Multivariate data spaces and multivariable systems analysis for explosives detection systems using x rays

Alphonsus John Fennelly; James K. Woosley; David M. McMahon; S. Bhuminder; J. W. Wolfsberger

doi:10.1117/12.140480

3 February 1993 Multivariate data spaces and multivariable systems analysis for explosives detection systems using x rays

Alphonsus John Fennelly, James K. Woosley, David M. McMahon, S. Bhuminder, J. W. Wolfsberger

Author Affiliations +

Proceedings Volume 1736, X-Ray Detector Physics and Applications; (1993) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.140480
Event: San Diego '92, 1992, San Diego, CA, United States

Abstract

The problems of maximizing probability of detection (P_D) while minimizing the probability of false alarms (P_F) in the explosives device detection problem for aviation security is addressed for x-ray explosive detection systems (XREDS). Difficulties with currently available detection systems are reviewed. The basic problem lies in the use of single-hit, single-phenomenology sensor systems, where to keep P_F below 10^-4, the equipment threshold V_T for a detection system must be so low that, at the signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) expected, we find that P_D lies between 0.4 and 0.6 regardless of phenomenology or sensor. We examine the choices of signature and discriminant features for XREDS, to achieve high discrimination with few leakers (high P_D) and little asset damage (low P_F). That applies to low signal-to-clutter (S/C) and signal-to-jamming (S/J) ratios. We discuss choices and combinations of x-ray energies, spectral purity, direction of scattering, imaging techniques, and others. Cluster analysis, factor analysis, and principal component analysis are applied to provide effective discrimination between explosive devices and false alarm objects, thereby enhancing P_D while keeping P_F <EQ 10^-4. A key analysis is the incorporation of binary cumulative probability of detection to combine the data from several sensors or signatures and avoid a cumulative increase in P_F (which is caused by a single direct cumulative P_D). We finish with some explicit examples and suggestions for further research into these x-ray methods.

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Alphonsus John Fennelly, James K. Woosley, David M. McMahon, S. Bhuminder, and J. W. Wolfsberger "Multivariate data spaces and multivariable systems analysis for explosives detection systems using x rays", Proc. SPIE 1736, X-Ray Detector Physics and Applications, (3 February 1993); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.140480

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KEYWORDS

Sensors

Explosives

X-rays

Explosives detection

X-ray detectors

X-ray imaging

Physics

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