Coherence modulation of light consists in coding a signal as an optical delay greater than the coherence length of light. It makes use of interferometers powered by sources which exhibit a short coherence length. Such sources can be operated either as classical sources or quantum sources. We describe some applications dealing with optical communications and quantum cryptography.

Scattering by rough surfaces in the Kirchhoff approximation is considered in terms of three- dimensional spatial frequencies. This has some advantages for understanding general trends of scattering behavior, and allows the inverse problems of determining profiles or their statistics from scattering measurements.

The effect of the excess noise on the laser operation of Fabry-Perot and distributed feedback (DFB) lasers is discussed. We use the semiclassical analysis based on the Fokker-Planck equation corresponding to the set of coupled Langevin equations. The stationary and nonstationary solution of the single-mode operation is obtained. Numerical results reveal the excess noise factor as well as the influence of the excess noise on the intensity fluctuations and the laser linewidth for different laser systems.

An analysis of the dynamic operation in distributed feedback (DFB) lasers is shown. In particular, the influence of the spatial field distribution, the gain saturation effect, and spatial hole burning effect on the relaxation oscillations and modulation bandwidth is discussed for two different dielectric lasers structures, i.e. planar and fiber waveguide lasers. We consider two cases: the dynamic model of DFB laser with pure index modulation and with the complex coupling coefficient.

We report experimental and numerical investigation of a process of ingenious optical vortices nucleation in a wavefront of a laser beam passing through photorefractive LiNbO₃ crystal with self-induced nonlinear lens.

In this work we have done theoretical investigations of polarization properties of the wave scattered by the rough surface in the scalar diffraction theory approach. The model of single scattering on the surface with smooth inhomogeneities has been used and the local values of Fresnel reflecting coefficients have been taken into account. By use of numerical calculation of diffraction integral in this approximation we have found the components of correlation matrix of scattered wave as the functions of statistical properties of rough surface and incident light beam parameters. The degree of polarization of scattered wave and polarization plane rotation have been calculated. The last effect can be useful for structural determination of anisotropic rough surfaces inhomogeneities.

We report the result of investigation of the screw, edge and mixed edge-screw dislocations of wavefront in monochromatic light waves. Methods for the experimental determination of the topological charge value and helicity of screw dislocation are elaborated. By use of computer- synthesized binary gratings waves with edge, mixed screw-edge and anisotropic screw dislocation were obtained and studied experimentally.

The diffraction of a laser beam with spatial amplitude-phase modulation in the form of a regular interference pattern behind a random phase object is studied. The interference effects of correlation of speckle-fields formed in the zone of diffraction are considered. To physically interpret the observed effects, there has been employed the concept of interference of mutually shifted partially developed identical speckle fields. The evolution of visibility of average intensity fringes formed in the scattered field has been studied for the objects with different statistical parameters including objects with an oscillating correlation coefficient of phase inhomogeneities. The correlation properties of formed partially developed speckle fields are considered for an illuminating Gaussian beam with an account of the observed interference effects. It has been shown that under certain conditions the form of variation of the fringe visibility coincides with the form of the correlation coefficient of the complex amplitude of the boundary field (the field in the plane, located in the immediate vicinity to the object plane) and, hence, is uniquely defined by inhomogeneities parameters of the object: by standard deviation, correlation radius and correlation coefficient form. The application possibilities of the considered processes for diagnostics of phase scattering objects complying with the model of a random phase screen are discussed.

The problem of vector theory of amplitude zeroes is discussed. The amplitude zeroes can be of two kinds. In the vicinity of the first kind of zeroes, polarization is linearized, the phase does not have singularity, and a wavefront does not have dislocations. In the vicinity of the second kind of zeroes, polarization is elliptical, a phase has singularity, and a wavefront has a screw dislocation. The experimental results are given.

A method of evaluation of the phase fluctuations structure function parameters for large-scale transparent scattering objects using scanning differential microinterferometer is presented. Experimental results obtained for rough glass plate with specially prepared surfaces show the existence of fractal properties in the region of characteristic sizes from 0.5 micrometer to 15 micrometer. These properties are manifested in the values of the exponential factor of phase structure function which are less than 2 (such value is characteristic for conventional 'smooth' surfaces). Potentialities of usage of the scanning interferometric technique for the analysis of scaling properties of the phase distributions formed by the scattering objects under coherent illumination are discussed.

In this paper we investigate some properties of the diffraction field due to Cantor bars, which are a 1-D fractal and are one of the most well known regular fractals. By 1-D fractal we mean that the smallest Euclidian dimension of a space where a fractal exists is one. We investigate spatial complexity in optical fields resulting from diffraction of a plane wave by such fractals. For this purpose we employ the theory of stochastic and chaotic oscillations. There are several parameters which are commonly used to characterize the dimension of a chaotic system, namely, Liapunov exponent, dimension, and entropy. We use fractal dimension d for fractals and correlation exponent v for the diffraction field. In the present paper, the correlation exponent v is used as a parameter characterizing the spatial complexity of an optical field. This parameter gives the quantity of spatial harmonics with uncommesurable periods.

In the paper the focused Gaussian beams diffraction from random surfaces which obey first- order Gaussian statistics is considered. The analytical expressions describing the probability density function and the correlation function of dynamic speckles intensity fluctuations and phase for different relations between the surface and the coherent beam parameters have been derived. The results of numerical simulation of focused coherent beam scattering for a small number of scatterers are discussed. The range of parameters, when the scattered field complex statistics are close to Gaussian ones, has been determined. Dependence of statistical characteristics of diffracted radiation on the correlation length and the standard deviation of random screen phase fluctuations has been studied.

On the example of two points object imaging a simulation method is demonstrated that takes account of the partially spatial coherency and the polarization of the radiation. The method is based on using the mutual intensity matrix characterizing the correlation of two orthogonal components of the electric vector in two points of the space. The distributions of the intensity, azimuth and ellipticity angle have been simulated and analyzed in dependence on the polarizations of the points sources.

An asymmetric polarized scattering in thin films with magnetic domain has been studied experimentally and theoretically. The coupled wave equation was obtained and the solution is presented.

Our recent works on electro-optic (E-O) lenses consisting of numerous transparent electrodes on E-O material have been introduced, especially emphasizing their operational mechanism and fundamental characteristics. The application possibility of the proposed E-O devices is also discussed regarding holography and correlation optics.

The holographic method provides a possibility of creating not only uniform diffraction gratings but also non-uniform gratings whose relief depth varies over the grating surface. Therefore the diffraction efficiency of such structures varies over the element surface as well. In this paper we deal with shallow relief gratings with Gaussian modulated groove depth. It is shown that these structures can transform an incident Gaussian beam into a super-Gaussian one of low order. On the basis of the simple theory, basic properties of these elements are discussed. The validity of our approach is confirmed by experiments, and some of them are presented in this paper.

A measure describing an overall estimate of the feasibility of correlation filters is introduced. Our feasibility estimate (FE) measure is based on the established filter criteria such as the noise tolerance, peak sharpness, and diffraction efficiency. These quantities are described using a functional scheme of a standard optical correlator system. A basic set of correlation filters is defined regarding the amplitude and phase information contents. To describe quantitatively the white noise case as well as the increase or decrease of the input scene power, a simple noise model is used. The usefulness of the FE concept is demonstrated on the filter parameter optimization problem and also by presenting the decision curves for finding the true-class correlation peak values as a function of the total input signal power.

The subject of interest is ancient Babylonian cuneiform inscriptions in clay tablets representing three-dimensional carriers of information. Investigations have been carried out on original cuneiform signs as well as on models of signs. For the characterization of inscriptions by means of optical pattern recognition techniques an algorithm is presented that includes the following steps: data reduction, feature extraction, average pattern production, power spectrum mask production, average matched spatial filter production, and finally the correlation experiment.

We describe the uniform error algorithm of adaptive phase correction. This algorithm can be used for imaging of extended objects through turbulence. The description involves the fundamental statistical properties of the Zernike expansion of phase distortions on receiving aperture, while no other limitations (sensor noise, spatial resolution of phase corrector, etc.) are taken into account. An approach is also presented to the problem of approximation of the mutual structure function of phase of received light coming through turbulence. This approach enables us to substitute distributed turbulent layer by a small number of phase screens, statistically equivalent to the layer.

In this paper we present a self-training two-layer neural network model for tomography data processing. This model allows us to reconstruct physical field parameters distribution by use of tomography integral data.

Well-known methods of simulation of neural networks (NN), promising elements of optical NN, a database for their storage, as well as an expert system (ES) for their development are analyzed. A computer informational system is developed which is based on a hybrid ES built on modern DBMS.

The applications of chalcogenide glasses (CG) and the structures on their base in the technology of optical disks are reviewed. In brief are described the properties of high- resolution inorganic thin film structures CG-Ag and CG layers. The properties of such resists and peculiarities of laser lithography under the influence of sharp-focused laser irradiation with the objective of formation of master disks and the tracking guides of optical disks were investigated. It is shown that under laser exposure the local heating of the resist and also the photostructural transformations, activated by this heating, provide the narrowing of the lines of the resistive mask in comparison to the size of the exposure light spot. Using the As₂S₃ layers the minimal width of lines 0.17 micrometer was obtained, under the exposure wavelength 476 nm and laser spot halfwidth 1 micrometer. This enables us to decrease the period of the tracking guides with the purpose of increasing the density of information recording. The possibility is shown of the formation of the tracking guides structure with the period up to the 0.8 micrometer.

The report presents the results of a study attempted to analyze a possibility of obtaining stable holographic images when a reference beam had the complex nonstationary wavefront. The resolution-retrieving compensation of the source extent in the cross-correlation reconstruction of a hologram was used. The effect of the advanced stability of the holographic image is of quite different origin and displays compared to the effect of ghost images. The mechanism of the phenomena is studied. Specific experiments conducted clarify how to more widely apply nonstationary beams in holography.

A method of the numerical investigation of the energy relief of the neural networks (NN) with the correlation interconnections realized by holographic correlator is discussed. The analytical and numerical modeling of the energy relief sectioned by hypersurfaces formed by the transformations of the object image to reference is used.

Computer and experimental practical effectiveness investigation of the phase problem solution method proposed by the authors is presented. The following applied problems are discussed: an obtaining of the star object images through the atmosphere with a high resolution, an obtaining of the space vehicle image with lighting up it by a coherent radiation, a deconvolution of earth surface images with the unknown point radiation function, a measuring of the optical surface quality or the wave front of coherent radiation.

We discuss the reconstruction of the object fields from experimental spatial spectrum intensity measurements by means of phase retrieval algorithm. The analytical relation between amplitude and phase of the spectrum and iteration procedure are used. The different errors occur during data registration procedure and can affect the results of the solution substantially. Here the experimental conditions are presented that are sufficient to ensure the reconstruction of an object's field from the measure of its Fourier spectrum intensity. The results obtained are used for a reconstruction of the object field from experimental data. Phase retrieval has been successfully demonstrated.

We present the investigation results of object imaging with non-plane surface by processing an ensemble of statistical independent diffraction patterns and phase problem solution. The limits of applicability of the correlography method are established. The new speckle patterns processing algorithm for image reconstruction of the 3-dimensional object having considerable depth is formulated. The conditions for application of this method are obtained also. The results of computer simulation are presented.

Principles of picture elements (PE) construction are proposed. These PE fulfill the operations of array continuous (neuron) logic (ACL or ANL) and are characterized by multifunctionality (up to universality), high performance (10⁵ divided by 10⁷ operations of ACL per sec.), and cascadability. Three schemes ACL PE are proposed: (1) on the basis of pulse-width conversion and universal PE of array two-level logic (ATL); (2) on the basis of comparators of images and operations of array hybrid logic (AHL); (3) on the basis of pulse-position conversion and operations of AHL in the time region. Proposed PE are generalizations of array discrete logic and will be able to become the macroelement basis for computers of future generations.

Diffuse surface relief profile is obtained by contour map generation in Lippmann-Bragg scheme at basic and doubled frequencies of ruby laser. Results demonstrate possibilities of realized experimental setup for measuring and testing of diffuse surfaces relief.

A comparative analysis of effectiveness of two adaptive algorithms is carried out using the formalism of radiation transfer theory. It is shown that under practically reasonable conditions the method with pure amplitude adaptation provides better results both on energetic and far field angular parameters of the scheme than that based on phase conjugation. The consideration is illustrated with a simple model situation.

The analysis of the random binary phase mask's (RBPM) power spectrum and correlation functions was carried out. The equations for correlation functions and correlation peaks of the RBPM at the output plane of the coherent optical correlator are obtained. Narrowing of the RBPM's correlation peaks to the sizes of the RBMS pixels is studied. The level of background noise surrounding the correlation peak is estimated and the signal-to-noise ratio is defined. The decoding (recognition) probability of the arbitrary RBPM or the phase-encoded image in the coherent optical correlator is evaluated. The joint transform correlator (JTC) with a liquid crystal spatial light modulator placed in the spectral plane of the JTC was created for experimental proving of obtained results. The sufficient increase of the phase-encoded images correlation peaks in this JTC was observed and explained. Supposition about phase encoding of images in retina of a biological vision system for explanation of high recognition ability of vital organisms is proposed.

The problem of high resolution imaging for field visualization is considered. An iterative method of optical data processing is presented in the paper. The problem of resolution enhancement is considered as image reconstruction that includes the solution of an inverse ill- posed problem. The method proposed makes use of the iterative technique and adaptive regularization procedure to improve image quality. Nonlinearity of the method is provided by a nonnegative constraint and a spatial limitation on the probable image extent that makes it possible to accomplish band-limited extrapolation and enhance the resolution.

Sine-form holograms in the pored glass-LC system have been recorded using nematic LC molecule phototransformation technique. Their characteristics are studied. Such a system provides a possibility to control hologram parameters and access to holograms by temperature alteration. The results obtained could be explained by the existence of holograms of two types: on the LC volume photoisomers and on the surface ones.

The concept of modern designing of optoelectronic integral circuits is examined. To this end distribute expert medium based on neuron networks for integral optics is used.

Single fiber multimode interferometers (SMI) have good prospects for the physical field parameters registrations. SMI advantages are the height stability of its performances, easy fitness with light sources, and the great simplicity of its optical scheme. External influence on the fiber causes the changes of light spatial distribution in the intermode interference speckle pattern. However speckle position shifts are not directly related to the external influence value. So it is difficult to apply the methods of garantitative interferometry measuring which had developed for non-single-fiber optic interferometers. It is necessary to use complex spatial filtering methods. The spatial filter of intensity correlation (SFIC) is an effective element for SMI output signal processing. But temperature changes of fiber performances limit the band of real SFIC application. Electronics analogy of dynamic SFIC can show the very good results for SMI data processing. So the main purpose of this paper is development of the electronic speckle-interferometry method.

Results of an investigation of a referenceless hologram (RLH) associative response showing spatial variant brightness and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the ghost image are presented. When an information page is one-side blocked, brightness and SNR are reaching their maximal magnitudes at the periphery of a ghost image, gradually decreasing as a running point approaches the readout fragment boundary. Spatial inhomogeneity of optical characteristics of the RLH's associative responses is explained with account of the singularity of an object field's power spectrum at the lowest spatial frequencies. Associative responses reconstructed by RLHs and some generalized holographic associative memories are compared.

The necessity of multichannel (1D or 2D) neural modules with optical inputs/outputs and completely parallel information processing, carrying out the operations over continuous variables, is shown. These neuromodules have to be multifunctional with programmable tuning. The realization of a definite function tuning is carried out by means of control signals. It is suitable to the functioning description of neural networks based on frequency-dynamic models to use the apparatus of continuous (neuron) logics. The operations of array neuron logic are discussed and it is shown that all these operations can be expressed by means of 2 basic operations: limited difference and addition. The most promising neuron models are the frequency-dynamic ones, because their functioning principles correspond to natural neuron ones. The circuit of optoelectronic cell, which fulfills the limited difference operation, storage, and threshold control operations is proposed. Experimental results for this cell are given. Circuit and experimental parameters for comparator of optical signals are also given. Creation opportunity and promising application of such circuits and lines on its base for optical neural nets are shown.

The formation analysis of speckle patterns and the holographic image of vibrating objects has been made in dependence on recording and reconstruction of the object image using a television system. A television speckle interferometer scheme has been proposed by which the speckle pattern images with improved contrast are receiving. The possibility of brightness increase of the interference pattern has been shown when mirror components of recorded and reconstructed waves are focused.

A new simple wide-aperture coupler is offered for coupling an optical radiance into and out of a planar optical waveguide. A coupler is a plane-parallel plate with the refractive index (RI) close to RI of an optical waveguide. The air gap between the coupler and the waveguide is formed by the coupler's elastic deformation. A coupler is distinguished by simplicity in fabrication and adjustment, high coupling efficiency (calculating value is 99% for optimal coupler parameters), and high uniformity of the coupler efficiency across the wide input light beam section thanks to the adaptivity to surface waveguide form errors. One expects that such a coupling method may be widely used both in the design of the high-quality hybrid integro- optical processors (especially acousto-optical) and in the laboratory experimental research in integrated optics.

It was considered the new perspective class of the optical-informational media-photopolymer materials. Coming out of the resolution of the diffraction tasks on the periodical structure it was proposed to use the photopolymers of the olygocarbonates and olygoephiracrylates as the media for the recording of the frequency-spacing screens. It was revealed that for the mentioned photoregistered media the spectral dependencies of the linear susceptibilities do not influence the diffraction efficiency. At the diffraction on the modulated frequency less than 50 lin/mm for the layers with the thicknesses near 1 mm the effects of the diffraction and Lambert absorption are separated. The isolines of the diffraction light in the depth of the layer are built. The obtained results indicate the possibility of using the corresponding photopolymer materials for the optical-informational systems.

The model of the real-time scale-rotation invariant joint transform correlator (JTC) was proposed. The pattern recognition algorithm realized by this correlator was developed. The information-dynamic characteristics of the JTC's input device contained the TV-tube and the joined liquid crystal spatial light modulator are studied. The experimental setup of the JTC for binary image recognition was created. The optimum working modes of the constructed correlator were found. The possibilities of the JTC's experimental setup for the finger-print pattern recognition were investigated.

Simulation results for information processing models and algorithms in optical neural networks (ONN) in the teaching and recognition modes are presented. They are based on equivalent operations of continuous logic and Boolean operations of coincidence, as well as vector-matrix procedures with normalization and threshold operation. It is proved that models based on these operations are united and common for various methods of coding.

Consider some questions of optical discrete devices (ODD) in a distributed CAD system at various levels of computer support. It is necessary to standardize the optical design process in order for many more researchers to be able to design optoelectronic systems and the challenge in building these systems will shift to the design complexity and the cost of system fabrication. The analysis of new properties of the materials can be carried out with the help of expert system (ES). A conceptual design is a schematic idea of the way to make up the mutual relation between global material dualities and/or geometric properties. A knowledge base was formed in expert medium for development of discrete devices generating dynamic holograms.

We present in this communication an introduction to the speckle technique of probability imaging. The technique is aimed at performing the reconstruction of astronomical images from ground based observations; it makes use of a complete statistical analysis of the speckle field by means of probability density functions and related quantities such as characteristic functions. The technique is first described for the simple case of imaging a binary star and simplifying assumptions for the statistics of the speckle pattern. Then the general case is considered, and it is shown how the characteristic function of the extended object speckle pattern can be modeled as a central slice of a higher order characteristic function of the point source speckle pattern. Corresponding relations for probability density functions are given. Effects of noise in the measurement are examined for the two cases of additive noise and photon noise. Relations between probability imaging, speckle interferometry, and speckle masking are presented.

Statistical characteristics of the far-zone partially developed dynamic speckles caused by diffraction of the focused Gaussian beam on the moving large-scale transparent scatterers are discussed. Scatterers under study are considered as the set of randomly distributed phase- distorting elements ('irregular lens-let array'). The technique of probability density function of effective focal length for local scatterers ensemble using the dependencies of speckle contrast or skewness coefficient on defocusing parameter is proposed. Some difficulties of analytical description caused by peculiarities of the phase distributions microtopology are mentioned. Applications of this approach to biotissue structure analysis are discussed.

The layer of the eye lens homogenate at temperature below the characteristic temperature for the phase separation produces speckle pattern. The angular dependence of the speckle intensity on the temperature is measured. The intensity of the specular component dependent on the temperature is shown.

A holographic interferometric microscope is presented, which performs a comfortable combination of the measurement accuracy of holographic interferometry and the imaging performance of a microscope objective. Conjugate reconstruction is used to separate the holographic recording setup and the microscopic observation arrangement. Furthermore an ideal optimized interferometer geometry can be achieved by conjugate reconstruction. Experimental results of investigations of microelectronic elements are demonstrated.

A new version of a diffraction microscope developing the Young eriometer concept is presented. Recording of the near-field pattern is considered in the terms of the Young model of diffraction phenomena. According to the Young diffraction paradigm, a diffraction wave is divided in the direct (primary) wave and the secondary one retransmitted by the edge of a diffraction screen. Being readout with the primary wave, the recorded near-field pattern reconstitutes a contour image of the diffraction screen. A near-field concept is defined in the framework of the Young's approach. It is shown that the notion 'far field' is indefinable for an arbitrary convex opaque screen. That fact enables the construction of a microscope for a small particle contour imaging using a Young hologram as the diffraction objective. The Young holography method is compared with Michelson's experiment as well as B. Thompson's method of holographic microscopy using Fraunhofer holograms.

A numerical method of estimating the probability density function of light intensity fluctuations from photon counting data is described. The solution is found as an orthogonal series of the functions which are the eigen functions of left and right iterated kernels of Mandel transformation. An inverse operator in such representation has diagonal form and provides powerful regularization of inverse problem solution by simple restriction of eigen values taken into account. The efficiency of the proposed method is illustrated with results of restoration of light intensity probability functions for some typical models of speckle formation.

The study of two-wave mixing under the Raman-Nath diffraction regime at single Wood's anomalies was carried out. The effects of induced dynamic grating enhancement, depletion, bistability and self-oscillations were determined. All these phenomena are caused by the surface enhanced local field due to excitation of surface waves.

The scheme of x-ray diffraction on reflection for research of layers structure of single crystals after various kinds of external treatment is used. On a series of diffraction curves the profiles of distribution of deformations in thin subsurface areas of InSb and CdTe crystals irradiated by high-energy electrons and B ions are constructed. The given work demonstrates the opportunities of the skew asymmetric scheme of x-ray diffraction on reflection as in topographical, and in two crystal spectrometer scheme in research of structural changes in subsurface layers of various single crystal compounds after ion and electron irradiation.

In the paper on the basis of theoretical and experimental analyses it is shown that the spectrum of intensity fluctuations contains the high frequency peak in the absence of subsidiary reference wave at non-small angles of speckles observation. Such phenomenon, interpreted as a new type of manifestation of Doppler effect, is habitual only for the case of strongly focused coherent beam scattering. In the paper the possibilities of the usage of the observed effect in the measurements of blood and lymph flows in narrow native capillaries are discussed. Traditional Doppler method utilizing the strongly focused Gaussian beam scattering is considered. It is shown that the frequency position of Doppler peak in the spectrum of intensity fluctuations of measurements is defined not only by the angle of speckles observation but also by the relation between the waist beam diameter and the average size of flow inhomogeneities. Such result was experimentally verified. In the paper it is concluded that the Doppler method of blood flow measurements utilizing strongly focused Gaussian beam diffraction has to be revised.

In this work for the first time the light induced phase transitions in amorphous As-S compositions in periodic interference field have been studied with the help of holographic method, offered by us earlier, which permits us to carry out independent measuring of absorptivity ((Delta) (alpha) ) and refractivity ((Delta) n) changes in studied materials in bulges and nodes of interference pattern. It is shown that stable high-temperature (T approximately 100 degrees Celsius) transitions happen due to a D degree(s)-centers diffusion from bulges of interference pattern to nodes. The disturbance of thermodynamic equilibrium distribution of defects (D-centers) resulted in a diffusion of D degree(s)-centers in the case of As₂S₃.

Holography at present is the most effective technique of obtaining 3-D images of different objects. That's why there is more and more dissemination of holography in different fields of science and engineering, for example, in medicine. So, last time the technique of synthesized holograms obtained for evaluating inner organs states of patients without surgical intervention was designed. Due to properties of the hologram such as high quality of image and relative simplicity of duplication it is clear that holography could take its place in the curriculum of medical specializations because posters, photos, and models cannot give a full notation about an object of interest. The attempt to obtain holographical complete sets to demonstrate the most frequent pathologic changes of a human's bones was undertaken by our Institutes. The aim of our research was to obtain holograms with the following properties: minimum cost and high quality of reconstructed image to identify both the presented objects and the pathologic changes of them.

Qualitative designing of complex devices which use integrated optic elements, the necessity of fast changing of base elements nomenclature, and the territorial separation of institutions interested in integrated optics which can potentially be able to produce them, requires the cooperation of different enterprises and institutions and transition to new designing technologies of devices. The development of a common system part of an automated design system of integrated-optic circuits (ADSIOC) intended to maximize the possible number of developers and consumers on the basis of the expert system (ES) is shown in this work. Realization of the system on the example of development of a design system of hybrid receiving transmitting OIC as a part of united distributed ES of OIC designing is shown.

An analytical method to recover the high light level probability density function (PDF) of a random field from its PDF in counting mode is presented. The high light PDF is related to the photo-detected PDF by the Poisson transform. The inversion of this transformation is performed as follows: the characteristic function (CF), the Fourier transform of the PDF, is first calculated as a Taylor type series where the coefficients are the photo-counting PDF. Unfortunately the limited number of p(n) that can be obtained experimentally makes this expression of (Phi) ((omega) ) valid only for very low values of (omega) , and prevents the recovering of the PDF by an inverse Fourier transform. We have proposed recently to use Pade approximants to overcome this problem and to extend the validity of the expression of (Phi) ((omega) ) towards the high values of (omega) where the Taylor series diverges. We propose here a summary of this technique and its generalization to two dimensions. A procedure making use of the application of physical constraints allows us to select the most appropriate rational approximation of the CF. We present applications of this method to astronomical speckle interferometry and show that good results can be obtained for simulated data in the case of one and two fold PDFs.

We report in this communication experimental results obtained by the technique of probability imaging applied to double stars in the near-infrared. Intensity ratios and relative positions of components are obtained for six double stars. The two-fold probability density function of one-dimensional images is used to reconstruct the binary system. The data reduction is made with a parametric approach, by minimizing a distance between observed two-fold probability density functions and modelled ones, obtained by using a close-by reference star.

The study of Wood's anomalies in phase conjugation of cw carbon dioxide laser radiation on atmospheric ice films has been carried out. The enhancement up to 5 times of phase conjugated wave and its bistable behavior, drag of resonance, damping relaxation oscillations, increasing of effective absorbtivity of laser radiation have been established at Wood's anomalies of surface polaritons excitation in the plus 2 and plus 3 diffraction orders by the two-wave induced dynamic grating.

The nonlinear light transmission of semiconductors, in which the indirect exciton phototransition is realized, is studied. It is shown that the presence of two channels of dissipation of light wave energy of the indirect phototransition (the excitation of libration phonons) and exciton relaxation (the excitation of lattice phonons) -- leads to arising of optical multistable states in crystals. Investigations of polarization peculiarities of the dynamics of nonlinear processes with changing intensity of the input signal have been carried out.

Absorption spectra in the vicinity of excitonic resonances have been studied in In_xTl_1-xI solid solutions depending on temperature and concentration. It is proved that localization of excitons is made by large-scale potential fluctuations.

It has been established by experiment that when getting through the system 'skin-subcutaneous fat-cubital venus wall' the power of LI decreases by 10 times in the mean. This gives opportunity to use LI with a power of 20 mW at the end of the light guide which contacts with the skin surface for obtaining the required power equal to 2 mW in the vessel lumen.

Among existing x ray diffraction diagnostics nonperfections of crystals the specific location take methods are based on use of x-ray dynamic diffraction effects. From them the most sensitive are based on interferention. The Pendellosung and Moire fringes methods arise in consequence of coherent dynamic interaction of wave fields in single crystals. One of the main advantages of the Moire method is the extraordinary high sensitivity to insignificant deformations of crystal lattice ((Delta) d/d approximately 10^-8) and atomic planes turns ((delta) approximately 0.01'). Created by a method of x-ray diffraction Moire the unique phase magnification permits us to directly observe the nuclear rows of crystal lattice. Until recently the attention of researchers attracted, basically, precise measurements of refraction parameters and dispersion amendments to nuclear scattering amplitudes, measurement of movy with large accuracy and refinement of Avogadro number, and the creation of new multi crystal interferometers. At the same time, little opportunities of x-ray interferometry at research of crystal structure defects were used. For the first time the opportunity of definition by method x-ray diffraction Moire of Burgers vectors of individual dislocation was demonstrated by M. Hart, Christiansen has studied the series of 60 degree(s) dislocation in Si on Moire images. Tensions in Si, caused by Ar ions implantation, were defined in the work. The purpose, which the authors of given reviews pursue consists in demonstration of new opportunities of x-ray three crystal interferometry in the investigation of single and complex defects.

A new method of coordinate-frequency distribution of optical signals has been suggested. On the basis of this method the Wiener spectrum of space frequencies of periodic elements with linear and parabolic phase microrelief has been calculated. The maxima of diffraction efficiency for this class of elements has been determined. The possibility of renewing of phase microrelief parameters on the basis of Wiener spectrum is shown.

The author's results of the experimental research work of scattering of polarized radiation with a model system of isotropy and anisotropy oriented absorbing particles are reported. The experimental situations and characteristics of scattered radiation that are better to use under the diagnostics of the mentioned system are picked out.

The paper describes a theory of the slitless rainbow holography and the Talbot effect in holography that was developed on the basis of the generalized scheme for recording of rainbow holograms and with application of the modulation theory and the Fourier analysis of optical signals.

The paper discloses applications of the slitless rainbow holography in holographic real time interferometry. It demonstrates that this method of the slitless rainbow holography permits the user to design a holographic real time interferometer with four channels having a broad range of sensitivities.

Inequality of imaging by Young holograms from complementary diffraction devices are grounded using a stationary phase principle which causes a reduced recording distributivity. A holographic method for determination of an angular dependence of the secondary wave amplitude function associated with a diffraction screen edge is proposed, and the Rubinowicz representation for a diffraction integral at the primary illuminated are is verified on this basis.

The paper deals with the mathematical model of television channel signal when the particularities of the observing object image statistical characteristics are registered. The analytical expression of the video impulse random amplitude distribution density is obtained. In this expression the particularities of using aperture and observation conditions are registered.

The results of theoretical investigations of the role of the dipole moment of excitons during the formation of optical spectra of exciton absorption are presented in this work. Using the model of the indirect phototransition, we calculated the frequency distribution of the coefficient of exciton absorption for different temperatures. It is shown that libration oscillations lead to temperature dependences of the integral absorption; stipulate the anomalous temperature changes of the height of the exciton absorption peak, and make the exciton absorption band structural.

Laser backscattering nephelometry is used to retrieve information on the kinetics of structural changes of erythrocytes in whole blood due to aggregation and deformation in shear flow in vitro. Laser Doppler microscopy is used to monitor nonstationary blood flows in single vessels in vivo. Monte-Carlo numerical analysis of Doppler signal is given for the case of highly scattering tissue surrounding the flow. This case is related to in vivo blood perfusion measurements.

This paper deals with investigations of optical shape measurement and contouring techniques with respect to precise measuring of primary phase data and determination of the object shape. A robust procedure for the measurement of absolute phase values with high accuracy is presented. This procedure is based on a precision adapted control of the system parameters determining the orientation or frequency of the fringe pattern and the stepwise reconstruction of the continuous phase field without phase unwrapping. The determination of the control sequence is oriented on the phase measuring accuracy and the known limits of the absolute phase. Using these unambiguous measuring data the object shape and its coordinates can be determined.