This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 11789, including the Title Page, Copyright information, and Table of Contents.

Water is the most common and essential active substance that supports biological reactions in living systems. For example, the conformation of macromolecules, such as proteins, is supported by the hydration water surrounding them for its proper functioning. Due to the difficulty in selectively probing the picosecond dynamics of water, the in-vitro intracellular hydration state has been left unsolved. We demonstrate terahertz (THz) spectroscopy that is sensitive to small changes in water dynamics to unravel the intracellular hydration state in the intact cells. In this study, the ordinary THz spectroscopy and living cell measurement methods are introduced, and new bio-applications based on the findings are discussed.

The quantitative and qualitative studies of biomechanical properties is an important diagnostic tool for investigating abnormal tissues. Elastography is an experimental technique that is used to characterize soft materials including tissues collagen and fat etc. The existing ultrasound and magnetic-based elastography methods are limited by low spatial resolution and small imaging depth. The optical methods have enormous potential to quantify the elastographic measurement with microscale resolution. So, digital holography can establish a new platform for measuring the bulkelastographic properties of the soft tissues. In this work, we calculate the phase map of the Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) produced by piezo-transducer on the surface of the tissue phantom using the Digital Holography (DH) imaging method. The temporal phase-shifting algorithm is employed to reconstruct the phase map of the SAW for accurate quantification of surface wave velocity. The precise calculation of surface wave velocity gives the direct measurement of the mechanical parameter like elastic modulus and shear modulus. The preliminary results obtained from the proposed method can be used to facilitate non-invasive or minimally invasive imaging with in-vivo and ex-vivo applications.

Monitoring vital physiological parameters on humans is crucial because the well-being of the human body is to be predicted from that information. This method is utilized by doctors to diagnose a patient, so that they can give the right treatment. One of the parameters which is important to monitor is the respiratory rate. Generally, respiratory rate is measured by contact-based measurement, such as acoustic-based measurement, through electrocardiography, airflow-based measurement, et cetera. As time goes on, the methods to measure or monitor respiratory rate has also flourished, especially in non-contact measurement In this paper, an algorithm was developed to calculate respiratory rates using a camera, processing the analysis of pixel value imaging from that of grayscale. Breathing pattern can be extracted through pixel value shifts from grayscale imaging and processed to be respiratory rates. Based on the results of the study, it was shown that this system can measure the respiratory rate in the range of 12-40 breaths per minute (brpm).

Vegetation index is measured using remote sensing with VNIR image acquired by satellites, one of them is PROBA-V. It gathers pair of low resolution (LR) images and high resolution (HR) images. The LR images is acquired faster but contains aliasing. Hence it can be processed into high resolution image using multi frame super resolution. But, to have an ideal LR image as a comparison, new synthetic LR image dataset is generated using only translation, gaussian PSF, and gaussian noise. Two type of approaches are used, reconstruction and regularization. Results from both methods are post-processed using median filter to remove noise due to error in super resolution process and poorly chosen hyperparameter. Then, the result is evaluated using PSNR and SSIM by compared to ground truth from dataset HR images. Also, simple bicubic interpolation is used to measure any information improvement by performing super resolution. For both LR images from dataset and synthesis, highest PSNR and SSIM are provided by regularization method due to its multiple iteration for predicting high resolution image, meanwhile reconstruction method only uses single iteration.

Phase shifting profilometry (PSP) has been widely used in many fields of application due to its accuracy and precision in obtaining depth information of a surface. One of the many applications that can take advantage of phase shifting profilometry is skin imaging, where PSP can be beneficial in efficacy testing of a certain cosmetic product, scar healing monitoring, etc. The simplicity of digital phase shifting profilometry hardware configuration further support the use of this technology for skin imaging application. Even though PSP and other interferogram based measurement is well known of its insensitivity to background lighting—because of its utilization of structured light pattern as light modulator—in practice, light interaction with surface finish still contributes to error to some extent. In this paper, the combination of frequency filter and spatial filtering is used to compensate that problem as preprocessing step prior to phase analysis. A simple Butterworth bandpass filter is used to isolate the first order harmonic containing modulation information, followed by Mean Curvature Diffusion to eliminate illuminance noise due to reflection from skin surface. Validation of this method was carried out by testing samples of leather having different textures.

Vernona amygdalina has been scientifically proven to have activity against various diseases i.e. anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-allergic. Detection of chlorophyll content in the leaves by non-invasive sensing is very important to estimate the antioxidant content. The purpose of this study was to predict the chlorophyll content of Vernona amygdalina leaves using computer vision as non-invasive sensing method. Artificial neural network (ANN) was used to model RGB colour co-occurrence matrix (CCM) and grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) textural features as input and leaf chlorophyll content as output. Performance comparisons in each ANN model were carried out to find the best model in predicting leaf chlorophyll content, indicated by the smallest prediction error value. The results showed that ANN can describe the relationship between textural features and leaf chlorophyll content. Red CCM textural features-subset showed the best results when compared to Green CCM, Blue CCM, and GLCM. The learning process in the training set data showed the MSE value of 0.0099, while the MSE value of the validation set data was 0.0472. The ANN model structure that can be used to predict chlorophyll content in Vernona amygdalina leaves consisted of 3 layers with 30 hidden nodes.

Home door security systems using facial recognition based on image processing have been widely developed. Face detection in this system uses the Haar-Cascade Method. The system was tested using 4 types of tests, namely the accuracy test, the distance test, the facial expression test, and the lighting conditions test. The results show that this door design system has a total average accuracy level of 97.2%, with an optimal distance of 1.5 meters, and the condition of the lights must be on. Meanwhile, for the facial expression variation test, the system can distinguish well except when the face is tilted left or right.

We theoretically show that low amplitude coherently coupled bright and dark spatial soliton pairs can be realized in biased guest–host photorefractive polymers under steady-state conditions. These soliton pairs are predicted for the carrier beams sharing the same polarization, wavelength, and having a definite mutual phase difference. An exact analytical solution for the bright and dark coherent soliton pair is obtained based on the coupled paraxial Helmholtz equation considering the nonlinearity of the photorefractive polymer. We systematically investigate the functional dependence of the coherently coupled soliton pair’s FWHM with respect to firstly, the mutual phase difference and the secondly, the beam intensity ratio for different external bias fields. We find the existence of bistable states in case of the dark coherently coupled soliton pair.

Carbon dots are unique fluorescent nanoparticles that can be made of many carbon sources. However, carbon source such as plastic is difficult to make carbon dots using simple synthesis procedure due to strong carbon bonds in the plastic material. The utilization of plastic source in carbon dots is a challenge. In this work, we used polyethylene in synthesis of citric acid carbon dots using simple microwave technique. We studied the effect of polyethylene addition on optical properties and surface energy level of carbon dots. We found that absorbance peak of core carbon dot was red shift and absorbance peak of surface level was blue shift due to addition of polyethylene. However, photoluminescence and timeresolved photoluminescence measurements showed that surface energy level was red shifted due to addition of polyethylene. The change of surface functional group was clearly observed using infra-red spectroscopy. Therefore, addition of polyethylene in carbon dots clearly modified surface energy level of carbon dots.

This paper reported the design of the optical switch using GaN/sapphire for telecommunication wavelength at 1.55 μm. The design of optical switch based on Mach-Zehnder Interferometer which is consists of two directional couplers connected by two rectangular arms. Design optimization was conducted by finite difference beam propagation method (FD-BPM) using OptiBPM software. Optimization was conducted by a varying waveguide parameter such as waveguide width, waveguide thickness, width gap, and coupling gap. From the numerical experiment, the best design obtained of the optical switch was 6380 μm long and 15 μm wide, with the electrode length, was of 4500 μm. The optical switch could operate as an optical switch at Vπ = 34V with and a power imbalance of 8.73 dB, an insertion loss of 1.20 dB, an extinction ratio of 8.73 dB.

It is necessary to design an instrument using optical fiber as a soil moisture sensor, which can be implemented to detect potential landslides. The paper describes the sensor design, the experimental setup and an example of sensor prototype. This study uses multimode plastic optical fiber, light source from IF E91A IR LEDs that connected with Arduino, and OPM software for data retrieval. The POF’s removed cladding is 6 cm long. Using the U-bent method with diameter variation of 35 mm, 30 mm, and 25 mm, the optical power decreases along with the increase of water content in the soil. The sensitivity obtained for 35 mm, 30 mm, and 25 mm diameter are 0.245 μWatt / %, 0.154 μWatt / %, and 0.437 μWatt / % respectively. The use of U-bent method with 25 mm diameter has a better performance because of its larger sensitivity than the other diameter variation.

Edible oil forgery is a prominent issue of food production bussiness. In order to lower the production cost and increase the apparent value, some cheap substance is added on the edible oil production and it was mislabelled. Current techniques are able to differentiate each type of edible oils based on its physical characteristics. However, they need special treatment of samples and costly. In this paper, the optical characteristic of absorption of animal-based and plantbased oils are investigated to obtain fingerprints on UV-visible-near infrared wavelength region. Either animal-based or plant-based oils have absorption on wavelength region of 900 – 940 nm. However, each type of oils has unique absorption characteristics on wavelength region of 350 – 700 nm. Hence, the UV-visible region can be used as the marker of each type of edible oils.

A cardiac apex impulse sensing based on a singlemode-multimode-singlemode (SMS) fiber structure has been demonstrated experimentally to monitor heart pulse in the human body. The sensor was placed onto the sample’s skin at the precordium area. By detecting the power output variation due to vibration applied to the SMS fiber structure by cardiac apex impulse, the heart condition could be observed. The pulse wave signal pattern which was obtained had the similar signal pattern with the apex cardiography reference signal graph. The proposed method can be used to measure vital signs with several advantages, such as real-time and accuracy, high sensitivity, reproducible, low cost and convenient operation.

Terahertz is a relatively new, and yet to be explored that how it interacts with many biological objects like avian eggshell. Eggshell protects internal contents of egg from contaminants and ultraviolet radiation. It also acts as a major mineral source for embryonic development. The refractive index indicating eggshell compactness could be a potential quality criterion of shell for both table and hatching egg. But a little is known about refractive index of eggshell. However, the available information is only based on destructive method which is not suitable to use in many cases due to loss of eggshell integrity. Therefore, we aim to develop a non-destructive protocol of eggshell refractive index measurement using terahertz timedomain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) which can directly derive refractive index in the terahertz region from the temporal pulses. In order to get rid of intense terahertz absorption by egg albumen, we used THz-TDS to measure reflectance of intact eggshell in the 0.2-1.2 THz. THz wave`s frequency domain interferences signal contains the information of both thickness and refractive index of the eggshell. The results revealed that this proposed method can be used in estimation of refractive index of intact eggshell with co-efficient of determination (R2) of 0.49. This non-destructive protocol could not only be used in industrial grading of eggs but also in many applied research fields such as applied optics, ornithology, evolutionary biology in the future.

Nowadays, the number of potential diabetes sufferers tend to incline, and an effective tool for regular blood’s glucose monitoring is needed. Unlike the conventional invasive technique, the non-invasive one is more convenient for regular monitoring purposes. Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS) technique offers several potentials to be implemented as an accurate blood’s glucose monitoring system. Efforts to investigate possibilities of DRS to accurately predict the blood glucose concentration will be reported in this paper. Solid tissue phantoms with different glucose concentrations were made to mimic diabetes tissues. These phantoms were made composed from glucose solution dissolved in water (as absorbing agent), intralipid (as scattering agent), and agar as a solid binding agent. Diffuse reflectance spectra that were measured on the top of solid phantoms , in the near infrared wavelength region of 900 – 1300 nm, was fitted with mathematical models of diffusely reflected light, which were derived from diffuse approximation of radiative transfer equation. Results show that this measurement technique can be used for accurately determining glucose level dissolved in the solid phantom. Obtained correlation between values extracted from fitting and the ones that were a priori known values for solid tissue phantom making can be well modelled as linear equation, i.e. y = 0.83634 + 0.58036 x, with the COD (R2) of 0.98739. The Clarke Error Grid Analysis shows that this glucose measurement system can detect the glucose level clinically up to 18 millimolar (mM).

Diabetic foot ulcer is one of the most common causes of lower-extremity amputation of diabetic patients worldwide. Researchers have identified several optical diagnostic techniques to diagnose diabetic foot ulcer by monitoring average blood oxygenation state in the foot tissue. However, they need sophisticated equipment and specialized expertise. In addition, they may not be able to resolve the relative local blood volume fraction of reduced/- oxyhemoglobin within the bulk of highly scattering tissue media. Therefore, aim of the study is to extract localized blood volume fraction of reduced/-oxyhemoglobin by using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). To prove the feasibility of DRS for diabetic foot ulcer detection, we measured the localized blood volume concentrations of reduced hemoglobin (RHb), oxyhemoglobin (HbO₂), and oxygen saturation (SO₂) from different sites such as lips, earlobe, finger and foot of human subjects by using DRS. The measured average level of HbO₂ and SO₂ found highest in lips followed by a finger, earlobe, and foot, while the average level of RHb followed the reverse trend. Thus, the preliminary results suggest that the proposed approach could be used for real-time, accurate, and noninvasive monitoring of blood oxygenation parameters from the site of ulcerated foot that may help in early diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring of diabetic foot. This may reduce the health-care cost and improve the quality of life of diabetic foot patients.

Rice bran layer residue evaluation commonly investigated using invasive methods by using dye. The development of a non-invasive method to evaluate the bran layer residue will enable the implementation of the methods in the rice sorting machine. Characterization of the optical properties of the rice kernel is necessary to find the effective machine vision method and setup. In this research, a preliminary experiment to develop a suitable imaging method to detect bran layer residue has been done. The fluorescence EEM of different layers of rice kernel has been measured and compared. Fluorescence imaging using a single excitation wavelength at 280 nm and UV camera has been developed to detect the bran layer residue. The results show this method has the potential to be implemented for bran residue detection and milling degree prediction.

Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) research has been conducted as a method of photodynamic therapy that combines blue diode laser light (405 nm) with Alfalfa chlorophyll photosensitiser so that it can produce reactive oxygen species that cause biological damage to the target. This study aims to determine the potential of blue diode lasers and the addition of 20% chlorophyll photosensitiser to reduce gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa which can cause skin infections. The method used is a blue diode laser irradiation of bacteria by the addition of chlorophyll and Total Plate Count (TPC) to determine the decrease in bacterial viability in units of CFU / ml. Test results show that photodynamic inactivation with a blue diode laser and chlorophyll can reduce bacterial viability. Irradiation for 180 seconds at a dose of 1.59 J / cm2 gives the most bacterial death results. The percentage of bacterial death of Staphylococcus aureus was (35.44 ± 1.67)% without photosensitiser, and with photosensitiser the percentage of bacterial deaths increased to (53.59 ± 1.36)%. While the percentage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterial deaths was (20.02 ± 0.76)% without photosensitisers, and with additional photosensitisers it increased to (44.24 ± 1.50)%.

Research has been conducted for wavelength identification of red betel leaf (Piper Crocatum), green betel leaf (Piper Betle L.), and black betel leaf (Piper Betle V.) using Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy method. This study aims to determine the specific wavelength identification of each betel leaf based on UV-Vis spectroscopy data. The experiment was started by weighing 1.9 g of red, green, and black betel leaf powders and dissolved of each sample in 25 ml of methanol, then immersed for 24 hours. Prior to be analyzed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, the sample diluted by 50 times. For classifying and discriminating of each betel leaf, the UV-Vis spectra data were then analyzed by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) algorithm. The score plot result of PCA show that the cluster of each betel leaf separated clearly. Based on loading plot of PCA, the identity of betel leaf wavelength are in the range of 407-412 nm and the specific wavelength of this species is 408 nm. Each wavelength characteristics of red, green, and black betel leaf are 411 nm, 411.5 nm, and 409.5 nm, respectively.

Respiratory rate is one of important vital signs, i.e. an indication of patient's health state and its normal rates for adult person at rest may range from 12 to 20 breaths per minute (BPM). The rates may increase due to fever, illness, and other medical conditions. We report an effort to develop and calibrating a non-contact and low-cost respiratory rate monitoring system, based on digital image correlation technique using a used Microsoft Kinect camera. Steps accomplished in this reported work was designed as a hands-on training for last year student, where they can learn and grasp on how to develop a clinical instrument and to assure its measuring performance. Calibration steps were accomplished to ensure the accuracy of the monitoring results. Average measurement errors in distance determination was below 1%, meanwhile overall error in determining measured cycles were the range of 2.4% - 4.5 % (i.e. translational motion with repetition cycle of 12 - 18 cycles per minute, which is directly proportional to beat-per-minute (BPM)). The proposed system was then tested to 10 volunteers from students, to determine the volunteer's respiratory rate, i.e. either the chest and belly respiratory rates.

One of standard measuring device used in legal metrology is a vertical storage tank (also known as cylindrical tank) which is a standard measuring tank having a circular cross section and stands on a solid and fixed foundation. To maintain the truth value of a vertical storage tank, a calibrating and re-calibrating process must be carried out. Measuring instruments used in the calibrating and recalibrating process currently have several drawbacks, such as unaffordable prices and impractical use. In this study a cylinder tank volume measurement system was made by utilizing a laser distance gauge. The system using the travel time measurement principle in measuring the radius and height of the vertical storage tank to obtain the value of tank volume. To validate the system a miniature prototype of a vertical storage tank with an actual radius of 2.021 m and a height of 6.083 m was used. The instrument is positioned close to the center point of the vertical storage tank to measure its radius and height. The measuring tool rotates 360° to take 200 measurement data. From the experiment the instrument obtained the average volume measurements with an error of 3.087% and 3.283%.

A Visible Light Communication (VLC) transmitter that can transmit data efficiently without utilizing a blue optical filter is needed while also be able to produce high color and excellent lighting performance. A dichromatic LED configuration consisting of a data transmitter (Blue LED/Red LED) and illumination light source (LED Lime) is modulated with OOKNRZ signal and then compared to traditional LED Transmitters. From a lighting perspective, Lime-Red and Lime-Blue WLED configuration can achieve Color Rendering Index (CRI) value of 81.8 and 76.4 respectively, compared to the highest CRI value of RGB WLED that is 74.5. From a communication perspective, Lime-Red and Lime-Blue WLED can achieve data rate of 1.31 Mbps (red modulated) and 1.28 Mbps (blue modulated) compared to data rate of 1.09 Mbps by traditional Phosphorous Cool White LED. Lime-Red and Lime-Blue WLED does not have the bandwidth limitation that is prevalent in Phosphorous White LEDs, which makes these 2 configurations able to trespass the traditional data rate limit without the use of blue optical filter. Thus, by only using 2 LEDs, VLC transmitters with high CRIs, and capability of transmitting a high data rate without the use of blue optical filter is obtained.

We have developed a simple and low cost viscometer prototype by using laser. The prototype consists a laser with 405 nm as a light source, an LDR optical sensor as a detector, Arduino Uno as a signal processor and serial monitor as a display. We use frying oil as object. The frying oil was heated to obtain a certain viscosity because there are strong correlations between viscosity and temperature. The results show that when the temperature increase, the viscosity is decreased, and the output intensity detected by LDR will be increased. In this design the average error value is 36.89 centipoise compared to standard measurement using Ostwald viscometer. The main caused is the experiment was not done in the dark room as it should.

The FMCW reflectometry is a high-resolution ranging system using an optical frequency swept laser source. The beat spectrum consists in the interference signal will analysis by FFT analysis. At the asymmetric method, the timing of the data acquisition called raising period is different with the timing of FFT analysis called the falling period. The exact percentage of both will determine quality profiling and measurement time. In our experiment, we compare the measurement time between 350 and 600 points of the number of the acquired data with the theoretical measurement time. The measurement time of theoretical theory is closer with the measurement time using 350 points of the number of the acquired data. This study proved that the clear profile is generated using the repetition frequency of the injection current modulation 1.8 kHz with the condition is the raising period (Tr = 155 μ) is shorter than the falling period (Tf = 400) at the raising mode in 22.7 sec by using 350 points of the number of the acquired data.