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1 May 1990Standardized measurements methods for analyzing electrostatically charged toners
The analysis of the physical condition of the developer in the copier during the copying process requires a lot of time and much technical expenditure and sometimes also a limited modification of the equipment. The knowledge of changes in time and place in the condition of the developer in the development zone is, however, essential for understanding the proceedings while electrostatic picture reproductions.
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Reinhold H. Epping, Martin Mehlin, Manfred Muenz, "Standardized measurements methods for analyzing electrostatically charged toners," Proc. SPIE 1252, Hard Copy and Printing Technologies, (1 May 1990); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.19776