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The accurate measurement of objects such as turbine blades is of great importance in determining ''as built'' dimensions. From these data further information can be derived which allows assessment of: balance damage and adherence to design plans. In this paper three techniques for the reconstruction of 3-D shape are compared and contrasted. Examples of data collected from: Photogrammetry Optical Triangulation and Moire are presented. The method chosen for a particular task will depend on the qualities of each technique sufficient information is given to assist in an appropriate selection.
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The research developed new and non-destructive method to detect the cutting time of milk coagulation. The system used for estimating cut-time of milk coagulation consisted of a high frequency signal generator transmitter and receiver transducers computerized data acquisition and control executive circuits. When input signal frequency equals to the inherent frequency of the ultrasonic transducer-milk coagulation system the output signal of the receiver transducer is the same frequency sine wave as that of the emit transducer and only different on their amplitude. The RMS. to DC conversion designed converted the high frequency signal into dc signal so that the computer can process easily it. The whole control system was operated by running designed EASYEST program and the clotting time(turning point) and cutting time(cutting point) was determined automatically. The experiments running the control system in laboratory produced positive correlation between the attenuation of ultrasonic signal and the physical property of milk coagulation.
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Results of a study on the use of synthesized ligth sources are presented. The favarable wavelength combinations for a pair of MLDs was simulated theroetically and verified experiementally. Under the condition of the best wavelength combination the lowest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) required by the system was found to be 18. 1 dB in theory and 22. 1 db from experiment. The relationships between the wavelengths of two diodes their coherence lengths and the SNR required by the system are shown and discussed.
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In this paper a dynamic approach to measure the coupling of software systems is proposed. The conventionally used static measures are only limited suitable for the evaluation and characterization of such systems. We extend the static methodology with a dynamic component and define new measures based on this approach. A model for system characterization based on varying execution profiles is given. The layout of an automated monitor system is presented which can be directly integrated into a software development system.
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An ambulatory measurement system for human walking is discussed. We found that the acceleration waveform at the waist varied significantly according to the sort of walking e. g. on a fiat floor or up/down stairs. The method proposed in this paper detects the variation of the waveform to identify the walking. The procedures of the method are as follows: At the beginning several acceleration waveforms for each sort of walking are measured and classified using the clustering method to make a set of reference waveforms. Next measured waveforms are compared with the clusters then we recognize which sort of walking the waveform comes from.
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This paper describes the work to develop a Parallel Beam Scanning System (PBSS) for the non-contact measurement of surface flatness of thin plates. The PBSS consists of a He-Ne laser source having good pointing stability a scanner to create divergent scanning beams a large aplanatic meniscus lens to convert the divergent beams to parallel beams a linear stage to drive the testpiece to each sampling position a screen for the projection of reflected beams from the tested surface and an image processing unit to analyze the projected image. Due to the out-of-flatness of the surface the straight line formed by the incident parallel beams will be distorted and magnified on the screen as it is reflected from the tested surface. The stage then positions the testpiece step-by-step to carry out measurements in the line-by-line sequence. A CCD camera is employed to capture the image of the distorted line on the screen each time. With the proposed mathematical model the flatness data of the testpiece can be computed from the input image data. Experimental results by the use of this system have shown in good agreement with the results obtained from the coordinate measuring machine. This system can be applied to the flatness measurements of thin plates such as sheet metals sheet moulding compound (SMC) plates glass plates etc. which are difficult to measure by traditional methods.
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With the coordinates measuring machine the measured points are obtained as a series of points consist of the original feature and the deviations caused by misalignment i. e. translated deviation and angular deviation. To evaluate the form deviation accurately it is required to best-fit the measured feature to the ideal feature. Conventional best-fitting has been done to minimize the sum of squares of deviations between measured feature and ideal feature by translating and rotating the measured feature. It is possible for the curved line but too difficult for the curved surface. This paper gives a new method of best-fitting using datums which minimize the sum of squares in its normal direction. The datum is defined as straight line for the curved line and plane for the curved surface. When the datum of measured feature is coincided with that of the ideal feature the deviations caused by misslignment are eliminated. In order to confirm the reliability of this method computer simulations and practical measurements were made. Then close agreement was obtained. Key words: coordinate measuring machine best-fitting curved surface datum method of least-squares form deviation software on the measurement accuracy y C) - Measured feature . /Ideal feature -I. Fig. 1 Conventional bestfitting method Ideal Measured feature feature eviation a) curved line Fig. 2 Designation of form deviation 54 / SPIE Vol. 2101 Measurement Technology and Intelligent Instruments (1993) b) curved surface
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Due to an increasing interest in the study of field emission emitters for vacuum microelectronic devices a variety of new designs on cold cathodes were reported. In this paper we will report a novel pressure sensor utilizing the field-emission from two cantilever beams on a thin pressure sensitive silicon diaphragm. A simulation of the normalized output current as a funcfion of applied pressure is presented. Results of experimental cantilever-beam field-emission pressure sensor and some of the emission phenomena are reported.
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This paper presents a new approach to modify the traditional method for sampling inspection by variables to suit undesired measurement conditions. On the basis of a systematic analysis of the effects of measurement errors on different types of acceptance schemes this paper gives two modified equations for revising the sampling size ii and the acceptability constant k to form a new acceptance scheme (n'' k'') under undesired measurement conditions. It has proved that the new method is suitable to different types of sampling inspection by variables including that for mean value and that for percent defective. The new acceptance scheme based on the method presented in this paper provides an engineering feasibility to replace the traditional scheme to suit undesired measurement conditions. KEY WARDS: Sampling Inspection by Variables Measurement Errors Acceptance Scheme Sample Size Acceptability Constant.
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An investigation of the use of a fibre optic sensor configured as a stress sensing device is presented. A highly birefringent fiber (Hi-Bi) incorporating a laser diode as a light source is employed and demonstrated for the measurement of the relationship between the coupled light power and applied force or stress. The force-induced coupling of power between the two eigenmodes of the light propagating in the fibre allows the magnitude of the applied force to be measured and controlled. Results obtained have shown that this device may have potential in industrial or robotic sensor applications. Theoretical aspects of the sensor system in this arrangement are discussed.
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In this paper a high accuracy heterodyne interferorneter measuring absolute distance is proposed. The triangular current is applied to the laser diode and frequency shift is performed using Bragg Cell and two-modulation is achieved. A high frequency clock for the phase measurement is employed. The system has high accuracy and high sensitivity.
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Herein on the basis of the outlying theory the correspondence between discretisation intervals of a supervised value and some preset value of the criterion which defines the supervision certainty is determined. As a result the adaptive measurement discretisation algorithm has been developed obtaining (by the measure and statistics) the time interval after which the next supervision is to be performed.
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High quality is a principal goal in the mass production of electric niotors (i.e. d.c. motors for cars and universal motors for
house hold appliances).The processing of vibration and acoustical signals are widely used in quality assurance in the mass
production but the coupling of the sensors to the motor as well as noise produced in the environment make it still difficult to
get reproducible diagnostic results. High quality in production can be achieved by the powerful modern diagnostic methods
which became possible because of the progress in microelectronics (microprocessors and signal processors). This progress
made mathematical methods and signal processing applicable. Therefore this paper deals with diagnostic methods that use
the measured signals of voltage, current and speed only but achieve a good testing. It gives an overview of new methods for
the feature extraction and fault detection on small power electric motors.
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The alignment technique is very important to the field of geometrical measurements, especially for large scale measurements. This technique can be used to solve a lot of problems found in size or profile measurements. At present the light beam of He-Ne laser is mainly used in the alignment devices. In such devices, the light beam drift and the mechanisms distortion caused by temperature change of light source is one of the main factors affecting the alignment precision. This paper presents an alignment device with laser diode. Since the laser diode has advantages of small size and easy use, and the temperature can be controlled easily, so the alignment precision can be obtained easily and the apparatus will become compact. The paper showed the influence of temperature change on the alignment precision and the methods of temperature control. Thea alignment precision was evaluation to be 1x10-6 from the results of experiments.
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It is well known that the determination ofthe temperature field by holographic interferometry is a successful method in the measurement of thermophysics. In this paper some practical algorithms for image reconstruction from projections are presented to produce the temperature field. The algorithms developed consists in that the Radon transform integral equation is directly solved by grid method and that the Radon inversion formula is numerically evaluated by twodimensional Fourier transform technique. Some examples are given to verify the validity of the above methods in practice.
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There are lots of curved surfaces in machine manufacturing. For example. blades ot' water turbine, shells of
rnotoreyle shells of airplane, mould, etc. Now, there isn't satisfactorical solution about the problem how to ne
asure these curved surface. Modern nasuring methods of curved surfaces include the method of three-coordinate
machine, the rithod of photograrnmetry, the method of raster projection, the method of rasuring by intersection
of eleetronie-theodolites, the irthod of laser interferometry, the method laser diffractometry, the method of
laser triangulation, etc. Now, let's introduce then respectively.
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The magnitude of axial clearance of roller bearing used in freight trains is an important factor affecting the durability of bearing. This paper introduces two methods ( pushing outer ring and reversion approach) to measure the axial clearance of roller bearing used in freight trains and according to the analysis of force the two methods are compared with each other. Up to now the measuring instrument of bearing clearance based on the theory of these two methods mentioned above has been successfully made and it has been practically proved that the latter is better than the former.
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This paper expounds the principle of the spectrometer in the field with PbS detector derives the expression of the sensitivity and resolving power of the spectrometer also gives the calculated results and analyses the results The spectrometer devised with the calculated parameter is used to measure the reflectance of the objects in the field The results are identical in the main with the calculated data
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This paper presents a set of feature parameters characterizing tool wear and fracture in turning and endmilling processes which are extracted from the acoustic emission (AE) and vibration signals through frequency analysis and multistep extraction analysis. A tool wear and fracture fusion model is made on the relevance analysis trend analysis and the least square regression. Based on the recognition algorithm of selfsimilar analysis the value of tool wear can be calibrated. Using the abovementioned research results a realtime tool monitoring system is developed for turning and endmilling processes with higher rate of success fewer prediction errors and faster response time
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This paper offers a detailed introduction to a successful technical solution to system error removing in grinding operation by Geometrical Adaptive Control(GAC). The system is composed of a machine tool an in-process measuring instrument and an on-line measuring machine. Accuracy of the workpiece ground is to be judged by measuring machine sends signals to in-process measuring instrument or grinder in order to control the feeding amount of tool thus a close-loop control system for grinding operation is formed. All errors made by the system (because of temperature humidity air pressure vibration time drift)will be removed through calibration with standard workpiece (self-examination of the measuring machine). FOREWORD With the development of science and technology in recent years mechanical processing tends to adaptive control and flexible manufacturing systems precision machinery and precision instrument are directed to high accuracy and automation. In the late 70s micro electronics technology makes IC from the stage of large-scale to ultra-large-scale Resolution of digital display reaches 0. 1 . tm. positioning accuracy of test instrument reaches the level of submicro-meter. The accuracy speed and stability of on-line measurer and measuring machine directly influences machining accuracy and working efficiency of proceesing system being inspected. Ready-made close-loop control system of on-line measurement in grinding operation meets the requirement of machining circle (4 seconds) . Its accuracy reaches 0. 5 ii m or even higher. In large batch production. GAC has
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I_n the paper the principle and main property of forcebalance sensor is discussed in details. Furthermore it also depicts the applacation of the instrument on refrigerator thermostat skip property measurement In the mean time it gives out the structure the principle and the use of the instrument in practice.
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This paper presents a new method in the application of computer in fine dividing grating signals the basic idea of which is to use computer software in the analysis and processing of measured results of grating signals to generate a fast look-up table. The round sum of grating signals'' preiods is counted by a hardware-counter and the fine dividing value is processed by means of software . The whole system consists of simple circuits but has a high accuracy and a high resolution ratio. Key words: fine dividing grating interference fast look-up table sinusoid constant-amplitude orthogonality.
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jSYlIJIJOliC FepVCSCIltaLiOfl of rnachiiie errors for the opetied loop chain aJl(1 closed J():)fJ Cllaifl iii positioii and orientation is presented. i]iis representatioL1 (foes away with CtJJ11l)CrSOUC natrix rnuitiplicaiioiis and is able tO Ofilit 1ie zero value of multiplication of matrix. A program is also (leVeIolJC(I by I''iogran syrti holic rcj:ncseii lation method which is apjilicable to the analysis of nialiiiie Crrors. An example is given to illustrate the use of this prograiii for the analysis of machue errors. it is hoped that the itietliod presented if! this study will provide an easy and powerful tool for the analysis of machine errors. In iroduc Lion lfoclianism are commonly used in . i specified pOSitiOfl and orienLation in two or Ldimensional space. In accuracies introduced by clearances in the mechanism connections and errors j manufacturing are one of the prin SP1E Vol. 2101 Measurement Technology and Intelligent Instruments (1993)! 155
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In order to reflect the shape of measured flat fully and reasonably authors of the paper apply the least square method to the processing of original data. First of all the paper expounds the establishment of mathematical model by means of simple examples. Then the difference of accuracy of two patterns is compared under the condition when the number of measured points are same and the patterns of mensuring pathes are different. Thereby the scheme of measuring path which can reach higher accurary is determined. Finally through calculating two groups of data and comparing the results with that of traditianal method the correctness rcasonableness and practicality of the method are verified.
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This paper introduces important parameters K / S value in computer color matching. Besides illustrates a mathematical model of actual K / S value and a coefficient correction method which is used to increase the color matching accuracy of dark textile.
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The principle of pattern recognition for generator running state is introduced in this paper. The characteristics of vibration signal which is picked up from generator set are analyzed. Based on the pattern recognition and characteristies analysis the comprehensive criterion which possesses selfadaptive function are constructed. The cxperimental result shows that the comprehensive criterion which is constructed by pattern vector is practicaland effective for monitoring generator running.
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Under the FAA Aging Aircraft Research program (grant # G03 19014) we are developing robots to deploy conventional and later new-concept NDI sensors for commercial aircraft skin inspection. Our prototype robot the Automated NonDestructive Inspector (ANDI) holds to the aircraft skin with vacuum assisted suction cups scans an eddy current sensor and translates across the aircraft skin via linear actuators. Color CCD video cameras will be used to align the robot with a series of rivets we wish to inspect in a linear scan using NDI inspection sensors. In this paper we provide a background scenario and describe two different solutions to the alignment problem: a model-based system built around edge detection and a trainable neural network system.
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Manufacturers are now driving toward the increased use of automation and the goal of zero-defects. As quality is improved and defect rates approach the popularized " Six-Sigma" level (customarily 3. 4 defects per million) manual or sampled measurementtechniques limit the achievementof product quality and manufacturing cost objectives. New automated inspection and gaging technology is required for process verification and control. To be competitive in the current manufacturing environment new gaging technology must be integrated into the manufacturing process to provide on-line feedback. The co-authors are founders of CogniSense a technology company dedicated to industrial inspection and gaging applications which use non-contact sensing techniques. CogniSense is currently applying its technology in the precision metalforming and other manufacturing industries to perform automatic dimensional measurement and provide real time information used to control and fine-tune the manufacturing process. A variety of sensors are used to detect the characteristics of parts on-line as they are produced. Data from multiple sensors is " fused" and analyzed by a dedicated microcomputer which evaluates the sensory signature and calculates critical dimensions from the sensor input to determine whether parts are within the acceptable tolerance range. Pattern recognition algorithms are used to automatically select the sensors which provide the most important information about critical part characteristics and dimensions. These algorithms operate by observing the changes in sensor output as critical features of the part are varied. The decision-making algorithms
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A microprocessor-controlled measuring system model is described in this paper . This system which consists of a sliding guide with a linear motion slide plate a linear inductosyn the signal processing circuit and the microprocessor system can be used on some machine tools such as the lathe the milling machine the drilling machine etc. to take measurements of the absolute displacement of slide plates in process. In order to maintain the expectant accuracy in measurement over a long time it is necessary for the measuring system to be calibrated and corrected periodically . The mathematical models used to approximate the error curve are developed. By utilizing the computing ability of microprocessor the automatic calibration and correction for intelligent instruments can be realized conveniently and an expectant accuracy can be maintained in the period between two successive auto-calibrations.
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The metal-cutting parameters of metal-cutting process influence the production efficiency and quality
directly.Manual parameter selection which is totally depended on experience can hardly guarantee the selected
parameters to be optimum every time.The system presented in this paper is a computerized intelligent metal-cutting
parameter correction system,which is based on digital signal process theory,pattern recognition method and
non-liner optimization method.
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In this paper, the alogrithm of bispectral consistent estimation is discussed, and it is applied to the identification
of type Ix-4 lathe chatter phenanenon. Furthermore, for the data of chatter, a modelling analysis of threshold
model and bilinear model is made.
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There are a number of designs have been used for the rigid line standard calibration system including those which employ the interferometry technique. This paper concerns a simple design utilising a laser interferometry system which can be expected to provide better accuracy. The design is extended to enable the calibration system to automatically correct the orientation of the calibrated item. Error compensation due to unavoidable misalignment is also described.
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Fused quartz is characterized by extreme low coefficient of linear expansion , small elastic hysteresis and good
stability. Thus , it is an ideal material for sensor. A capacitive inclination sensor i s presented in this paper ,whose sensing
element is made of fused quartz and fixed plates are made of invar. So it has very small temperature shift.
The sensor uses differential structure to reduce non-linearity and improve sensitivity. Its mass block is supported by
a flexibility bridge. Therefore , friction, wearing and moving due to the gap in supports are avoided. The design work and
experiment results are given in the paper.
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The article studies the use of temperaturecontrolling unit which can control temperature changes and separately calculates the contact force between two contactors and temperature controlling characteristics.
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First the paper introduces the Ryatem principle:the displacement ie proportional to the period variation AT and the moving direction depends on the AT'' symbol (''4'' or ''-''). Then it discusses the system circuit realized by microproceaaor the system software which handles data at top speed. The initial experiment shows that the system can resist interference and is reliable to run well on worksite.
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Four experimental methods for determination of dynamic mechanical properties of viscoelastic materials are presented. The first and the second ones are the strain and acceleration measurement at two different crosssections of an axially impacted rod specimen respectively. The third method adopts resonance technique and the fourth one is correction method. Tests are carried out with Nylon 6 and Polyurethane(pU) . The diagrams of complex Young''s modulus and loss factor versus frequency are obtained. Comparison shows that the results from these four methods are reasonably close. The useful frequency ranges for valid results for each method are discussed.
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The paper analyses the torque error which is brought by zero drift and searches for the effective method to compensate the error. In accordence with the characteristics of wave form of signal two kinds of reasonable compensation method have been put forward. Experiments show that these methods possess ideal compensation effect. The zero drift of magneto-sensing torque sensor has been decreased to permissible extent.
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The composite errors of long gage blocks and the method for controlling these error are discussed which provides a basis for effectively improving composite accuracy. The theoretical work and experiment were conducted to analyze the effect of deformation errors caused by clamp force. When the gage blocks of different lengths are wrung together and proper clamp force is applied the composite errors can be controlled within o. 1um which provides an advantageous condition for the application ofthe composite gage blocks.
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This paper briefly describes the composition of hardware and software of a computer-aided system for diagnosing mechanical failures in periodic monitoring. The production practice has been fully considered in the design of the system which makes monitoring analysis and diagnosis into an organ whole. The system has the advantages of multi-functions low cost and large flexibility. It is also simple to operate and easy to popularize.
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Employing a method of computer aided analysis and design of accuracy of precision instruments the authors have developed programs for computing variations of direction and width of interference fringes caused by angle alteration of the moving mirror and the optimal design of the angle variations of the moving mirror in the Michelson Interferometric System. All the theoretical and numerical results show that the method is effective and practical.
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A general mathematical model for evaluating spiral surface profile errors based on the
principle of minimum zone is presented in this paper. It is quite different from the geometry
judgement method and is an intuitive and distinct algebraic equation that is easily realized on a
computer.
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A new method--difference frequency sub-division technique is proposed to process the signals of a group of phase (or frequency)-modulated sensors(e.g. inductosyn). The new method can achieve the measuring resolution as high as O.07M (or 0, 04 rim). A new system, based on the above method, is developed, with a 8098 microprocessor and circle inductosyn, for measuring transmission chain kinematic error of gear bobbing machine.The long and adjacent period error can be obtained simultaneously with the measuring accuracy of 1. This system provides an effective means for measurement and improvement of transmission chain accuracy of machine tools. Keywords:Transmission chain accuracy, Inductosyn,Difference frequency,Sub-division, On-line measurement.
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In this paper a new computer- based method of evaluating form errors of rotary surfaces has been presented. In a rotary surface measuring system with building corresponding mathematics models a practical judgement software for sphericity error measurement has been developed. This system can process data which come from different coordinate and apply three kinds of criteria.
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A method for condition monitoring of rolling element bearings is proposed in this paper. Timefrequency analysis using a cone kernel distribution applied to the envelope signal of the bearing vibration has shown an advantage over the high frequency resonance technique. In particular it is proven to be effective for multi-fault and ball fault detection of ball bearings. A comparison of the diagnostic ability of two other timefrequency distributions (spectrogram and distribution) is also presented.
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This paper describes a new conception about self-diagnosis organization in the common structure in micro-processor (pP) based distributed systems. The article considers supplementary functions of typical supervisor programme and creates formal method for generating and accumulating of diagnostic information in regime of real time. The examined topic are self-removing short-lived random errors whose character is little continuation (parts of second). In extremal conditions namely for them (errors) is most probably to exchange into stable ones. It''s given a possibility for investigating the frequency of their appearance in connection with the external environmental factors.
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The dual-stage disk actuator discussed here uses a voice coil motor (VCM) as a coarse actuator and a piezoelectric actuator (PZT) mounted on VCM as a fine actuator. The mechanism and the control system of the dual-stage actuator was analyzed in this paper and the criterion ofjudging the quality of the dual-stage actuator was received. The behaviors associated VCM with PZT in the process of seeking settling and following are described here also.
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The methods by which damaged rolling element bearings generate vibration at a low speed how that vibratioll may be measured and separated from vibration produced by other mechanical components and how that vibration may be analyzed and interpreted as well as examined for a variety damage locations and operating conditions.
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A series of experiments were conducted in which corrosion of mild steel in dilute hydrochloric acid was measured by the inprocess acoustic emission method as well as the conventional weightloss method. Results indicate that there is a marked correlation between these two methods of corrosion measurement. It is possible to detect the different stages of corrosion namely uniform corrosion nonuniform corrosion and intense localised corrosion based on the observed acoustic emission count rate. The acoustic emission signals emitted from the corrosion activities were of sufficient magnitude to be easily detected by piezoelectric transducers. The results demonstrate that the acoustic emission technique can be used to monitor and predict the rate of corrosion.
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In tins paper ,the cutter magnetizing treatment device is introduced. lools are treated by a I)tlISe niagnetic field of high intensity in it SO S to eliniinate or reduce internal stress of tool face a 0(1 1)lade ,arl 1 e ii g t h e n tool life. I'be resu 1 ts of test and a 1)Plicatiofl have shown that the (ItViC( is very sinpIe in nianufacttiring ail easy in tising ; treating time is less than a minute; Cli t ter strea tC(l have no Tilagnetislil atlil can be used ininiediately ; tool average life 'an be increased by a factor of (20-50) % ,tlie highest increase is about twice.
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A new optical profiler for surface roughness measurement developed by the authors is described in this paper. Based on an analyses of phase shifting error in phase shifting interferiietry a new algorithm for eliminating the effect of the error is presented. The experiments show that the development of this instrument is successful and it has a vertical resolution of 1 nni lateral resolution of 0. 42 Itm and a repeatability of Ra 0. 6 nni.
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A doubly encoded spectrometer built on WDPSOO2A plane grating monochrometer has been developed. It allows one to recover both multiplexing advantage and high throughput advantage. Special emphasis has been placed on several key problems encountered in practical design such as the spectral estimate dedispersion layout mask design and the compensation of spectral linecurvature.
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The resolution of a sensor designed to measure strain may be compromised by fluctuations in the environment temperature. This problem can be solved by considering a combined interferometnic-polanimetric measure: in fact if both the interferometric phases for the TE-like and TM-like polarizations are determined the solution of a system of two equations allows for the simultaneous recovery of strain and temperature. In this paper we discuss the possibility of making unambiguous measurements by using the integrated-optic Michelson interferometer consisting of a semi-asymmetric Xjunction made by titanium indiffused lithium niobate waveguides designed and built specifically for the stress temperature and microdisplacement measurements.
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In this paper a new stylus sensor is introduced which has high accuracy microdisplacement and wide dynamic range. Its resolution is O. OO5m its range of vertical measurement is mm. The sensor''s mechanical characteristics including statical and dynamic mechanical characteristics are discussed. Key words: surface roughness roughness measurement sensor design
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This paper gives a brief introduction to Middle South National Centre of Metrology (MNCM) the three recently developed metrological standards and measurement systems as well as the two examples of intelligent instruments which have been developed in MNCM.
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In this paper a new type of intelligent on-line measurer is developed which is used for on-line measuring diametershape and place value of the axle. In the meter MCS-51''1 microcontroller is adopted. The sensor is an inductance transducer. The dynamic character of the sensor is analyzed in detail. That is say how the poor dynamic character of the meter make the on-line measuring error If the meter is a first-order system and the input function is a ramp function the respond error of the system to the input is analyzed. With this method the system error is compensated by the software. So the accuracy of the measuring result is high enough. In order to keep the measuring system work at worksite in normal condition the anti-interference techniques are adopted. In addition to hardware anti-interference technique is used the redundant programming technique and watchdog system are used too in the software. lastly the real measuring result is given.
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The measuring technique of focus shift is adopted in the automatic precision positioner developed by the authors based on the principle of astigmatism. According to the specific result measured a control circuit and a high-precision actuator are designed for the moving-positioning of the positioner. The positioner has been used successfully in a focusing system of an optical instrument. Key words : astigmatism focus shift position detection precision displacing mechanism
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This paper describes measurement principle of precision servovalve control-edge. The automatic measuring system for precision servovalve control-edge is established Seven kinds of parameters and three kinds of characteristic curves can be gained. Hardware and software design for the system is introduced. Experiment results of measurement system are presented. Measuring errors of the system are analyzed. Finally several conclusions are obtained.
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Shell Moulding in Foundry processes became popular because a skin or shell of
sand forms the mould and the finished mould is obtained without ramming. Shell
permeability is the capability of a cured shell specimen to allow air to pass
through it. Not much work is reported on high temperature permeability, a
knowledge of which is highly essential to prevent mould dilation and gas porosity,
in order to obtain close tolerance castings. Hence an experimental set up is
developed to measure high temperature permeability for testing shell raoulds. Test
results reveal that an increase in mould temperature and sand fineness ninaber,
decreases the permeability drastically.
Cracking or tearing of shell mould caused under the influence of thermal
shock of molten metal while pouring, results in metal penetration and runout.
This tendency is due to the quality or quantity of resin, catalyst and other
process variables in mould making. Experimental set up is developed to observe
and record cracking tendency of shell mould by simulating pouring condition. Test
results indicate that insufficient air flow rate and air temperature during resin
coating, increase crack failures. An increase in resin content decreases shock
tearing tendency. Catalyst hexamine addition below 16 percent and beyond 20
percent is prone to shock tearing.
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One important consequence of the " Quality Revolution" that is currently taking place in all sectors of advanced manufacturing industry is the requirement for more systematic and precise measurement. This is a pre-requisite for controlling tolerances on manufactured components and for ensuring that products leaving the factory meet the required specifications. The dramatic increase in computer power coupled with the demands of the space age nanotechnology and customer sophistication have meant that instrumentation is being constantly pushed to the limits in terms of accuracy tolerance and speed. Diameter measurements are carried out on a daily basis in many sectors of manufacturing industry. Due to the emphasis on factors such as speed accuracy and repeatability the current trend is to move away from conventional measurement techniques (metre rule measuring tape Vernier callipers) towards non-contact techniques. One of such techniques involves the use of the laser. This paper discusses at the design of a laser tracer data initiation capture and processing unit that permits diameter measurements to be made on-line and has the capability of carrying out up to 500 measurements per second. The system is non-contact with a measurement range of 2. 0000 mm and a resolution of 0. 5 im. It is demonstraated that by using two of these devices diameters of up to 220. 000 mm can be measured. This is done by incorporating a translational table that provides the
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We have used the microwave radiometer to detect the early deep tumor such as esophageal nasopharyngeal and hepatical cancer . The control system of the microwave radiometer was designed by the analog control technique . This paper proposes a digital control system as a substitute for the earlier analog control system . The construction of the digital system in a microwave radiometer is ifiustrated and the features of the digital system are discussed. Compared with the analog control system the digital system based on computer software has distinct advantages in terms of : performance flexibifity interface etc.
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The objects of COD measurement are often in a state of motion at high speed. The data gathered are highly overlapped and the images are fuzzy. In order to measure the objects it is necessary to estimate the motion and remove the confusion. This paper discusses these problems and gives a scheme for measuring the spiral steel bars on the production line.
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In this work by using all of the superior properties of laser hardware and software studies which will form a base for a new size measurement system have been realised and a proposal of project has been presented. The purpose of the work is the planning and forming the technology of a contactless system which allows 100 size and profile control of objects after production by using diod laser and CCD camera with shadow method and to form solutions for the problems faced as well.
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Perpendicularity is one of the important parameters to determine the location of parts and to assure the accuracy of machine. The perpendicularity is measured using the method of location measurement. And its reliability and accuracy can be decided according to their relation.
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A digital boxcar integrator is used in the distributed fiber optical temperature sensor that can measure both the spatial positions and the temperature variation parameters of temperature fields along the fiber Compared with analogue sampling this scheme has the advantage of high- accuracy spatial location fast full use of optical pulse and the Raman temperature information is successfully drawn out in the standard communication fiber (50/l25ttm) with the spatial resolution of 7. 5m temperature resolution of 5C.
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A remote displacement sensing system consists of two Fabry-Perot cavity and white light source is presented in this paper. A multimode optical fiber provides a link to the distance sensing cavity. A relative simple control electronics is used to adjust the reference cavity gap and make the system lock in the central coherent peak when the power turns on.
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A high speed data sampling and processing system applied to investigate engine moving parts is introduced in this paper. According to the engine working features the data sampler of the system makes use of engine crankshaft angle signals as sampling pulse it can control the sampling range accurately and make it possible to sample in designated range of engine working cycle. High speed A/D conversion chip and DMA transmitting method are used so as to obtain the high sampling efficiency and high sampling rate and meet the needs of high speed sampling and processing of engine dynamic signals. Some distinguished processing methods are also introduced in this paper which include digital filter technique chain fraction integration etc. A data sampling and processing example is given combined with the measurement of engine valve train'' s dynamic parameters.
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Work described in this paper represents the progress toward the development of electrical impedance imaging (Eli) sometimes called electrical computed tomography (EICT) which may ultimately be utilized for nonintrusive determination of interfecial structure and evolution in two phase flows.
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Article consider a question of creating a fast and precision piezomechanical systems for optical measure elements control such as LCD matrix interferometers or other. The most general problem connected with it consist in suppressing oscillations in piezoelements mechanical transient behaviour which is the consequent of their low inside viscosity. Providing it with mechanical dampers has no quality effect because of too short movements in combination with high speed required for optical systems. This problem has a perfect decision with compensation electrical control signals of piezokeramical elements without using any of mechanical dampers. It is produced with limitation of electrical energy flow to piezoelements on their resonance frequencies. It is possible to achieve a complete disappearance of transient oscillations
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An analysis of fringe contrast in electronic speckle pattern interferometer by using double slit aperture with larger slit width is presented. To improve the vibration pattern contrast of object a subtraction technique is adapted and result is shown. For such an improvement this setup will be suitable to be used in severe vibration circumstance.
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The silhouette method is one of the main methods for measuring flank angle of a helicoid But some methodology errors exist in this method two different results can be obtained theoretically at the same place of the spiral surface if exchanging the mounted direction of checked lead screw or rotating it through 1800 around its axis. This phenomenon is the double-value property of measurement results. In this paper the cause for the phenomenon and the relationship between the error and the parameters of helicoid are described. The double-value property of measurement results can be eliminated if measuring flank angle of helicoid by means of an optical system with an inclinable reticle The theory main properties and experimental results concerning the flank angle of lead screw by the new optical system are presented. I. HELICOID SILHOUETTE DOUBLE-VALUE Helicoid is a very important camber and a component of the lead screw worm tools and gauges. The silhouette method is one of the main methods for measuring helicoid but the doublevalue phenomenon exists in this method. A group of experiment results is given in Table. 1. It can be seen that the quantity of the double-value errors is too big to satisfy the requirement of measurement accuracy for mo s t lead screws ''lab. 1. Helicoid silhouette double value Measurement of axial flank angle UMM 200 by using traditional silhouette method part PWF30
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There are more competitors today. Markets are not homogeneous they are fragmented into increasingly focused niches requiring greater flexibility in the product mix shorter manufacturing production runs and above allhigher quality. In this paper the author identified a real-time expert system as a way to improve plantwide quality management. The quality control expert database system (QCEDS) by integrating knowledge of experts in operations quality management and computer systems use all information relevant to quality managementfacts as well as rulesto determine if a product meets quality standards. Keywords: expert system quality control data base
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Combining with the characteristics of contactiess sensor and according to the Donaldson principle the paper puts forward the error separation technique of " two points and two setting method" . This technique can not only realize the separation for roundness error of intermediary from rotating error movement of spindle but also reduce the time of a measuring period and avoid the " drift" error which is brought by measuring system. Besides according to above error separation technique the authous of the paper develop a error separation system which can be used in ultra-high--precision contactless roundness measuring instrument. The maximal " drift" value of the system is less than 10 nm.
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This paper puts forward an in-process measuring new method for large-scale gears'' profile with a straight-line basis the mathematical models relative to the new method and the experimental researching work having been done.
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A new method for evaluating position errors and feature countenance parameters of actual measured axis of the Holegroup is proposed and its mathematical models are established in this paper. By means of this method not only can position errors of the Holegroup and any hole position errors be obtained by the least square method and optimization method but also the feature parameters of measured count enance can be obtained. That is straightness and feature countenance parameters of any hole axis in the Hole-group can also be known. By using this method the computer programs which contain the least square method and optimization method are edited. It has been proved that this method conforms with the geometrical tolerance standard. The countenance of error''s curve of measured axis can be expressed very well. The method which is proposed for the first time in this paper is also appliable to the mathematical description of other error curves with different shapes.
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A fast processing method of the images in phase shifting holographic interferometry is proposed in this paper. An electronic circuit was designed for the purpose. With this technique the processing time can be greatly reduced.
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A measurement system of position composed of CCD image sensor hardware circuits and a single chip microprocessor system is presented in this paper. It makes use of hardware circuits and software to realize a dynamic WifldoW in which the position signal is contained when doing measurement. Coupled with interpolation and look up table technique subpixel a c c Li r a c y and high rate measurment can be achieved. This measurement system can be used in aligning ziicasuring angle pointing etc.
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A new fibre optic voltage measuring system has been developed based on the electrooptic effect of bismuth germanium oxide (Bi4Ge3O12)crystal. It uses the LED as the light source. The light beam emitted from the light source is transmitted to the sensor through the optic fibre and the intensity of the output beam is changed by the applied voltage. This optic signal is transmitted to the PIN detector and converted to an electric signal which is processed by the electronic circuit and 8098 single chip microcomputer the output voltage signal obtained is directly proportional to the applied voltage. This paper describes the principle the configuration and the performance parameters of the system. Test results are evaluated and discussed.
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Several fiber optic thermometers based on the fluorescence lifetime of the Cr3+ doped crystal materials are reviewed. The work examines the temperature dependences of the Cr3 fluorescence lifetimes in various host materials according to the experimental data obtained by the authors and other groups of workers classifies such dependences by the strengths of the crystal fields of the host materials and gives corresponding mathematical models to describe such temperature dependences. The construction of the Cr3 fluorescence lifetime based thermometers is discussed from the view point of optical arrangement the temperature probes and the signal processing techniques for the detection of fluorescence lifetimes used in various thermometer schemes. Several examples are presented and finally the question of calibration of the thermometers using the given mathematical models and other concerns are addressed.
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FSTP (Fine Sequential-Three-Points) a new method for on-line measurement of the straightness of precision machine tools and machined workpiece is proposed in this paper. Because the sampling interval of the STP (Sequential-Two-Points) method must be equal to the distance between two adjacent sensors the sampling points can not be too close to each other. FSTP uses three sensors and chooses suitable distances between every two adjacent sensors we can obtain smaller sampling interval than before The improved algorithm of the FSTP and its flowchart are also presented in this paper. The results of computer simulation and on-line measurement experiment on a precision lathe are discussed. It can be shown that FSTP is feasible and efficient.
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A study of the working accuracy of length standards is presented in this paper. The relevant formulae are presented and Finite Element (FE) analysis is used to model the effects of thermal gradients the variation of point support position and the effect of a moving load on the deflection and geometry of a length bar. The influence of temperature gradient on the calibration accuracy of length bars is assessed and the best support position to give minimal slope when there exits a temperature gradient is given Some important conclusions are reached and proposed future work is discussed.
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This paper presents a new method for flatness measurement the five-probe error separation method. The problem of measuring the flatness of a very large diameter plate on a machine tool can be successfully resolved by this method. The measuring system proposed has the following advantages: low cost convenient operation high measuring efficiency good anti-disturbance and high measuring accuracy . The error separation method is of general significance for the measurement of the shape and position errors of workpieces on machine tools.
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Off-focus detection methods have been successfully applied in measuring micro-displacement and surface roughness. but there are imperfects in these methods. For example range of measurement is too small and accuracy of measurement is seriously affected by the inclination of measured surface To overcome these problems focus-tracing methods have been developed. In this paper a moving voice coil is used as focus actuator to drive the object lens up and down. The basic composition and characteristics of the actuator are described The features of displacement and frequency response of the probe are analysed. Some experiment results are given.
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The precise detection and alignment methods of the birefringent axes are critical techniques for the application of the polarization maintaining (PM) fibers. In this paper a new method is presented to observe the birefringent orientation of the PANDA fiber by use of the TV microscope when the optical fiber is ilimuinated by a transverse collimated beam. The formation mechanism of the birefringent orientation image and its observed condition is analysed by use of the ray tracing method. The computer simulated results are in agreement with the practical observed results.
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Investigation on the identification of the motion error sources of NC- machine tools are of
significance for the adjustment and control of the working accuracy of NC-machine tools. It is one
of the main directions of machine tool research.
In this paper, the mathmatical models of typical motion error sources of NC- machine tools are
estabilished and their frequency-domain characteristics are detailed according to the circular
interpolation rule and motion error forming mechanism. Based on these the frequency- domain
identifying method of the motion error sources of Nc-machine tools is developed. Some examples of
computer simulation and experiments are given to verify the efficiency and reliability of this method.
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We have developed a bilateral controlled remote micro-manipulator system for medical application. By operating this system an opretor can perceive the stiffness of small part of tissue with his/her tactile sense and the visco-elastic parameters of the tissue are identified from the measerments of the displacement and the reaction force on the slave manipulator. Firstly the relation between the tactile sense and the identified viscoelastic parameters is experimentally obtained. And then using this relation a method which evaluates the stiffness of the tissue by means of the fuzzy reasoning is proposed.
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The study of surface topography in engineering is of importance for a large number of application areas. A necessary step in the study of the functional significance of surface topography in an application is to identify and separate the functionally significant components of the surface in preparation for subsequent analysis. A filter commonly used in profile filtering is the Gaussian filter that corrects the phase distortion drawbacks of the standardised 2RC filters and is currently considered by an ISO technical committee to replace the 2RC filter as the standard filter for 2-D profile filtering. In this paper we consider the characteristics and suitability of the Gaussian filter for surface filtering in general and present a detailed study of the Gaussian filter for three-dimensional surface topography filtering.
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A new method was developed to identify anaerobic bacteria by using pattern recognition. The method is depended on GC / JR data. The system is intended for use as a precise rapid and reproduceable aid in the identification of unknown isolates. Key Words: Anaerobic bacteria Pattern recognition Computeraided identification GC / JR 1 . TNTRODUCTTON A major problem in the field of anaerobic bacteriology is the difficulty in accurately precisely and rapidly identifying unknown isolates. Tn the proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology C. M. Moss said: " Chromatographic analysis is a new future for clinical microbiology" . 12 years past and so far it seems that this is an idea whose time has not get come but it close. Now two major advances that have brought the technology forword in terms ofmaking it appropriate for use in the clinical laboratory can aldo be cited. One is the development and implementation of fused silica capillary columns. In contrast to packed columns and those of'' greater width these columns allow reproducible recovery of hydroxey fatty acids with the same carbon chain length. The second advance is the efficient data processing afforded by modern microcomputer systems. On the other hand the practical steps for sample preparation also are an advance in the clinical laboratory. Chromatographic Analysis means mainly of analysis of fatty acids. The most common
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This paper presents a practical 3-dimensional measurement system which is applied to geometrical accuracy measurenient for large-scale steel bridge members. The measuring niethod is based on stereo vision using precision CCD-cameras linked with a personal computer. The developed system can automatically recognize every target point in its view field and determine theX Y and Z coordinates within a remarkable short time and the measurement accuracy of the system is better than 0. 5 mm for a view field of about 3 m(H) by 2. 3 m(v). This system is applied to an inspection station for the measurement of steel bridge members. The inspection station can measure the geometrical and dimensional accuracy of a steel bridge member of about 3 m x 4 m x 20 in in maximum size with an acceptable measurement accuracy and the results obtained from practical runs for the last three years verify the feasibility of the developed system.
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Grating interference technology because of its many advantages has been developed greatly in the field of fine metrology. The principle and characteristics of grating interference are analyzed and examples of its successful application are given.
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In this paper a new grating technology for topography measurement of the curved surface is described. It adopts a laser-grating interferometry sensing system whose standard depends on the RCHD grating constant. The optical principle and system characteristics are discussed in detail. The results of principle experiment are given. Key words: Topography measurement of curved surface laser-grating interferometry sensing system grating interferometry reflective cylindric holographic diffractive (RCHD) grating
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The significant resolution and accuracy of CMM ( Coordinat Measuring Machine ) using grating quadrature fringe detection are often limited not only by the CMM itself but also by the grating displasment measuring system. There are four errors: amplitude waver unequal amplitude in the two channels quadrature phase shift error and zero offsets. This paper describes a new method for picking up correcting the quadrature errors and subdividing -- method of composite compensating subdivision using microcomputer. An example demonstrated the significant improving of the precision of CMM and the reducing the needs of fix and adjustment of grading pair is given.
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The Hertz vectors of the horizontal electric dipole in stratified biological media are derived from spectral domain wave matrii method. By using the Fourier-Bessel transformation we have obtained the solution of the hertz vectors in space domain. The electric field tangential to the microstrip antenna arm is derived by using the relationship between the hertz vectors and the electric field. In order to get the current distribution of the antenna arm the moment method is used. We have also analysed the Sommerfeld-type integrals which emerged in the process of finding the solution. It is important to find the current distribution for determining the parameters of antenna and finding the power deposition in biological media. l. TIIE hERTZ VECTORS OF HORIZONTAL ELECTRIC DIPOLE IN BIOLOGICAL STRATIFIED MEDIA The hertz vectors of electric dipole can be derived by using the spectral domain transmission coefficient method'' while the wave matrix method is useful to dealing with the reflection and transmission of the electromagnetic wave in stratified media2 the wave propagation inwhich ithas been studied''_ ''. The structurQ analysed in this paper is shown in Fig. 1. The Hertz vectors of electric dipole in biological stratified media are determined by using the wave matrix method. In Fig. I plane f is the nominal field plane and the source plane coincides with the interface B. At the interface B when you look in the 4 z
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If there is not enough information about investigating process,or the process is very complicated,
one should use experiment statistical methods. Planned experiment is a reasonable and practical
approach.The main advantage of this method lies in the fact that it allows to minimize the number of
experiments,th modify all factors considered and to get quantitative characteristics with slight
mistake.There are rotatable and orthogonal planned experiments.The latter is better,because it asks
for only a few calculations and experiments.It is very important to work out a hierarchical diagram
and software for the processing of orthogonal planned experiment.
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Quality data collection information management and process control are the three key points of quality assurance in manufacturing. A kind of masterslave microcomputer network is designed to achieve plantwide quality control . The three key problems can be solved by using the hierarchical quality control method. The level I performs the data collection and supervisory control of processes. The level 2 performs higher level nonreal time functions such as data display quality reporting quality information management etc. The level 3 performs the highest level functions such as quality planning calculation of quality cost decisionmaking. As an example this system is used in the quality assurance of the final internal centerless grinding process of the internal bearing ring.
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This paper introduces the high precision measuring system of surface roughness that makes use of CCD (charge-coupled device) to collect signal of surface interference stripe and single piece computer to control sampling and treat measured data. The main features of the system are as follows :the CCD picture sensor and its driving device are put on the Camera window of the interference microscope which remains unchanged. The single piece computer intel 8031 is used to control step motor to drive CCD driving device and three state gate on-off to select sampling or treating in high speed. This measuring system is not only in high measuring speed but also with high measuring precision. It can measure several commonly used roughness parameter such as Ra rather than measure one parameter as R by traditional system. It can makes the traditional interference microsoope get rid of the primitive measuring method such as visual aim manual operation and manual data treatment As the result the intelligent measurement of non-contact measuring roughness is realized. Key Word :CCD single piece compater Surface interference stripe interference microscope
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A gauge block''s thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) measuring system is described in this paper. The unit is suitable for the study of stability of largesize gauge blocks at the room temperature and gives an average TEC error in the scope of I x 1O6 x 108k''.
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The instrument of type JLY-100 is a standing laser interferometer the wavelength of He-20Ne frequency stabilized laser is used as the standard of length metrology. The temperatures of environment and measurand are measured by a crystal thermometer. The measuring results affected by the environmental parameters can be automatically corrected by a microprocessor. The measuring range of instrument is 0-100 mm. The absolute measuring error is +O. 5L)tm where L is the length of the measurand in meter and the relative accuracy is y 1 x 106.
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Josephson junction array vo1tae standard (JJAVS) ftas been operated at the 4IMTT. s the
Josephson junction can be viewed as an ideal volta9e/frequency converter 1measurelnerLt
precision of dc volta9e at level of 1 volt has been greatly improved bi the advent of
zero-crossin9 rf induced steps TITLe precision of the taeasureiuent is estiniated to be less
than OO3 ppra.
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In order to reduce the false alarm rate this monitoring system uses two CPUs to receive alarm signals simultaneously from a power network. And it provides powerful functions of automatic monitoring and protection for the power network. keywords high reliability power network monitoring system
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This paper studies laser intcricroniclric mcasurcnicnt methods For detecting thc dimensional niinichangcs of largcsizc COIllpOllCfltS points OUt that thc dcadpath error is a niain error factor ifl flicasurenlefli and analyzcs the rcla tio nslup bet vccn the dcadpa th error a ni cnvironnicnta Cond itions. A special vacti tuil pipChas hCCn dCSignC(1 I 0 red nec the dead jiih c FF()r t fl d lo r I in iii (1 i ni en si on Ch a iigcs ni ens u reni cii I ace u racy o F 1c1 icr th an 3 x IO8rclativc to the length oF large component (or dcadpath) is obtained from 1 5t2 to 25t.
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A pulse induction type magnetic field sensor using an amorphous ribbon as sensing material is described. Its operation principle is based on the dependency of the magnetic properties of the ribbon on ambient magnetic field. Because of the minimal use of active elements simple structure actuate sensitivity (as high as 14V/mT) and good thermostability (as small as O. OO8pT/C) this kind of magnetic field sensor consisting of pulse current sources coils with an amorphous core and induction voltage detectors is successfully used in monitoring the core mandrel of a cold rolling mill for seamless steel pipes. 1
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The new noncontact detector crop shear optimization and control system has been researched. As the hot metal detectors linear array and area array CCD have been used to measure velocity of hot strip and detect the image of hot strip. The image message is fastly processed by a microcomputer the true edges of strip is determined and a cut offset from the leading or tailing point is calculated. Crop losses can be minimized from 0. 4 to 0. 2 by a crop shear control system. KEYWORDS: CCD Detector Image Processing Optimization.
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The transient wave underground detection system is presented in this paper, and the
transient scattering by underground targets is analyzed and calculated using finite difference in
time-domain (FDTD) method, especially, the identification of underground particular cylinder is
studied. A new simple and efficient method and some reliable data for the identification of
particular targets in transient wave underground detection system are provided, and as a new idea
is offered to further studying of identifications of others complicated underground targets.
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This paper deals with a most reasonable method for indicating cone tolerance in mechanical
drawings, and presents methods for measuring and evaluating cone errors, which coincide with the
definition of cone tolerance. In practice, these methods for indicating cone tolerance and
evaluating its errors are effective.
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This paper examines the issues involved in measurement of car safety and the injury criteria used. In the context of evaluation and measurement of safety a mathematical model is derived for the dynamic structural impact behaviour of cars and for the kinematics of unrestrained and restrained occupants. Comparison with the reported dynamic behaviour of cars shows a high degree of agreement. Methods of improving the safety of small cars are examined in the light of the model.
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This paper describes a new type multiwavelength HeNe laser interferometer for diameter measurement of large scale work piece. The laser can oscillate on two wavelength 3. 39l2i and 3. 3922pm simultaneously. By switching between two equal intensity state it provides a two order wavelength hierarchy pyramid from lm to 3. 39l2um. The range of this system is up to 20m and the accuracy 5jim+l. 5*lO6L. ( L is the measured distance
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With the progressive automation of the machining process it is becoming increasingly necessary to have a reliable tool wear and failure monitor. This paper provides the results of a comprehensive investigation into the efficacy of using the dynamic tangential component of the cutting force to predict the imniinence of tool failure. Experiments were carried out using different workpiece and tool materials tool geometries and machining conditions. It was found that it is possible to set threshold values to give indications of when the tool is deemed to have failed.
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ReBttance spot welding Is widely used for joining sheet aetals. A systei has been developed which ionitors the " Dynaiic Resistance" i. e. the intantaneous resistance across the weld. Computer plots the dynaiic resistance curve for particular welding operation and compares it with the " Master Dynaiic Resistance Curve" . The systei can be used successfully in case of high reliability products without destructive testing.
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In the process of inspection of the surface crackle of small diameter (6mm2Omm) colddrawn steel bar users suffer heavy losses because the surface crackle often passes unfound. At the same time the inspection speed is not high. The research of automatic inspection is based on the principle of surface wave testing making linefocus probe with long crystal to improve the speed ofinspection using microcomputer to control the automatic inspection process and improve the detecting reliability.
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In this paper a reading method of dial instruments using a camera instead of human eyes is presented. This method uses an industrial camera as the detector and a computer as its central processing unit. The graphic data of the dial plate is taken with the camera and is input through graphic card into the computer where it is calculated recognized and logic treated and finally gives out the readout value. This method is characterized by rapidity high accuraccy easy operation and relatively high level of intelligence and automation. Measuring systems bsaed on this principle have been successfully applied to the intelligent verification of dial indicators.
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In this paper an initial study for intelligent servo control system is presented. We introduce the AL and Expert system technology to control field and proposed a two levels intelligent controller for instrument and measurement system. simulation study show such system has excellent dynamic performance and better robustness.
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