Sensorless adaptive optics (AO) methods are widely used in microscopes, but are based upon different concepts, which makes comparison between methods challenging. We show that all such methods can be considered as part of the same framework, which permits side-by-side evaluation of effectiveness in different imaging scenarios. We describe these advances and the tools that have been developed for wider use. These tools include universal, adaptable schemes for image-based sensorless adaptive optics that have broad application across different microscopy modalities. Further developments include operating protocols, hardware designs and software algorithms that will support next generation AO microscope systems.
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