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Transparent silica gels have been fabricated for some time now with bulk densities ranging from less than 10% to near 100%. What is remarkable is that these materials in bulk form have high visible light transmission over this wide range of consolidation. The conditions under which the sol-gel process are carried out, the rates of chemical reactions, drying procedures and heat treatments all influence the glass structure at the submolecular level and all play a role in determining whether or not the gel is transparent.
Lisa C. Klein
"Sol-gel overview: transparent, microporous silica, its synthesis and characterization", Proc. SPIE 1590, Submolecular Glass Chemistry and Physics, (1 November 1991); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.50195
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Lisa C. Klein, "Sol-gel overview: transparent, microporous silica, its synthesis and characterization," Proc. SPIE 1590, Submolecular Glass Chemistry and Physics, (1 November 1991); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.50195