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In these several years, piezoelectric and electrostrictive materials have become key components in smart actuator/sensor systems such as precision positioners, miniature ultrasonic motors and adaptive mechanical dampers. This paper reviews recent developments of piezoelectric and related ceramic actuators with particular focus on the improvement of actuator materials, device designs and drive/control techniques of actuators. Developments will be compared among USA, Japan and Europe.
Kenji Uchino
"Recent developments in ceramic actuators", Proc. SPIE 3321, 1996 Symposium on Smart Materials, Structures, and MEMS, (16 April 1998); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.305551
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Kenji Uchino, "Recent developments in ceramic actuators," Proc. SPIE 3321, 1996 Symposium on Smart Materials, Structures, and MEMS, (16 April 1998); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.305551