constructed test stand. Comparing the proposed solution with experimental data has proven its usefulness for the adopted modelling purpose.

The development of radio communications, in particular, appearance of radios (narrowband radios, broadband radios and radio relays) enabling the voice and data transmission services in digital modes has resulted in the use of radio communication devices at each, stationary and mobile command posts. One of the challenges faced by those who organize the radio communication systems is to ensure the internal compatibility of the radio system (suppressing internal interferences). The most difficult problem in that area is the frequency planning for radios located at the same object (co-site work). An incorrect assignment of frequencies for co-site radios may lead to degradation of communication or even may result in a lack of communication. An advanced frequency planning and the knowledge on the impact of a strong interference signal on the required level of useful signal can have a critical meaning for the radio communication system, especially because of the limited number of frequency resources and requirements for minimizing of the radio link signal level [7]. The modern electronic warfare includes an activity related to the electronic attack, oriented towards degradation or destruction of radio electronic devices by the use of electromagnetic energy and radio electronic security, oriented towards protection of radio electronic devices against the effects of use of electromagnetic energy. An important activity of the radio electronic security is the immunizing radio electronic devices against signals which degrade, neutralize or completely block the ability of their work. Because of thus he activity oriented towards the fight against internal system interference is the foundation for preparing radio system against radio jamming.

Inverse synthetic aperture radar is a system allowing for acquiring of high resolution images of moving objects. The image synthesis algorithms base on coherent integration of observed object’s echo signals, which requires the exact knowledge of the object’s movement parameters in order to compensate two fundamental phenomena: echo’s initial phase modulation and range cell migration of the signal. In this paper results of research on range migration compensation method applying the keystone transform are presented.

Overhead inspections of high voltage power lines are very expensive undertaking. Power lines require systematic inspections to avoid failures and power outages. In each growing season vegetation encroachment is one of the most severe threat. Presently overhead inspections use helicopters and are carried out manually at least once a year. More cost effective systems, using UAV, are being researched. In this paper selected methods from all studied solutions were compared. A cost effective system was proposed using consumer grade UAV with standard camera and deep neural networks for detecting vegetation encroachment.

The paper presents an analysis of a microwave interferometer with a multi-ports architecture with one input and four outputs. The tested system consisted of two main parts: a subsystem consisting of a power divider and two transmission lines of different electric length - responsible for developing two signals whose phase difference will depend on the frequency of the input signal. The second part of the tested system consisted of a six-port element - a 4 x 4 Butler matrix, whose task was to develop four signals. The output amplitude depends on the phase difference of the signals fed to the inputs of this six-ports. Frequency detector tests were carried out by calculations in the MATLAB computer program in a very wide band f_g/f_d=4. The system response was analyzed for different combinations pair of an input ports of a six-port system and for different values of coupler coupling coefficients. During the analysis it was shown that the parameters of such an interferometer depend on which ports pair is excited as well as on the value of the coupling factor of the couplers. It is important to specify the system parameters in order to make the optimal selection of the interferometer system configuration in terms of the acceptable frequency detection error, operating bandwidth, or even the topological distribution of the ports.

With the development of technology, there is an increase in the industry of sensitive devices which work is dependent on parameters of electricity from which they are supplied. This aspect is especially important for example in hospitals, where health and human life often depend on the correct work of electronics devices. The article presents – on the selected practical example – parameters describing the electricity supplying the hospital facility. In that hospital the incorrectly operation of the magnetic resonance has been observed. The analyzed facility is powered from the medium voltage network via its own 15/0,4 kV transformer station. Based on changes in recorded waveforms of physical quantities in time, it was noticed that the loads installed there significantly impact on the quality of the electricity which are supplied. One of the figures presents value of the waveform of the total harmonic distortion coefficient of the voltage, which is dependent on value of the load’s current. Based on the recorded parameters describing the quality of electricity supplying the prospected hospital, possible technical solutions have been proposed. They can directly contribute to the elimination of interference, and thus guarantee the proper work of the equipment set there.

Noise radars use random or pseudo-random signals to illuminate a target and coherent detection techniques in order to process received noise signals. In the range of microwave frequencies the simple analogue systems of the correlative detector may be used. It helps to overcome the fact that the real digital implementation of the autocorrelation function for these frequencies is very difficult. A correlator receiver is a typical element of the noise radar. The important issue is that coherent reception needs delay lines of constant or variable parameters to be applied in the receiving systems. To address this issue the paper comprises comparison of available technologies of microwave analogue delay lines. The advantages and disadvantages of presented solutions are presented. The paper comprises: the types of basic delay unit technologies, tunable and controlled-delay lines.

In the paper we discuss the issue of creation of Radio Environment Maps (REM). In the literature REMs are considered as an enabler for the spectral awareness and support cognitive radios and frequency management systems. We present the functional architecture of the system and describe the role of main components. Next, we present the problem of the map creation. We describe the most suitable interpolation techniques and analyze their complexity. Some interpolation techniques require high computational power and consequently created maps better reflect the signal level. Next, we focus on the problem of measurements of the signal level in sensor networks. In the literature on the topic the sensor network usually is composed of many of sensors deployed within the area of a few square kilometers. Density and regularity of sensors arrangement impacts the quality of maps. On the other hand, the number of sensors used for tests conducted in a real environment usually is significantly limited. We discuss the problem how to model the sensor network and we describe the method which we used to measure the signal level in the sensor network operating in VHF/UHF bands in scenarios with one transmitter and two simultaneous transmitters. The received signal level measured by sensors was used as an input data for the interpolation and then maps were created for the Zegrze area. The quality of maps was assessed in terms of the correctness of the signal level estimation and transmitter localization.