Measuring the state of polarization of light is critical because it contains information about its source, including radiation, reflection, and any other interactions with matter. However, the traditional method to operate polarimetry relies on knowing the direction of wave propagation. Otherwise, one measures only the projection of the three-dimensional optical field onto the two-dimensional detector. This limitation, however, can be circumvented by using a reference vector field with a non-homogeneous spatial distribution of the state of polarization. Here we demonstrate that a “radially polarized” reference beam offers a simple and robust solution for a single-shot, omnidirectional polarimeter. The technique relies on intensity contrasts measured simultaneously in different orthogonal bases followed by an appropriate Fourier analysis to extract both direction and state of polarization of an incoming beam of light.
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