This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 12296, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents and Conference Committee lists.

In this paper, the authors propose an algorithm for automatic near-real-time flood mapping of the Amur River basin from Sentinel-2 MSI data using a U-net convolutional neural network adapted to the task. As a training set, we used Sentinel-2 Level-2A data and vector maps of river floods, created manually by specialists from the Far-Eastern Center of State Research Center for Space Hydrometeorology “Planeta”. According to the training results, Precision was 94.91%, Recall - 90.76%, F1-measure - 92.79%. High accuracy estimates and fast operation speed make it possible to use the developed algorithm for automatic near-real-time flood mapping of the Amur River basin in complex monitoring problems.

The article describes the experience of creating an electronic cadastre of rare species as a form of collecting primary data on population monitoring of higher vascular plants included in the Red Books of various ranks and classified as objects of protection of specially protected natural areas. The studies covered two protected areas located in the Murmansk region (Russian Federation): the state natural park "Rybachy and Sredny Peninsulas" and the state natural monument of federal significance "Lake Mogilnoye".

Soil erosion all over the world is an intensive, poorly controlled process. In many ways, this is a consequence of the lack of up-to-date high-resolution erosion maps. All over the world, the problem of information insufficiency is solved in different ways, mainly point-by-point, in local territories. Extrapolation of locally obtained results to a larger area inevitably leads to uncertainties and errors. For the anthropogenically developed part of Russia, this problem is particularly relevant, because the assessment of the intensity of erosion processes, even with the use of erosion models, does not allow to achieve the required scale due to the lack of all the necessary global large-scale remote sensing data of the Earth and the complexity of considering regional features of erosion over such large areas. The paper proposes a new technique for automated large-scale mapping of erosion processes, namely rill erosion, according to Sentinel-2. Deep learning neural networks are used to recognize washouts. To recognize rills, a transfer learning approach was used, namely, a combination of the LinkNet architecture with the EfficientNetB3 encoder. The accuracy of automated recognition of rill erosion in the study area of 3,200 square kilometers is 80% compared to the results of manual recognition. The average density of the rill erosion was 0.3 km/sq.km, the maximum – 0.66 km/sq.km. The greatest density of washouts corresponds to the plowed deforested territories actively used in agriculture, the minimum – is on cultivated lands with contour farming.

The extreme lack of information on the use of geographic information systems, one of which is the Land Viewer platform for remote control over felling, determines the novelty of the work performed. The object of the study is felling in the Kinel-Cherkassky forestry using the Land Viewer geoinformation system. The purpose of the research is to determine the possibility of using the LandViewer geographic information system to control felling. The paper presents the results of monitoring the implementation of cuttings in the Kinel-Cherkassky forestry, clarified the errors obtained in determining the cutting areas, the speed of obtaining and the relevance of information on the progress of work. The results of the study can be used in the organization of work on the allotment and further control over the maintenance of forest plantations, clear sanitary felling and monitoring the implementation of a large set of fire prevention measures in the forests of the Samara region and other regions of the Russian Federation. The revealed facts should be taken into account in order to improve the work in the field of forest surveillance activities.

The competent care of forest stands especially ones such as middle-aged and ripening forests and possibility of timely using the renewal felling by developed parameters could be contribute to the formation of forests from valuable species and form an additional volume of wood with specified technical characteristics of wood. The positive ways by using renewal felling: the removing the most overmatured spruce trees because the conditions are created for better growth of the more economically valuable part of the forest stand left for growing; conservation and preservation of the climate and protective functions of the forest and environment’s condition; creation of a technological structure of the cutting area. In this regard, the results of scientific work could be take into account for renewal felling by developing a strategy for forest management and forestry, making management decisions, planning and designing activities. The scientific results obtained in the framework of the study its good scientific basis for improving the structure of the forests of the European North, increasing their productivity, biospheric role of forests and profitability of the forest sector of the economy.

The problem of forest fires is especially relevant for the North of the Baikal natural territory. The paper presents the results of studying the spatio-temporal dynamics of forest fires and their consequences for 2001-2019. in the basin of the Kichera River, located in the north of Buryatia, where the greatest loss of forest cover in the Republic over the past 20 years has been noted. The research was carried out using statistical materials from a number of international projects and open access databases specializing in the processing of satellite information about fires, as well as using our own calculations based on the interpretation of multi-zone satellite images. The results of the calculation in the GIS environment of the number of fires and the area of total loss of forest cover in the Kichera River basin for each year, as well as the results of their comparison are given. The most unfavorable years in terms of pyrogenic conditions were identified (2006, 2010, 2015, 2019). Inaccuracies in accounting for the loss of forest cover in open access databases are noted, associated with accounting for losses in the next year, and not the year corresponding to the fire. Based on multi-temporal Landsat-7-ETM+ and Landsat-8 OLI images, based on the integration of the results of calculating two spectral indices NDVI and NBR, as well as their difference variations (dNDVI and dNBR), identification, mapping and determination of the area of burnt forest areas in the Kichera River basin were carried out for years with the highest flammability. The analysis revealed a clearly defined trend of an annual increase in the number of fires, primarily due to a decrease in precipitation, high temperatures and a decrease in the water level in Lake Baikal. It is noted that the role of the pyrogenic factor in the overall reduction of forest area in the Kichera River basin in some years exceeds 90%. An analysis of the spatial confinement of burnt forest areas makes it possible with a high degree of probability to assume a predominantly anthropogenic origin of fires.

The Paris Agreement on climate change offers great opportunities for Russia in terms of taking into account the absorptive capacity of its forests. The article discusses the role of Russian forests in compensating for CO2 emissions, reveals the problems and challenges facing the country's forestry, including those related to the digital transformation of the industry, and gives a brief description of the startup to develop the GafelUrman digital platform project to track all afforestation processes.

Accidents occurring on forest sites, leakage of oil products during refueling and operation of forestry equipment, lead to long-term point impact on soil and water in places where equipment and fuel and lubricants warehouses are concentrated. Long-term use of the logging site leads to intensive exploitation of forest areas and roads, contributing to oil pollution of water bodies through the water protection zones of which they pass. In places where oil products leak, it is necessary to organize the treatment of surface runoff, which washes away pollution from the surface of the sites, using local treatment systems, in which combined natural sorption materials act as a treatment agent. The features of the arrangement of cleaning systems on forest sites and roads are revealed: the conditions of swampy and water-saturated forest areas, the most typical in the North-West of Russia, the lack of power supply, the inability to bury structures due to a small difference in elevations between the roadbed and the adjacent terrain or water level, taking into account soil cover and sand removal - the need to install a sand trap device with a power reserve, the performance of the facilities is selected according to the amount of wastewater flow, designed for shorter catchment areas, ensuring the reception of wastewater with a flow rate of 0.3 - 3.0 l / s. Features of the dry state of loading of local treatment facilities not flooded with water make it possible to increase the efficiency of wastewater treatment from oil products by an order of magnitude by increasing its capacity. The use of three types of sorbents with different sorption kinetics allows the most complete use of the filter capacity up to breakthroughs of oil products during cleaning.

The problems of sustainable development and management of the region's ecology on the basis of its economic and mathematical models are studied. As an example, the issues of sustainable development and environmental management of the oil regions are considered. To develop models of sustainable development and management of the region's ecology, the principle of a program-target approach is used. The possibility of taking into account the reaction of the ecological-socio-economic system to all factors with the help of economic-mathematical models, as well as the development of a program for the sustainable development of the region using such models, is substantiated. To assess the state of the ecological, social and economic system, the factors of management, economic development, as well as factors of technological and institutional development are considered. A model of a causal relationship between the ecological-socio-economic system of the region and a group of external development factors is proposed and described. Based on the proposed conceptual model using the method of adaptive balance of causes, a mathematical model of the ecological-socio-economic system has been developed. The developed mathematical model makes it possible to determine the reactions of the ecological-socio-economic system to external factors and predict the development scenario of the ecological-socio-economic system based on the forecast of changes in external factors.

The article shows the output parameters of the radiator workflow. Conditions corresponding to the operation of the radiator of the installed radiator on tractors and cars. On the potential heat transfer of the radiator. Implementation coefficient, which generally takes into account the integral effect of all restrictions imposed on the potential heat transfer of the radiator in the ambient air. Characteristic features of the air flow at the inlet to the core of the radiator installed on the tractor and the car. The parameters that determine the thermal efficiency of the radiator of the cooling system of tractors and cars, for this, a quantitative assessment of the unevenness of the velocity field in front of the radiator front, the coefficient of the amount of air movement, the field coefficient, the coefficient of unevenness of the velocity field along the radiator front were used. The results of the obtained values of the coefficient of non-uniformity of the velocity field along the radiator front.

The article discusses an approach to planning crop areas in order to increase profits in the face of uncertain weather conditions by making decisions based on a mathematical model of game theory. Game theory deals with decision making in conflict situations between opposing players. In this situation, "nature" can play the role of the opposing side In this case, nature is not an opposing side of an antagonistic nature, but due to its unpredictability, natural phenomena can cause no less harm.

The article discusses the strategy of energy release management using a decision support system. An example of the use of neural network technologies to increase the energy efficiency of technological and power plants at the agrocomplex "Gorny" in Ust-Katav is analyzed.

The article considers alternative waste disposal of agricultural enterprises of the Southern Urals. In the form of alternative utilization, the processing of manure into biogas is presented. The problems of using biogas plants are analyzed. The principles of environmental policy and environmental protection measures in the field of waste disposal and disposal of agricultural complexes in the region are considered.

The comparable assessment of the agro-resource potential makes it possible to objectively assess the results of economic activities of administrative districts and individual agricultural enterprises, which have, as a rule, unequal soil and land resources located in different natural and climatic conditions. The models and methods used to forecast the dynamics of agricultural processes are based on quantitative information and are implemented as part of statistical quality control and potential loss estimation in state-supported agricultural insurance. On the one hand, only a comprehensive agrochemical survey of agricultural land can provide objective data on changes in soil fertility throughout the region and make calculations for its future development. On the other hand, real dynamic processes occurring in agriculture are represented by specific farming conditions, for which these requirements are rarely met, due to the great uncertainty of the factors determining their dynamics. This article discusses the possibilities of using system-situational modeling tools to predict the dynamics of processes in the agricultural sector on the basis of a project-based approach. Aiming at that, the surveys of the land surface (meadows, arable land under crops) were carried out in the region by means of optical methods, which under processing of information programs allowed us to obtain quantitative assessments of the cultivation of crops most demanding to a neutral environment reaction, and consequently the qualitative effectiveness of liming of soils. The digital system-situational model that we have received for analysis and assessment of soil fertility quality can serve as a new tool to describe the dynamics of agrarian processes under the uncertainty conditions and to forecast yield/loss under agricultural insurance with state support.

In this article describes the results of theoretical research to determine the design of an improved, soil-deepener plug that allows the soil to be loosened without compaction, along with plowing, and the longitudinal distance from the soil-deepener to the body behind it.

The article provides data on the use of a complex unit before irrigation, while simultaneously inserting a transverse floor and a longitudinal furrow for irrigation without damaging the plants, also on a scientific basis, it is stated about the uniform provision of irrigation water and the reduction of manual labor (4 hours per person per day), saving irrigation water and elimination of salt stains and reduction of irrigation water costs by 1300 m3/ha, yield addition by 6.0 c/ha and the use of environmentally friendly organic fertilizers "ecophosphoazotin" on cotton on moderately saline, uneven, sloping soils in the Bukhara region.

The problem of rational use of manure as an organic fertilizer to create their own feed base of small farms with simultaneous compliance with environmental protection requirements is of national economic importance. Accumulated manure and manure runoff contain nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other substances that can fertilize large areas of farmland. The main requirements for manure removal and disposal systems include the following conditions: ensuring good conditions for keeping animals; exclusion of environmental pollution; its effective use. At the same time, the processes of cleaning premises and sites from manure before application to the soil, collection and disposal of surface water contaminated with manure, if necessary, should be covered. Removal, transportation, processing, storage and introduction into the soil of manure obtained on farms must be carried out in compliance with the relevant zootechnical, sanitary, veterinary and agrotechnological requirements to exclude the spread of helminths, pathogens of infectious diseases and weed seeds. The system as a whole should be economically optimal for specific climatic and production conditions. When drafting a system, it must be linked to plans for land reclamation and strengthening the fodder base in order to increase the yield of organic fertilizers using peat, straw and other bedding and composting materials, reduce transportation costs and introduce liquid manure using irrigation systems.

The article deals with the problem of assessing damage during seismic surveys on agricultural land used in the production process. The difficulty lies in determining the area of the damaged surface after harvesting the crop. At the same time, the full processing of the entire field to a depth of 35-45 cm will lead to a multiple increase in the cost of reclamation. In order to avoid such a situation, it is proposed to use a GPS tracker, which will indicate the path traveled, and then be able to orient the equipment for spot processing of the field. The purpose of the study is to propose an algorithm for determining damage in case of violation of the fertile surface layer of agricultural land with excessive compaction. To solve this problem, the following tasks are supposed to be solved: - study of a universal methodology for determining damage in case of damage to agricultural land; - to determine the features of the formation of damage during seismic surveys; - formulate proposals for improving the standard methodology. When using a GPS tracker, the cost of reclamation will be reduced from 491 thousand rubles up to 23 thousand rubles (21 times).

The article presents the results of a comprehensive assessment of the technical condition of a rural medium voltage electrical network, performed using the MATLAB software package. Simulation modeling of the steady state mode of the rural electrical network has been carried out for various load factors of transformer substations 10/0.4 kV. Calculation of electrical energy losses in overhead lines 10 kV, transformer substations 10/0.4 kV. The damage from the undersupply of electrical energy and the damage from the low quality of the voltage are also estimated. As a result of the experiments, it was revealed that the main share of the costs falls on the damage from the undersupply of electrical energy, and therefore, a set of measures is required to reduce the number of emergency outages of consumers.

The article notes the need to create promising vehicles for agricultural production that meet modern trends in the development of engineering. A brief review and classification of small-sized transport-technological vehicles based on tricycles, incl. on electric traction. An experimental sample of an electric cargo tricycle developed at the FSAC VIM and its technical features are presented. The basic and advanced harvesting and transport technologies used in the selection of grain crops are described. A high level of manual labor and low productivity of basic agricultural technology are noted on the example of a pilot farm in the Ryazan region. The requirements for the design of a cargo electric vehicle based on a tricycle for implementation in a promising harvesting and transport technology have been formed. The concept of a vehicle that meets the indicated requirements is presented. Calculation substantiation and selection of parameters of the traction electric drive and storage batteries are made. A contradiction was noted in the choice of parameters of the traction electric drive by manufacturers of electric tricycles - the drive power is several times less than road resistance, even taking into account the overload capacity of electric motors. The expected economic effect from the introduction of the developed vehicle into a promising harvesting and transport technology is given.

The digitalization of agriculture will allow timely receipt of reliable information necessary to ensure technological progress in the agro-industrial complex and achieve growth in labor productivity. As part of the agrochemical survey of agricultural land, the data of soil fertility monitoring, field conditions, as well as data on crop yields and on the use of navigation systems in large-scale enterprises of the agro-industrial complex of the Tyumen region were analyzed. Reserves for increasing crop yields and increasing the efficiency and development of agriculture by improving soil fertility and using digital technologies that monitor all fields, collect and digitize data on cultivated crops, and update soil maps have been identified. The proposal for the creation and implementation of digital technologies will make it possible to more effectively apply resource-saving technologies in agriculture, improve the quality of food products, and reduce the technogenic burden on the environment.

This article presents a comparative assessment of the purchasing and consumer prices of bulls and castrated bulls live weight and carcasses of the dually productive (meat and dairy) taking into account the age of the animals and growth and fattening up - low, moderate, or intensive. The data were ranked by categories - super, prime, extra, excellent, good, satisfactory, low - in accordance with the current regulatory document (standard) GOST 34120-2017 "Cattle for slaughter. Beef and veal in carcasses, half-carcasses and quarters. Technical conditions." The empirical basis of this study was data from the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat), data on the meat yielding capacity of young cattle, and data provided in the studies of Russian scientists. In the course of research, generally accepted methods were used: analysis, comparison, generalization; special scientific methods used: abstract-logical, economic-statistical. The weight discrepancies from the delivery of young cattle by live weight and by carcass weight are analyzed, which later on down the line add to the meat processing plants costs and, as a consequence, on the consumer value of meat and meat products. The authors note that with a low and moderate level of cultivation and fattening, when handing over young cattle by live weight, there is an overestimation of the price, as in fact the actual slaughter yields of the carcasses correspond to the categories below.

The article explained the research conducted on the analysis of technological processes of temporary canal digging. Also, the dimensions of the temporary ditches, their location, and transverse diagrams are also shown. In the formation of these channels, on the development of two straight discs in front of the channel-digger, and in order to reduce the gravity resistance of the channel-digger, and compaction of the channel bottom, in order to improve the channel quality the results of preliminary research are presented.

The objective of the research is the development and implementation of methodological, methodical and technological aspects of creating an information system by farms of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The subject of the research is the process of introducing modern information and communication technologies into agriculture. To achieve this goal, the work pursues the solution of the following tasks: study and scientific substantiation of theoretical and methodological approaches to improving the farm management system; study, analysis and systematization of the accumulated experience and publications on the creation of information systems in the farm management system; creation, pilot testing and implementation of a farm management information system: development of scientific and practical recommendations for the creation and implementation of a farm management information system based on scientific findings, innovative ideas, analysis of experimental results; development of universal databases and programs for automated calculation of farm tax reports; development of model solutions for farm management, sample business plans for the use of free funds in the accounts and sample forms of aggregated statistical data on farms in the region.

The purpose of this article is to review new trends in monitoring the condition of engine oil on heavy-duty diesel engines. New solutions are being introduced into this industry with new advantages in the development of artificial intelligence, as well as machine learning and sensor technologies, which are applicable for data-based maintenance. They are called predictive maintenance. This paradigm replaces the old one. It changes the traditional routine preventive maintenance scheme and provides a deeper understanding of engine performance. Monitoring and checkout of the condition is necessary to maintain near real-time, because on-line control of equipment status can significantly reduce operating costs, by eliminating the need for equipment downtime for everyday diagnostics. The analysis based on oil samples is an effective tribotechnical systems approach for early diagnosis of failures, as it contains valuable information about the process of degradation of oil and the state of tribotechnical pairs. But there are some problems with this method. The first is the way of sampling. There are a lot of mistakes that can be made during the oil sampling process, and they can influence the results. Second is transportation to the place of analysis complicates the diagnostic process. That’s why we can’t say that this approach is an on-line method of diagnostic for the better prognosis of pending machinery failure needs to know a typical in time correlation between size and concentration of wear debris parts. But there is a note – a size of wear debris ranges in different work conditionals and depends on type of machine. For example, the size of wear debris during normal operation of a new engine ought to be at the range between 1 μm to 10 μm and at the constant correlation. If the conditions are abnormal the debris size will be between 20 μm and 100 μm. The size of wear debris parts and concentration of them will increase in time during the machine until it fails. The critical size is more than 100 μm the engine is in critical conditions and need to immediate stop and maintenance to avoid machine failure. That’s why to prevent emergency cutoff of the engine the debris size more than 20 μm needs to be controlled.

The concept of an information-computing system is presented, which allows, on the basis of instrumental control of certain parameters of the operation of machine-tractor units, not only to inform the operator about their values, but also to perform the necessary computational and logical operations, as a result of which the operator is informed about the possibility of increasing the efficiency of the operation being performed, as well as suggest the most suitable combinations of control settings.

The study of biological factors affecting the process of enzymatic saccharification of cellulose-containing substrates to di- and monosaccharides is an urgent task of modern biotechnology. One of the areas of these studies is associated with the search for enzyme preparations that are most effective in carrying out the deep destruction of cellulose. Another thing — with the study of the influence of physicochemical properties and structure of cellulose on the course of bioconversion. For the first time, the biodegradation processes of fibers of genetic varieties of cotton plants were studied. It was found that the effect of enzymes on the fibers of each variety of cotton was different. The substrate specificity of cellulases was determined with respect to the fibers of genetically different cotton lines. It was experimentally established that fibers of closely related lines undergo destruction at the same rate.

The article discusses the issues of the possibility of using a swarm of unmanned aerial vehicles in remote agricultural areas to create a wide coverage area for transmitting information from ground-based wireless sensor networks. Architectural solutions for flying sensor networks are studied and a simulation model is presented that integrates flying sensor networks (FSN) and ground wireless sensor networks (WSN) for data transmission. The model studies clustering of a swarm of UAVs using the K-means method and finding the shortest path when routing using Dijkstra's algorithm. Computer simulation of optimal routing for a swarm of 250 UAVs has been carried out.

The article developed a mathematical model of the non-stationary mode of the solar greenhouse heating system based on biogas energy obtained from animal waste and solar energy, which makes it possible to calculate the heat recovery of livestock buildings. It has been established that the heat recovered from the livestock building can cover 16-34% of the heat load of a solar greenhouse with a working area of 180 m². A block diagram in static and dynamic mode was developed to calculate the mathematical model of heat balance "Livestock solar greenhouse complex" in the package MATLAB / Simulink. The results of the block diagram show that in the static state, the outside air temperature is 0 °C, the average solar radiation is 150 W/m², the indoor temperature of the livestock building is 18.8 °C, the internal temperature of the solar greenhouse rises to in 50 minutes 15,6 °C. As a result of the construction of the block diagram in a dynamic state according to the weather data of August 11, 2021, the temperature of the livestock building during the day is 7 °C, solar radiation - 388 W/m², livestock the temperature of the building rises to 30 °C and the temperature of the solar greenhouse to 34 °C.