Photoresist, as one of the most important materials for recording holographic diffraction structures, is treated particularly from the point of view of a control of the development of the surface-relief profile of the grating groove. Primary attention is given to the formation of the desirable profile for the grating multiple beam splitter.

The use of highly viscous formulations based on multifunctional acrylates and on various sensitizers allows holograms to be recorded through a photochemically induced polymerization. After a preillumination under homogeneous deep UV exposure, these materials are able to generate a tridimensional network in the cavity of which residual monomers can diffuse easily. When irradiated holographically, these systems become more and more rigid and reach, ultimately, a stage of complete photochemical inertness so that they do not require any chemical or physical post-treatment. Depending on the structure of the sensitizer, the range of sensitivity extends over the visible and near infrared up to 850 nm. At best, no more than 30 mJ/cm^-2 are required to record a permanent hologram at 514 nm.

The laws of the change in the spectral power density of optical noise (Wiener spectrum) of a monolayer of particles depending on their optical properties and concentration have been studied from the view point of the model amplitude-phase screen. It is shown that the account of the spatial correlation in the positioning of inhomogeneities and of the interference between scattered waves leads to qualitatively different laws of optical noise behavior in comparison with rarefied optical image recording systems.

We present new, easy to use methods of measuring the fidelity of phase conjugated beams employing a classical system for image acquisition and processing, coupled to a personal computer. Two methods are based on intensity distribution changes measurements and the third is an interferometric evaluation of the wavefront reconstruction. These methods are applied in phase conjugation fidelity studies in a degenerate four wave mixing experiment using a He-Ne laser and a Bi₁₂TiO₂₀ (BTO) photorefractive crystal. A comparison between the proposed methods, and also with other techniques currently used for phase conjugation fidelity studies, is made.

We describe an all-optical real-time holographic associative memory using doped lithium niobate (LiNbO₃) crystals as hologram recording and phase-conjugate mirror elements, respectively, and we present the preliminary experimental results for associative storage. It is indicated that the system has high angular selectivity, spatial resolution, and a high degree of cross-talk suppression. The discussion is also given.

The present paper reports the improved holographic recording property of cerium doped Bi₁₂SiO₂₀ (Ce:BSO) crystal and demonstrates the dependence of diffraction efficiency of Ce:BSO on beam intensity and fringe spacing. Tentative interpretation and discussion are also given.

A brief review of experimental study of copper vapor laser (CVL) coherent properties, and its use in dynamic holography, is presented. A phase conjugation problem for high-gain nonlinear media, such as CVL-medium, is discussed, and experimental results are described. Amplification of holographic images and operation with holographic photorefractive preamplification are discussed.

A magneto optic method of analysis of magnetization distribution in magnetic recording media which utilizes the modulation of width of straight domains in epitaxial garnet film was evaluated. Spatial modulation of domain walls in inhomogeneous applied magnetic field was analyzed theoretically and experimentally. Some experimental results concerning the magneto- optical readout, the thermo-remanent magnetic recording on chromium dioxide magnetic tape, are shown.

In this article we develop the theoretical model for the process of hologram recording in new PhPC of type FPK-488. The theory is based on the results of experimental investigations of holography recording processes in this material.

Composite polymer+Sn films are suggested as a new material for holographic and digital information recording and their main recording parameters are investigated.

Photoinduced transformations and holographic recording in light-sensitive materials made of a- Se, As-Se glass-containing multilayer structures are investigated. It is shown that the value, direction (positive, negative_, and reversibility of optical parameters change under HeNe laser lighting at holographic recording and thermal erasing is operated by material composition and formation of submicron layered structures.

The properties of metal-polymeric recording media obtained by the decomposition of alkyl tin (Sn) and antimony (Sb) compounds in low-temperature plasma have been investigated. We have experimentally determined the changes of pit shapes during the photothermal recording and the basic medium characteristics when changing the metal and carbon concentrations in the films.

This paper discusses, for the first time, the possibility of application of new recording medium with the effect of photoluminescence. Optimization parameters of four-layer recording medium were held with the purpose of effective use of energy of recording and read-out radiation and getting maximum signal-to-noise ratio.

Basic physical characteristics of Bi-ferrogarnet single-crystal films as a perspective material for creation of spatial-time light modulators have been considered. Potentially attainable characteristics of modulators on the basis of this media have been analyzed.

Potential possibilities are considered and advantages of utilization of magneto-optical spatial- time light modulators for entering the electric signals into the optical data processing system have been shown. The constructions of magneto-optical spatial-time light modulators and original configurations of the optical data processing system which are based on it have been described. The examples of these optical data processing systems have been given.

We give the results of research in the field of working out high-reflection holographic filters in dichromated gelatin layers. Considered are some methods of solution of the main problems that arise during filters production: (1) formation and registration of undestroyed structure of filters with required spatial period; (2) creation needed value of modulation and production of the hologram structure with regular spatial period in a registration layer with different depth. Peculiarities of filter production in layers with depth 10 - 100 micrometers , and optical parameters of the filters are reported as well.

Peculiarities of the photo-chemical processing of the relief-phase holograms, registered in the layers of argentum-halogenide emulsion PE-2 with the thickness 1 micrometers , are presented in the paper. It was found that in the case of such thickness the tanning processing does not provide the improvement of the maximal relief depth in comparison with the non-tanning process.

Among the wide range of photoinduced phenomena exhibited by the chalcogenide vitreous semiconductors (ChVS) the most frequently used in a variety of optical imaging applications are the photodoping effect (or the effect of photostimulated diffusion of metal into ChVS, one of the most widely studied) and the effect of photoinduced solubility change of ChVS layers. Both effects lead to substantial changes in the solubility rate of chalcogenides and this enables us, with the help of selective etching, to produce various relief images. In this paper the peculiarities of holographic optical elements, including holographic diffraction gratings, focusing elements (Fresnel lenses, etc.), phase-relief holograms production on the base of ChVS layers (As-S-Se-composition), are considered.

The semiconductor film Sb₂S₃, deposited on the glass and metal substrates, has been used as a recording material when fabricating diffraction gratings by pulse laser irradiation of 0.53 and 1.06 micrometers . The processes of photothermal ablation are the basis for the mechanism of diffraction structure formation. The gratings at spatial frequencies of 100, 500, and 800 mm^-1 have been fabricated without postexposure treatment by pulse laser irradiation of 20 and 1000 ns in duration. The diffraction efficiency of the manufactured gratings for different exposure energy densities has been measured.

Saturation mechanism of conformational nonlinearity in LC, associated with photostimulated phase transition to the isotropic state, is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The saturation mechanism consists in nonmesomorphous isomers photoexcitation which completely suppress the LC mesophase. Theoretical calculations of the grating profile development, as well as of the time dependence of the grating diffraction efficiency, are proposed. The calculations are in good agreement with experiment. The motion law of the phase verge in the light field is obtained.

Introduction to the bacteriorhodopsin (BR) films composition of the chemical materials with S, Br, and N atoms permits us to slow down the M-form relaxation on more than 5 orders what results in increasing the film sensitivity to optical radiation effect on 2 orders. It is found that glutaraldehyde may be used for the creation of the proteefive layer of Br films. The received results are explained from the point of view of the functional model of this molecule.

It is shown that the effect of autowave scattering (AWS) of light can be connected with synergetical instability of counterpropagating light beams in photorefractive medium with a mixed (diffusional and photovoltaic) response.

Utilization of magneto-optical spacing light modulators based on Bi-substituted monocrystalline ferrite-garnet films for spatially distributed magnetic field measurements is discussed. Numerous variants of magnetic field topographical survey for different types (audio & video ...) of magnetic signalogramms geometrical parameters control are described. Special usages for magnetic signalogramms criminalistics examination and faint amplitude signalogramms visualization are described too.

The results of the investigations of accumulators of digital and analog information based on optical holographic memory with changed reversive matrix carriers are considered. It is shown that the achievements of matrix capacity equalled to 1 Gbyte, cyclability equalled to 1000 cycles, and long information storage are possible. This accumulator is proposed as read-only memory and with the holographic correlator it is applied for parallel correlative processing of large-masses of highly informative processing.

A method for determination of the refractive index of several liquid media has been developed. Diffraction gratings in zirconium-silicate glasses by ion exchange were made. Refractive indices for several liquids in a wide range were determined with an accuracy 1 X 10^-3. A new integrated optical device, for more precise measurements, is proposed.

The results of an investigation of a holographic gratings recording, created by a ruby Q- switched laser radiation, at bilayers photothermoplastics with an inorganic semiconductor layer have been shown. Dependences of diffraction efficiency from recording conditions: the temperature, the corona electrode potential, the charge duration, and delay of the switch of an exposure relative to beginning of charge have been studied. The value of photosensibility, which was 3 10² m²/J, and maximal intensities ratio of the interferencing beams, which was 1:7000, have been determined from the exposure and contrast characteristics.

A computer simulation of a silver-halide photographic material is reported. The proposed model can be used to reliably calculate photometric and photographic characteristics of single- and multiple-layer emulsions, as well as the blackening, use structure, and optical parameters of the material.

In the article the peculiarities of the registration of the colored holograms with the radiation of the pulsed laser, caused by the dimensions of the monocrystals of the silver haloide in the holographical layer and by the simultaneous registration on two wavelengths, are studied. Parameters of the materials for the colored registration and the possibility of the object color reconstruction via two wavelengths (red and green) registration are evaluated.

Thin films, in which weak chemical bonds of dopands break by laser irradiation during the information recording process, causing d-metal atoms restoration and optic contrast phase educing, are developed.

The investigation of relaxation kinetics and thermodynamics of properties of the relaxation of the amorphous state of semiconductor thin films under local effect of laser radiation are reported. The process simulation is carried out on a personal computer. A technique of the determination method of phenomenological characteristics which define the relaxation kinetics and thermodynamics at temperatures close to phase-transition temperatures is developed. Experimentally and theoretically the changes of the behavior of process kinetics from quantities relation of heat liberation and heat removal velocities are investigated. The region of this relationship in which the process has a fluctuation behavior is shown.

Recording properties of Bi-substituted garnet films sputtered or prepared by a thermal decomposition method are discussed. Sprayed on it is Ti or Ta film acting at the same time as a reflector and an absorber.

The model of current carrier dissociation in the films of amorphous molecular semiconductors which are in strong electric fields has been proposed taking into account the possible hole motion within a Coulomb well by the tunnelling and diffusion drift motion. The probability of this process has also been defined. This study is an attempt to explain the experimentally stated dependencies of the quantum yield of photogeneration on temperature T according to which the extrapolation of the dependencies are crossed at one point T_o¹.

This study is dedicated to theoretical definition of the probability of bound electron-hole pair dissociation (phi) in strong electric fields (E > kT/(beta) , where k is the Boltzman constant, T is the temperature, and (beta) is the Poole-Frenkel constant) in the films of amorphous molecular semiconductors.

Gabor invented holography in order to overcome the limitations found in electron microscopy due to the unavoidable spherical aberration. However, in those days, electron wave optics were not yet sufficiently developed to reach this goal. Meanwhile, using modern electron microscopes and numerical image processing facilities, electron holography is going to meet the early expectations in that it is just about to cross the resolution limit of today's conventional electron microscopy.

Holographic (3-D) printer (holoprinter) is under development as a peripheral device for 3-D image processing systems. For the automatic printing of distortion-free image, `multidot' recording method is developed. In this paper, the technique for the synthesis of high-quality and gray-level images is presented, and the experimental results are demonstrated. Also the method to record full-color image is introduced.

The structure of laser beam with screw dislocations is discussed. The separation of m-order screw dislocation into m first-order dislocations is observed. Rotation of a dislocation array nested into Gaussian beam caused by the beam propagation is measured.

Interference and polarization-interference methods for measuring amplitude and phase parameters of random optical fields are reviewed and their applications to random field identification and diagnostics of random phase objects are discussed. The use of the correlation dimension of chaos in an optical field as a diagnostic tool is considered. The interference principles employed in parallel processing of large data bulks are shown to increase considerably the processing speed of diagnostic devices.

Some recent works on the problem of the adaptive laser beam control carried out at the Department of Physics of MSU are reviewed. The main directions of this research are outlined and some experimental results on adaptive compensation of adaptive control of low order thermo-aberrations in pulsed solid state laser are discussed.

It is demonstrated that scattering by a rough surface can be described in terms of its 3-D spectrum and the coherent transfer function, which was first developed to describe the process of imaging. The three dimensional coherent transfer function for confocal imaging is presented for a high-angle theory. From this an effective transfer function for imaging of rough surfaces is developed, based on the Kirchhoff approximation. It is described how confocal imaging can be used to investigate various scattering mechanisms, and can be used for reconstruction of surface profiles in the Kirchhoff approximation.

Scattering probe method for diagnostics of coherent light field is suggested. The method allows us to transform spatial distribution of amplitude and phase of light field into the time- modulated response of a point photodetector.

The relationship between statistical structure parameters of rough surface and associated correlation parameters of scattered field is used to develop the methods for rough surface diagnostics. The treatment is based on the model of random phase object with inhomogeneity phase dispersion (sigma) (psi) O² < 1. The proposed diagnostic methods are applicable to surfaces with roughness period comparable to the radiation wavelength employed, thin plane-parallel plate surfaces, plane low-reflectance surfaces, and arbitrarily shaped surfaces. The sensitivity limit of the methods in measuring the standard deviation of surface profile from base line is about 0.003 micrometers .

Investigations of correlation parameters of short and supershort pulse laser emission in near IR region (YAG:Nd, glass:Nd, HF lasers, and so on) collide with certain difficulties. The results of the investigation of correlation by means of nonlinear optics technique have been presented. The problems that have been solved theoretically and experimentally are: (1) temporal and spatial correlation functions; (2) pico- and femtosecond durations measurements; and (3) cross correlation functions for different frequency optical signals.

The field in the correlation plane of a referenceless hologram used as a matched filter is shown to be the result of interference between different components of the reconstructed and the reconstructing fields. The intensity of the unchanged parts of the field is shown to depend on the correlation between the original field, and to be described by a mutual correlation function c(x,y). Limiting cases, c(x,y) yields 0 and c(x,y) equals 1 are considered. Also considered is the case when changes in the readout fields are limited to small changes in the secondary source phases.

For measuring of small and supersmall velocities of rough surfaces vibration the algorithms of nonlinear digital filtering of homodyne speckle interferometer signals have been developed. These algorithms can be used for the designing of special signal processing digital systems with the on-line mode operation. The results of the noise characteristics estimations of the developed algorithms depending on their parameters and properties of the processed signal are given.

Relations describing the behavior of the contrast and intensity fluctuations correlation time for the statistically inhomogeneous speckle-field were obtained in this paper provided that the field was formed at a focused Gaussian beams diffraction on moving rough surfaces. The relationship between these values and rough surface parameters has been investigated. Experimental results may serve as the basis for the method of measurement for dispersion and profile correlation length.

The results of efforts concerning the creation of a testing system of the wavefront deformations in a telescope optical highway based on use of the holographic optical element (HOE) are presented. Mathematical modeling of the holographic testing scheme and its correlation with telescope performance are made in frames of geometrical and wave optics. The principals of HOE recording on the basis of relief-phase holography combined with ion- chemical processing are carried out. The results of physical modeling of the holographic testing scheme are presented.

A high resolution all-holographic line scanner for use in diode laser printers has been developed. In this article some aspects and results of the calculation of a scanning device with holographic deflectors based on HOE with variable spatial frequency are discussed.

An optical method is suggested for nondestructive measurement of a velocity distribution in a flow of light scattering particles. Photocurrent spectrum of a point photodetector is found to reproduce a velocity distribution function of scattering particles.

An adaptive system for divergence reduction of optical radiation passing through a waved interface of two different media has been investigated. The proposed approach provides one- way transfer of signal. The effectiveness of the method has been experimentally confirmed.

The principle and main optical parameters of a tunable selector of radiation on the base of thick holographic mirrors are discussed.

The light adaptation of the purple membranes in polymeric environment under laser irradiation has been researched by means of the dynamic holographic method. Holographic parameters stability of the photosensitive materials based on bacteriorhodopsin (BR) has been studied.

There are more than a dozen different methods of diagnostic and control of the structural purity of materials which are used in modern micro- and optoelectronics. Each of them has their own strong and weak points, range and fields of use. Usually a couple of different methods are used in research together. The advantage of using x-ray methods against optical (in solving the problem of distorted crystal) is that interferention of coherent beams is not on artificial diffraction lattice but on crystal lattice of the researching object. It permits us to expand researching ranges of crystal structures distortions. The privilege of x-ray methods (like x-ray interferometry and diffractometry) is that they are nondestructive, noncontact, fast, do not require expensive equipment, and are highly sensitive. Unique information about deformation locations and electronic density as a function of width (from a few monolayers) can be determined from their use.

Harnessing phased acoustic arrays for extending the operating range of optical deflectors is well known and investigated by a number of researchers. Usually, it was supposed, that acoustic waves are excited in contra-phase, or with phase difference linear dependent on wave frequency. These modes of excitation are easily achieved in deflectors of simple design, but they do not provide strict consistency between acoustic wave front and Bragg angle when scanning the optical beam. To investigate possibilities of multielement deflector with individual control of channels in phased acoustic array we examined light diffraction on a sequence of ultrasonic waves in isotropic medium.

In this research we have generalized the experience of the optical data processing laboratory on investigation, elaboration, and design of the multifunctional hybrid optical-electronic systems, which may be used for analysis and recognition of images, textures, and wide-band time signals.

This paper describes in detail the effective procedure for Karhunen-Loeve basis synthesis, offered by the authors for statistical ensembles, permitting a limited size teaching set. Unlike the classical Karhunen-Loeve procedure, the main factor, restricting its application and determining the number of required calculations for basis formation, is not the dimension of the encoding signal itself but the number of elements in the input basic set. This allows us to apply this procedure to the objects of grate capacity (up to 10⁶ - 10⁸ counts), that is usual for optical processed signals. Examples of effective real signal coding are given.

Diffuse surface relief profile is obtained by contour map generation with the help of multiple- wavelength holography at basic and doubled frequencies of ruby laser. Correlation with etalon may also be produced.

Application of Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser for 3-D image holographic recording of superfast processes in its temporal development is offered. Pulse shortening leads to time resolution improvement of the systems.

We illustrate a technique of constructing a single crystal photorefractive (PR) fiber hologram. Because of its physical length (a few centimeters), high angular and wavelength selectivities can be achieved, in which massive holographic data storage can be performed. Because of high electro-optic constant of the PR fiber, it can be used as optical switches, as well as for optical interconnections. Preliminary experiments are provided in this paper.

Introducing either a uniform square shaped or chirped sinusoidal corrugation onto the gain and/or the refractive index of an optical fiber, it is theoretically investigated that extremely high-gain optical fiber amplifier is feasible for optical communication, signal processing, and measurement fields. A gain of more than 15 dB is obtainable with the gain corrugation (Delta) (gamma) equals 0.05/m around a specific corrugation period (xi) equals 0.333 in comparison with a uniform gain fiber. Inducing the index corrugation (Delta) n in addition to (Delta) (gamma) tends to shorten the effective fiber length for yielding the same gain. Furthermore, introducing the chirping into the gain corrugation, its transmission gain is more enhanced by about 5 dB and tolerance of the setting of the corrugation period (xi) is rather relaxed with wider spectrum bandwidth.

Spatial field effects in various aspects of the laser operation are discussed. These effects are investigated in Fabry-Perot as well as distributed feedback lasers. In particular, influence of the spatial field distribution on the output power, relaxation oscillations, and noise level in the laser structures are discussed.

`Coherence Modulation of Light' makes use of the so-called `fringes of superposition' which are produced by time correlations of wave groups of light featuring a short coherence length. We show how such interference phenomena in broadband light can be used to imprint several signals simultaneously on light without crosstalk. This method can be advantageously used in a number of applications in optical telecommunications and optical computing.

A new approach to fabrication of angular position sensors based on optical ICs is proposed. Capabilities of such sensors are evaluated both theoretically and experimentally.

A system of two radiationally coupled waveguides is proposed for remote coupling implementation. Radiation loss coefficient and coupling length are determined for two different designs of radiationally coupled waveguides: corrugated and leaky. Remote coupling over a 95 micrometers distance in a pair of radiationally coupled waveguides is demonstrated experimentally for the first time.

Recent attempts aimed at developing holographic neural networks and associative memories have stimulated interest to the problems of coherent correlation processing of optical data. Finding new approaches to the reconstruction of the optical field amplitude and phase from its intensity distribution is also a topical problem. In the present work, correlation filters, based on referenceless holograms (RH), are proposed which are the necessary components of neural networks and associative memories. The RH was first introduced as a generalized correlation filter by Van Heerden. A RH is the scattered field intensity recorded on a recording medium. Image reconstruction from such a hologram is based on its associative properties, which take effect when a field (or its part) which is the same as (or similar to) the original object field, is used as the reconstructing field.

The possibilities of the optical neural network formed by placing the optical correlator in a linear resonator to realize the vectors comparison and image preparation are discussed. The adaptive neural network model to pattern recognize on the complex background is proposed. The optical implementation of that NN model is discussed.

New correlation methods of single fiber multi mode interferometer signal processing based on intensity correlation filter and on correlation holographical filter are developed. It is shown that this filter's output power directly depends on correlation coefficient of deformed and undeformed single fiber interferometer interference signals. It allows us to measure the value of interferometer deformation. It is shown that the holographical filter allows us to provide bigger dynamic range of measurement than the interferometer correlation filter.

Transversal diffraction autosolitones present in an optical system containing Kerr nonlinear slice, Zernike filter, and a feedback mirror are mathematically described. A model of this system utilizing a liquid crystal-photoconductor spatial light modulator is experimentally investigated. An optical array memory device for digital information storage based on these autosolitones is experimentally developed.

Imaging properties of a second-order hologram (SOH), i.e., a thin off-axis hologram with the amplitude transmittance involving expansion terms up to quadratic in exposure, are investigated. It is shown that by reading such a hologram by a partial or distorted object image it is possible to obtain a complex conjugate associative response, i.e., reconstruct a conjugate object image. The advantages of a SOH over the linearly recorded 2-D and even 3-D ghost- image holograms are in that it is capable of reproducing the original intensity distribution in the conjugate image and permits a reciprocal associative reconstruction of noninterfering complicated wave fronts. Also discussed are the associative properties of volume SOH.

One of the fundamental applications of integrated optics is the development of miniature optical gyros for navigation and airborne vehicle control systems. The integrated optical ring passive resonator (RPR) was proposed as one of the possible realizations of a sensitive element for such gyros. It presents a closed-loop channel waveguide made on a substrate of optical quality with which two Y-splitters are optically and symmetrically connected. The first splitter is connected in a homogeneous section with the external radiation source and serves for excitation in the closed-loop wave-guide for the two light waves, one of which propagates in clockwise direction and the other in counterclockwise direction. The second Y-splitter extracts some part of circulating radiations out of the closed-loop waveguide circuit and directs it to the photodetector, detecting the intensity of a superpositioned field.

The extended optical correlator system is a three-lens coherent correlator with the three separated planes available for spatial filtering of signals. The preprocessing of signals in two separated planes is also separated from the matched filtering. A typical preprocessing procedure is presented. Usefulness of a special type of matched filter referred to as the quasi phase-only filter is also discussed.

The design method of a filter with dynamic filtering and statistic processing of correlation data is presented. This filter incorporated into an optical-digital hybrid system is used for the distortion invariance (shift, scale, rotation, and intensity) recognition of target image. Computer simulation and experiments demonstrate the system's ability to detect a target which is generated in large distortion.

A diffusion technique for the fabrication of waveguide structures in Bi₁₂GeO₂₀,Bi₁₂SiO₂₀ crystals is described. The infrared reflection spectroscopy for the different waveguides thickness has been used to clarify the diffusion mechanism. Reflection spectra of the crystals with different thicknesses of doped layer shows that doping ions formed a chemical bond with oxygen in the tetrahedral environment. In this case doping ions replace Ge, Bi, an Si ions in the crystals unit. Integrated optic waveguides with losses no higher than 1.5 - 2.0 dB/cm for near IR wavelength operation have been successfully formed.

The integrated optical monolithic device which transforms the optical signal on electrical signal has been manufactured by means of new simple technology. This technology offers to consistently make taper channel waveguide, channel waveguide, and diffractive grating by means of a changing of the refractive index of planar CdSSe waveguide by surface-absorbed laser emission. In order to measure optical signal in channel waveguide the local waveguide photoresistor which has a good photosensitivity in the red wavelength range was formed on its surface. The ratio of dark resistance to resistance under illumination is 10² - 10³.

The process of diffractive grating writing on the surface of low and high resistance CdS platelet single crystals was studied. It is shown that this grating has no relief and represents a periodical modulation of refractive index on the surface of crystal.

The dynamics of lasing of the CdS-microlaser have been studied experimentally under the conditions of 10 ns pumping pulses of N₂-laser with (lambda) equals 0.3371 micrometers . It was found that the microlaser oscillates in pulse operation during single pulse pumping. The number of pulses and their durations depend on the efficiency of pumping. Depending on laser threshold overrun we observed from 1 to 6 pulses with durations (FWHM) 0.172 to 0.735 ns. We assume that the CdS-microlaser oscillation's peculiarities are similar to passively Q- switched lasers with a nonlinear saturated absorber. This platelet microlaser may be used in monolith integrated opticalics for optical computers and nonlinear optical devices and systems.

In this paper it is shown that diffractive losses which arise on facets of CdS-micro laser resonator have different values for different transverse modes. These values are determined by the waveguide resonator parameters (thickness and index). Influence of index changes which arise in the process of laser generation, on diffractive losses in the resonator, is insignificant.

The effect of the phonon subsystem of a crystal on laser absorption is considered. The exciton- phonon interaction is shown to result in a nonlinear behavior of absorption as a function of exciton gas density. The output light intensity is calculated as a function of temperature and the temperature range in which optical bistability occurs is established.

Computer-aided design of integrated optics has been considered. The new method of designing complicated wares using a neuron-similar knowledge base in expert media has been proposed. The three-link structure of integrated optics using new information technology has been represented.

Capability of computer holograms to form wave fields of physically nonexisting objects shows promise in production and investigation of optical systems of different purposes. Investigations directed at producing computer-generated hologram optical elements (CGHOE) for detailed studying aberration characteristics of optical elements and systems at different stages of their design and fabrication take a particular place. Moreover aberrations may be due to such optical system construction features as external factors (technology and deformation defects).

In the past few years advances in the fabrication technology of diffraction optical elements have given rise to the development of a variety of interferometric devices for various applications. At present obtaining high-quality highly efficient hologram and ruled diffraction gratings as large as several hundred millimeters in size is no longer a problem. This enables us to design a twin-wave interferometer which is equivalent to the conventional four-mirror Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a working field of 300 - 400 mm, but our device is characterized by a significantly higher vibration-resistance capability and easy to adjust.

The Open Test and Measurement Systems (OTMS) conception and generalized OTMS model are discussed in this paper. The following levels are defined in the model: object, physical, data, application, and manufacturing. VXIbus based OTMS realization and its benefits are discussed concerning applications for integral optics and golography.

The analysis of a corrugated waveguide excitation by normally incident light beam is carried out and the conditions for optimum waveguide mode excitation are determined in the case of a finite size grating region.

Presently the creation of advanced computational means is closely connected with the development of neuron-like structures with the computation principle based on the dynamic evolution process of these structures under the input signal effect. There are numerous physical principles of implementation of neuron-like computational structures. However, the most promising is the creation of such structures on the optical principles basis. Such prospects are first of all related to the spatial character of the information transmitted by the optical radiation.

A real device for optimal broadband signal processing is described. The device handles signals of short and long duration and operates at the real time scale. It has been manufactured with the usage of the integro-optical technology for forming the acousto-optical element. The device includes an additional chirp generator and delay line on SAW. It can operate in the modes of mutual correlation function determination, two signals convolution, and broadband or high resolution spectrum analysis. The possible areas for its application are discussed.

The subject matter of this report is the study of opportunities of solar energy conversion into electricity in space by systems including holographic concentrators. The top efficiency of such systems was analyzed. The parameters of dichromated gelatin emulsion layers to be used for hologram recording as well as the recording geometry were studied.

The new method of non invasive determination of blood components concentration -- bilirubin and hemoglobin -- was analyzed with the help of optic spectra of reflection from the skin surface and subcutaneous tissues. It is based on the registration of non-linear relation between optoelectronic characteristics of spectra of reflection, received and worked up for some wavelengths and concentration of studying components. This correlation is manifested most brightly and differs radically from a linear one in its sphere of relatively high concentrations with regard to patients.

The guided-mode resonance characteristics of planar dielectric waveguide gratings with arbitrary grating slant are discussed. These all-dielectric structures can operate as high- efficiency, narrow-line reflective filters. Expressions and graphs defining the resonance regimes and the resonance locations and their separations for TE and TM modes are given. It is shown that the typically asymmetric filter response found when the filter is in asymmetric waveguide-grating geometry can be made nearly symmetric by proper choice of the thickness. A three-wave analytical solution for the case of normal incidence on an unslanted waveguide grating is derived and verified by comparison with rigorously calculated results. Example results describing the resonance behavior under Gaussian beam illumination show that if the angular spectrum of the Gaussian beam can be accommodated within the angular corridor of the waveguide-grating filter, a high-efficiency resonance can occur. There are numerous potential applications of the guided-mode resonance effects described in this paper such as laser resonator mirrors and narrow-line reflection filters as well as new thin-film antireflection resonant structures, polarizers, and electro-optical switches.