The entire reaction processes of the synthesizing technologies of ZrF₄ synthesized from ZrO₂ as the raw material and NH₄HF₂ as fluorinating agent were studied in considerable detail, and the produce of an analytical reagent ZrF₄ was prepared. The glasses of a series of ZBLAN with and without rare-earth ions were fabricated using the self-prepared starting materials. The phenomena of the cloud-sheets in the glass sample and the cricoid arenaceous bands generated in the glass surface layer were analyzed, and the resolving phenomena measures were pointed out. The glass-forming ability is analyzed by the (Delta) T or HR parameter measured in the experiment.

Based on the cleaving-etch method and hardening of dichromated gelatin (DCG), DCG was used as a photoresist for fabricating sol-gel optical elements. Anti-etch characteristic of hardened gelatin was investigated. Compared with etching of sol-gel, hardened gelatin could be used as photoresist to fabricate sol-gel optical elements. Coating condition of sol-gel was investigated. The results showed that thickness of coatings was independent of aging time of the sol-gel solution during a month. Thick multilayer sol-gel coatings were etched with HF solution after ammonia treatment. Good linearity was obtained, which showed adaptation of sol-gel coatings to fabricate optical elements. Using DCG resist the cleaving etch with method, the image of mask was transferred into sol-gel coatings. It was tested imitatively to smooth laser beams and the result was satisfactory.

Large-size sapphire crystals are grown by the temperature gradient technique. In order to address current applications, (0001)-oriented boules have been put into production and the quality is analyzed.

A novel birefringent (alpha) -BaB₂O₄ crystal with 40 mm in diameter, 35 mm in height has been grown successfully in our laboratory by Czochralski method. The proportion of B₂O₃ and BaO of starting materials, crystal cracking and the transmission spectrum of (alpha) -BaB₂O₄ crystal have been briefly analyzed.

We have synthesized three ZBLAN:Pr³⁺,Yb³⁺ glasses consisting of 53ZrF-20BaF₂-4LaF₃-3AlF₃- 20NaF with different Pr³⁺:Yb³⁺ ratio, and characterized the quality of glasses with the optical and thermal parameters. The up-conversion in red, orange, green and blue in ZBLAN:Pr³⁺,Yb³⁺ (Pr³⁺:3000; 5500 ppm) glasses is observed under LD at 970 nm and Tungsten-halide lamp (200 W) at 883 nm excitation. And in ZBLAN:Pr³⁺,Yb³⁺ (Pr³⁺:8000 ppm) glass only the green up-conversion is obtained. We found that the wavelength at 883 nm is the optimum to obtain the blue up- conversion in both glass samples.

The quality of synthesized ZBLAN:Tm³⁺,Yb³⁺ glasses is analyzed and an efficient up-concentration in the blue and green light of Tm³⁺ containing different concentration ratio of Tm³⁺:Yb³⁺ demonstrated under LD 970 nm pumping. The up-conversion process of Tm³⁺ in ZBLAN:Tm³⁺,Yb³⁺ glasses are presented. The up-conversion in green can be limited restrained by the concentration of Yb³⁺.

Five samples of ZBLAN:Er³⁺ (Er³⁺ concentration: 500 ppm, 5000 ppm, 1 mol%, 1.5 mol%, 3 mol%) were fabricated and their optical and thermal parameters were analyzed. The up-conversion processes of the green, red and blue emission bands were investigated under 970 nm pump. The green at 525 - 545 nm and red at 654 - 665 nm radiation transitions are due to two photons absorption; and the blue generation is maybe responsible for the single excited state absorption at 545 nm from the ⁴I_13/2 level. In our experiment, the 1.5 mol Er³⁺% in ZBLAN:Er glass sample is the optimum doping-concentration that generates green emission under 970 nm LD pump, because its luminescence intensity almost is quasi-linear with working current in 10 mA range from 230 to 240 mA in comparison with other samples.

The luminescence of Ce³⁺ in borate, borosilicate, phosphate and germanate glasses containing La₂O₃,BaO, Ta₂O₅,Nb₂O₅ were measured by ultraviolet-visible excitation with an aim of identifying the effect of hosts on the spectroscopic properties of Ce³⁺ in these glasses. Meanwhile, the scintillating luminescence of some of these borate glasses were determined by x-ray radiation in order to understand the possibility of borate glass as Ce³⁺-doped dense glass scintillator.

Yb³⁺-doped TeO₂-WO₃-Li₂O, TeO₂-WO₃-BaO, TeO₂-WO₃-La₂O₃, TeO₂-WO₃- Bi₂O₃, and TeO₂-WO₃-Nb₂O₅ glasses have been prepared. Then absorption and emission properties of Yb₃₊ in these glasses have been investigated. Both the reciprocity method and F-L equation were employed to calculate the emission cross section. It is found that the Yb³⁺-doped ternary tungsten tellurite glasses possess excellent absorption and emission properties, and show good promise as 1.02 micrometers laser source.

Sol-gel process was adopted to prepare Er³⁺ and Yb³⁺ codoped SiO₂ glass DTA and FTIR were carried out to investigate the structure change from gel to glass. The fluorescence emission spectra were measured. The green upconversion emission was obtained for the Er³⁺- Yb³⁺ codoped sol-gel SiO₂ glass. The energy transfer between Er³⁺ ion and Yb³⁺ ion for the upconversion emission was discussed.

(beta) -BaB₂O₄ is a remarkable non-linear optical material for its large second harmonic generation coefficients and wide transparent range. Glass ceramics as a kind of functional materials was recently paid more attention because large size products can be more easily obtained and their properties can be compared with those of corresponding single crystals. In this paper (beta) -BaB₂O₄ glass ceramics was prepared by melting BaCO₃ and H₃BO₃ and following heat treatment the bulk samples. DTA, XRD and FTIR were used to investigate the phase separation and crystallization process of (beta) -BaB₂O₄ second harmonic generation of glass (beta) -BaB₂O₄ glass ceramics were studied.

The spacers in liquid crystal display box often use plastic microspheres, glass fiber and glass microspheres. Plastic microspheres are easy aging and become brittle, glass fiber is easy overlapping and add the thickness of box, so it is important to research glass microspheres with high property. The chemical stability must be good for glass microspheres used as spacers, and conductive alkali metal ions can not present when it is using. The size of particles must be uniform. The author studied ZnO-B₂O₃-SiO₂ glass without alkali and its chemical stability is excellent. The microspheres was obtained by the powder technology, and a gasification equipment was used to insure the high dispersion of particle. A negative pressure equipment was adopted in the collection equipment. The glass microspheres with elliptically below 3% were prepared. We select the spacers material used in liquid crystal, its size is about 7 +/- 0.05 mm by screening and flotation. The glass spheres without alkali and having high chemical stability.

Glass microspheres with the property of high reflection has become a trend as a new type laser cooperative target, which is installed on the surface of a flyer, and have little volume, high weight, the goal is to add the flyer surface reflection to laser signs when detect and follow the tracks of a flyer. In this paper, the technological theory used as laser cooperative target was discussed. The special technological process was introduced. The properties of glass microspheres as laser cooperative target obtained are as follows: size/55 - 80 micrometers ; laser divergent angle/22.2 (mrd); reflecting ratio/18(%); effective action angle/+/- 70 ( degree(s)).

The chemical stability for optical glass is one of the problems that be cared for by people very long time. The glass is eroded and form erosion spot on the surface because glass often touch with the solution of acid alkali salt during fabricating using and storing. Optical instrument eroded by dump also form spot and watermark because of long time using. So the imaging quality of optical instrument is influenced in different degree. Especially various flint glass used in export camera lens, its bad chemical stability reduce competitiveness at international market. It is necessary that the chemical stability of flint glass be improved. The factors that influence the glass chemical stability are internal structural and surface strength. The aim is improving the chemical stability of 575/413 optical class through adjusting glass component and changing its internal structure.

In the present work, the structure characteristics on InGaAs-GaAs/GaAs strained-layer superlattice (SLS) samples have been studied by measuring x-ray double crystal rocking curve in the non-paralle (+.-) setting and photoluminescence (PL), respectively. Using x-ray kinematical theory, we have calculated structure parameters of SLS and discussed the influence of different substrates. Computer simulation of experimental curve have been performed with kinematical diffraction theory. The experimental and simulated curves are basically identical. Reliability of calculated results using x-ray double rocking curve is further confined by PL.

In this article, we mainly describe the preparation of the silica optical fiber doped with rare earth ion Tm³⁺ by utilizing solution-doped technique, and the control of relevant parameters of the fiber. The control and the measurement method of dopantion concentration of Tm³⁺ have also been discussed.

The optical performance of beam splitters developed for deuterium fluoride (DF) laser applications as shared- aperture components is presented. This component simultaneously has provided high reflectance in 3.8 micrometers DF laser output band and high transmittance in the visible wavelength region. The coating consists of a number of periods of multilayer stack which is reflecting in the infrared and transmitting at visible wavelengths. The period is formed of alternate high index ZnS and low index YbF₃ materials layers which are transparent in the infrared and visible wavelengths. The 99.2% reflectance at 3.8 micrometers DF laser output band and 75.0% transmittance at 0.4 approximately 0.9 micrometers visible band have been obtained. The laser damaged threshold is more than 20 kw/cm² at DF CW laser illumination.

Composite of diamond film on substrate surface of single silicon is studied with method of Heat Filament Chemical Vaporized Deposition, for the purpose of application in optics. Discuss the questions such as the dependent relationship of the quality of diamond film to the carbon source gas, the technical measures to increase the depositing speed of the diamond film and to depress or decrease graphite growth on the substrate, the temperature suitable for the diamond growth on the substrate, and the influence of damage degree of defects of substrate upon the properties of diamond, etc. Besides, the infrared absorption is analyzed, which is brought about by intrinsic defects of diamond film formed in this composition and by impurities, such as non-quantity of H and N, etc., which are brought about by the influence of growth condition.

Transparent conducting coatings have been developed widely as its special optical and electrical properties. It is simple and cheap to deposit the films by dipping coating method from metal hydroxide sol that is formed from inorganic compounds. Two kinds of sol of stannum-doped indium hydroxide and antimony-doped stannic acid are used as starting solution of sol-gel process, and the optical and electrical properties of these films deposited on the alkaline silicate glass by dipping coating method are investigated. Minimum square resistance about 400 (Omega) /(open square) is obtained for stannum-doped indium oxide coatings with transmittance of 75 percent at wavelength of 550 nm. The transmittance of the films in visible spectrum will decrease as the layer thickness increasing. It is observed that surface resistance can decrease rapidly if a barrier layer of silica deposited by dipping from sol-gel process of silicon alkoxide is between the films and the alkaline silicate glass substrate to prevent the alkaline diffusion to the films.

Based on measurements of electromotive force, we design an experimental method to obtain the lithium injection thresholds of WO₃ and V₂O₅ films. The electrochromic film fabrication, preassembly lithium injection amounts, and WO₃ and V₂O₅ layer thickness combination are optimized by means of the concept of injection threshold for transmissive solid-state electrochromic devices.

Diamond-like carbon films are prepared on silicon by pulse- arc plasma deposition. By means of orthogonal test method and scratch test technique, the relationships between adhesion of the deposited films and deposition parameters have been systematically analyzed. The results show that the substrate temperature, the voltage U across the interelectrode and the frequency of pulse greatly effect adhesion of the deposited films. The adhesion is strengthened with increasing substrate temperature and decreasing voltage across the interelectrode. A threshold frequency exists in dependence of adhesion of the deposited films on the frequency. The scratch test also indicates that intensive internal stress plays an important role in the adhesion of diamond-like carbon film.

As to the deposition of multilayer SiO₂ coatings by sol- gel process, in some cases the successive layers have a tendency to be broken during drying. We suggest that microstructure of coating solution and properties of coating surface greatly affect the ability to form multilayer uniform coatings. Factors that affect the ability to form multilayer uniform coatings were studied. These factors were type of catalyst, aging of coating solution, post treatment of previous coatings. In present paper, experimental is described and results are given. Cause of this phenomenon was analyzed. By means of controlling the hydrolysis reaction degree of tetraethyl orthosilicate, thus modifying microstructure of coating solution and properties of coating surface, we succeeded in solving this problem in deposition of multilayer uniform SiO₂ coatings.

This paper put forward the conception of Sub-wavelength Micro-structure Film (SMF) firstly. The light transmission in multi-step SMF is then treated using vector theory. Eigen functions are expressed conveniently by piece-wise elementary functions instead of infinite series, making it both fast and accurate in solving eigen equations. Matrixes of mode conversion, reflection coefficients and transmission coefficients are introduced to obtain the electromagnetic wave amplitude matrix in each layer. A fast and steady recurrent formula to calculate the amplitude coefficient matrix is obtained by matching the modes. Rates of transmission and reflection of all the diffraction orders are therefore obtained for incident light wave of arbitrary polarization. The amounts of computer calculation are drastically decreased by using the method based on this paper. The program is steady and reliable and is implementable on PC. And, the program can treat the light transmission in multi-step SMF fast. Therefore, a fast, accurate, steady and simple algorithm is provided to design SMF elements with various particular properties.

We conside the interface separates a gas and a liquid, for example, the air-liquid meniscue in crystal growth — to solve the Laplace-Young equation 2 — b" y — 1(1 + y12)3/2 x(1 + y12)1/2 with the known endpoints y(r) = Ii and y —0 as x —p cxo, where 3 = 2o-o/gAp is a positive constant - the Laplace constant. When using Taylor expansion in y about y = h and integrating once from the base of the meniscus (y = 0), we obtain a relation 2 /3sinco — 2coso0 where c0 is contacting angle at point (i, /) and an approximate analytical expression foi tue interface AThen compared with accurate numerically computed values a better agreement is obtained

Keywords: crystal growth, air-liquid meniscue

Er₂O₃ doped fluogermanate glasses have been prepared by the melting method. The optical absorption spectra and fluorescence emission spectra of the glasses were measured. The influence of Er³⁺ concentrations on the fluorescence emission intensity was discussed. Green upconversion emission was observed for the Er³⁺ doped fluogermanate glass.

This paper introduces a method which expands short-wave bandpass, and coat`1.54 micrometers reflection, 0.43 approximately 1.10 micrometers antireflection dichroic planar splitter' and `1.06 micrometers reflection, 0.43 approximately 0.90 micrometers antireflection dichroic cubic splitter'. The solutions to important technical problems are also presented.

To increase the strength of infrared high efficiency antireflection coatings is a problem difficult to be resolved. A mixture of BaF₂ and CeF₂ has been used as a low refractive index material to design and prepare infrared 8 - 11.5 (mu) high efficiency anti-reflection coating to acquire good strength of film layer. The processing conditions of the films deposition have also been introduced. The spectral transmittance measured, physical and chemical properties of the infrared anti-reflection coating are given.

This paper gives a direct understanding on Fraunhofer diffraction of transmitted binary rectangular phase grating. From this opinion the N-step phase grating is thought as the sum of N diffractive gratings whose phases and positions are different from each other.

Photobleaching technique is a standard photoresist procedure. A photobleaching process causes a reduction of refractive index in the exposed regions, forming a high index strip waveguide. This method is quite promising.

We report studies on photobleaching process of polymer waveguides by means of a high pressure mercury lamp. After considering the film shrinkage and the surface index in the bleaching front, an inversed treatment based on the improved WKB method was employed to determine the index profiles of the bleached polymer film using experimentally measured mode indices. Index profiles presented in this paper are consistent with the photobleaching kinetics.

In the process of fabrication and assembly of hybrid diffractive-refractive optical systems, the quality and performance of the hybrid devices significantly depend on the alignment level of elements. But for the inherent magnificent difference existed between traditional and diffractive elements, the conventional alignment method does not fit to be used in the hybrid optical system, so alignment error, a widely existed and difficult to be solved problem, has been the main bottleneck which seriously blocks the development of the application of the hybrid optical systems, and how to simply achieve the precise alignment of the diffractive and refractive elements of a hybrid device is an urgent problem needed to be solved by the researchers in this field. This paper presents that using Fizeau interferometer to simply align a plano-convex refractive element with a diffractive element with high precision. The theory of the method is analyzed and its precision is also estimated, and it is clearly shown that a system aligned by this method can meet the demand of optical systems, and the experimental results are satisfactory. All these show that the simple method presented in the paper is feasible and effective, and can constructively guide and enlighten people to solve other problems related to alignment error encountered in most necessary steps during the process of realizing a practical hybrid optical system.

256 X 256 diffractive microlens arrays have been designed by considering the independent optical and processing parameters for 3 - 5 micrometers wavelength with a microlens size of 100 micrometers . The lens F number and array pitch are 1.5 and 100 micrometers , respectively. The diffractive microlens arrays have been fabricated on the surface of Si substrates by successive photolithography and Ar⁺ ion-beam-etching technique. The practical processes and fabrication method are discussed. The optical characteristics and measurements of the diffractive microlens arrays are presented.

The research on Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) is very important in the field of Energy and National Defence. Rigorous requirements of target illumination are proposed in ICF experiments, such as flat top, steep edge, low sidelobes and high light efficiency. Such uniform illumination is also required in some other fields, for example, laser manufacturing. Using Binary Optical Elements to realize such uniform illumination has many advantages, such as high light efficiency owing to pure phase modulation, strong phase distribution design flexibility and so on. When ring laser input and conventional Binary Optical Element Array is adopted, the filling factor is only 63.7% and the light efficiency is very small. In this paper, to increase the filling factor and exploit the light energy sufficiently, a kind of binary optics composite array element, whose shape approximates to a circular by containing some series of square units with different sizes, is designed to realize the uniform illumination needed in ICF. This elements' filling factors are greater than 90% and their 2D light efficiencies are more than 83%. Two dimensions are converted to one dimension to simplify the design. Hybrid algorithm based on hill-climbing and simulated annealing is utilized for phase optimization. Simulated results show the validity of this kind of method.

A control system with a chip of 8031 single-chip microcomputer as its nucleus for a diffraction grating ruling engine has been developed, its hardware and software are presented in this paper. A series of techniques such as program-controlled amplifier and interference fringes subdivision as well as motor velocity step governing are adopted to improve the control accuracy. With this control system, 8 kinds of gratings of different spacings can be ruled, the positioning precision of the diffraction grating ruling engine (sigma) equals 3.6 nm, and the maximum positioning error is less than 14.6 nm.

This paper aims at the request of dividing harmonic waves in the high power laser system used to perform Inertial Confinement Fusion. Dividing harmonic waves is realized by introducing binary optical element. Based on scalar diffraction theory, the distribution of its diffraction field was calculated and the fabrication parameters were also optimized. The element is fabricated with RIE. We also measured the relief structure and diffraction efficiency of each harmonic wave and analyze the errors.

Random phase plates have been used in a variety of inertial confinement fusion experimental researches, with the result that uniform illumination of the target planes can be obtained. In the paper we propose such a novel random phase plate, which is composed of phase elements of different shapes and sizes, that the illumination uniformity of the target planes can be improved, to the best of our knowledge, this has not been reported so far, numerical calculations justified our arguments.

Fabrication errors and its affecting factors were analyzed for multilevel DOE in this paper. A method of Moire fringe alignment was put forth. It was proved by actual manufacturing that this way is available for aligning positioning error.

In this paper, the special property of polarization- splitting of groove phase gratings with subwavelength structures is investigated by mode-matching method. For suitable parameters such as period, groove depth and filling factor, the gratings are be high-reflective for TE polarization and antireflective (high-transmissive) for TM polarization. Two linear polarized normal incident lights of different wavelengths are split whether their polarization directions are perpendicular or parallel. For unpolarized monochromatic incident light, linear polarized lights are obtained in both reflection and transmission. Loss of energy is maximally avoided.

A Zernike polynomial can be used to describe not only the phase of a wavefront, but also its entire complex amplitude. For the latter case, a diffractive optical element (DOE) is proposed to decompose the incident wavefront into a set of diffraction orders with their amplitudes proportional to the coefficients of the Zernike polynomial. A 25-channel Zernike decomposer is designed by means of an iterative method, and its operation simulated. When the amplitude distribution of the incident wavefront is known, its shape can be uniquely determined from the intensity measured on the output plane of the DOE. An exemplary algorithm for the phase retrieval is also presented. Such a DOE can be very useful in the rapid analysis of wavefronts.

In this paper, the principle of fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) are briefly described. The formation technologies of FBG are systematically given and analyzed. In addition, we will describe in detail the experiment in which we applied phase mask method to write directly the period Bragg gratings into the single mode of Ge-doped fiber with KrF excimer UV laser. Comparing with other methods, this one involves a lot of advantages. The results of experiment will also be presented and analyzed.

A newly established optical research institution of Chengdu Fine Optical Engineering Research Center in China as introduced. Some progress of advanced optical manufacture technology in CFOERC are reported. Plasma ion assisted deposition technique performed on the equipment APS-1504 is described. Absolute testing of three flat on WYKO 24' large aperture phase shifting interferometer is investigated. Other phases about optical manufacture in the center are given simply.

This paper introduces the properties of BaF₂ crystal material. According to these properties material selecting is discussed including initial separation and finish separation, e.g. checking crystal lithogenesis, intercalation, cloud, uniformity and stress and so on. Determine methods are given also. The BaF₂ machining technology is studied. Comparing different cutting methods we select the cutting method with steel saw blade. For the soft and brittle properties of BaF₂, we probe the rough lapping finish lapping and polishing and for different procedure give selecting principle for abrasive, spindle rotating speed, machining allowance, size tolerance, and iris and relative data. Through machining experiments we find that the workpieces machined adopting the technology proposed in this paper can meet the drawing requirement e.g. N equals 1, (Delta) N equals 0.1, center thickness d equals 4 +/- 0.10 surface roughness Ra 0.008 micrometers (P equals III). The paper also points out some problems should be attended to in machining BaF₂ crystal.

This paper studies the LiNbO₃ crystal rohomboprism machining problem, introduces how to select material including initial separation and finish separation and determine optical axis, proposes a method to determine material uniformity according to graph of interference fringes and discussed the technology problems of rough lapping, finish lapping and polishing and some problems should be attended to e.g. temperature, spindle rotating speed, abrasives, hanging method and iris controlling and so on. Some methods for measuring rhomboprism and formula for calculating deviation angle are given. The workpiece machined by the machining technology proposed in this paper surface flatness is 0.1 micrometers , roughness is Ra 0.008 micrometers (P equals III), angle error is 1', parallelism error is 15', which can meet the drawing requirements.

This paper deals with the turned surface formation mechanism of single crystal lithium niobate (L_iN_bO₃), which is turned by a single crystal diamond tool. In the paper, the cutting force distribution models are proposed, the three micro-cutting force components are measured, and the cutting force components normal to the cleavage planes and parallel to the slip plane are calculated. It is pointed that the ratio K of cutting force components normal to the cleavage planes to that parallel to the slip plane varies with the cutting directions, causing different levels of cleavage fracture and plastic deformation. So, the surface roughness shows anisotropical characteristic. The theoretical analysis mentioned above is verified by the experiments performed on the MSG-325 Diamond Lathe.

Lapping is an important method in optical element machining. In lapping a workpiece is pressed on the lapping to by a press head through a press disc, which produces a friction force between the lapping tool and the workpiece and forms lapping. The friction moment between the press head and press disc resists workpiece rotating and affects machining accuracy. This paper in theory discusses this moment in detail. According to the press head and press disc elastic deformation produced under action of pressure, the contact stress distribution between them can be got. By means of this stress distribution function, the infinitesimal moment can be got. Through integrating an analytic result of resultant moment can be got too. From this result we can easily find that the factors affecting the moment and affecting role, which provides a theoretical base for increasing lapping accuracy, reducing the moment and a base for researching relative motion in floating lapping deeply.

This paper discusses the improvement of high speed flat lapping machine with grating measuring length system and an MCS-51 single chip computer, which makes the machine possesses the ability of measuring and controlling for lapping quantity and improves the machine property and machining accuracy. The original size and need size of workpiece are known. The difference between of them is lapping quantity (before lapping) is input into the computer. In lapping the grating measuring length system on- line measures the lapping quantity, the computer compares the measured lapping quantity with l, makes a decision according to the comparing result and decides whether to stop the machine. When the measured lapping quantity equals l, it is expressed that the workpiece is lapped to required size, the computer makes the machine stop, which assures the workpiece size accuracy automatically, improves machine automaticity and makes up the disadvantages that an ordinary flat lapping machine can not control the lapping size effectively. Through experiments it is found that measuring and controlling accuracy of improved lapping machine is +/- 2 micrometers .

A novel structure for an electro-optically controlled Fresnel phase zone plate is proposed. This structure consists of a liquid crystal layer, which takes a homogeneous alignment parallel to the glass substrate surface, and ITO (indium tin oxide) electrode layers on the inner surface of the two glass substrates are formed with the same odd and even zone pattern respectively by using photolithography technology. This kind of zone plate in principle gives nearly 100% diffraction efficiency, and its light gathering power can be electrically adjusted. The detailed fabrication process and primary experimental results are presented.

For fabricating a high gradient aspherics, we have designed a ZDCCOS complex, which consist of a CNC Polisher and a CQG- II digital wavefront interferometer. The Polisher has 5 degrees of freedom. The computer makes a small tool to move in three dimensions and drive the workpiece to sway, and turn around simultaneously to keep the pad in the normal directions of the workpiece surface. We designed a special dual-rotation tool and presented a new model to calculate the removal function of which. the model was verified by the experiments. The track programming algorithm was also designed to make the tools to move on spatial concentric circles, during the fabrication processes. The work piece was a (Phi) 300 mm, F5.9 focus lens, the aspheric degree of which was up to 46 micrometers . But only after 8 hours 43 minutes continuous fine grinding, and about 15 hours polishing, the surface error was decreased to 1(lambda) (Rms, (lambda) equals 0.6328 micrometers ).

A right-angle prism is quite foundational optical element. Its many transmission paths found within it have been utilized for corresponding particular uses. In this paper, so called new properties of the right-angle prism mean an additional transmission path newly found and temporarily named as ABCDEF light ray which exists in the prism. Demonstrating the new conditions and scopes of the new properties are addressed by use of graphic representation and mathematical expression. The new properties can initiate new applications. Three of them are listed in this paper: (1) for bidirectional `right-angle pentaprisms'; (2) for view-finder of autocollimators; (3) for explaining causes of spurious star-image.

Based on theoretical analysis and experiments, a new method of copying micro-radial grating having division diameter less than 30 mm is proposed. It solves effectively the problem of contacting poor between the pattern plate and the copied radial grating during the copy process and the problem of great losses on accuracy and contrast.

This paper describes manufacture technology, specification and characteristics of lightweight metal replica mirror. Its optical quality and the measures to ensure it are also revealed. Its future application is predicted.

Establishing a new principle of machining spherical optical parts by the locus shaping technique, the study can concentrate the processing procedures, fully use the grinding wheel and wide the field of the processing. Furthermore, the technique can easily guarantee the precision and roughness of the surface, increasing the working efficiency and decreasing the cost.

A method of designing reflecting and transmitting units of uniform scattered incident beam in accordance with designated space angle is introduced, and the way to make the integrated optical devices make up of those units is presented, too. Future application is predicted.

A fabrication method and optical properties of a double- layer polymer/liquid-crystal (LC) grating are reported. The double-layer polymer/LC grating is fabricated by a simple single-step process with UV irradiation through a grating photomask, using a mixture of liquid crystal and prepolymer materials. This liquid crystal grating consists of two polymer/LC layers with a periodic relief structure. The alignment directions of liquid crystal molecules for the two layers are orthogonal to each other. The diffraction properties of the double-layer polymer/LC grating have been measured and compared with that of a single-layer one. Behaviors of the disclination lines have been also investigated under a voltage application. The results indicate that the double-layer polymer/LC grating has voltage-controllable polarization direction-independent diffraction properties.

In this paper, the new method on testing and evaluating of optical surface microprofile using Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), which has both good vertical and lateral resolution. The nanometer-grade microprofile of super-smooth optical surface can be obtained using AFM method, but can't by classical interferometer, as the latter has a poor lateral resolution. Some tested examples of optical surface are shown in the paper. The microprofile images are viewed in monitor and printed in microcomputer.

Two identical mirrors of finite intensity reflectivity R that are separated by a distance L construct a conventional etalon. If one mirror is mounted on a piezoelectric element to permit scanning of the length of the etalon, it can be used to determine the wavelength of laser with the help of a well-known spectral line in limited range (one or several free spectral ranges of the etalon). Here we invent a kind of compact scanning multiple vernier etalon (MVET), which can measure laser wavelength and analyze laser spectral lines in wide wavelength range limited only by the response of the detectors and optics. Scanning MVET are constructed by several parallel pairs of etalons of slightly different thickness. All etalons have one common end mirror driven by a tubular piezoelectric element to permit scanning synchronously. If a laser beam is split into scanning MVET, transmission data from several etalons is gathered and several interference patterns are obtained. Analyzing these patterns, the laser wavelength can be determined with the calibrated free spectral ranges. We have developed a novel compact wavemeter for continuous wave laser by using this technique.

This paper introduces several methods to measure the dividing accuracy of a circular dividing machine. The comparative measurement method using a polygon mirror as a calibrater and a photo-electric autocollimator is studied. The characteristics of measuring with a 36-sided and a 72- sided polygon mirror are compared. The shift-position measurement is used to test the repeatability of the data measured. From the data analysis, some error factors can be found and several methods are proposed to test and reduce the dividing error.

Advanced optical ware needs an advanced design idea. This paper is devoted to study the focus-out distribution law of a spherical lens, which discovered the distribution law of the cross-points of the principal light axis of a lens and the outcoming light of the non-axial incident light after being twice refracted by the lens, i.e. focus-out distribution law, or call focus-out distribution function. An explicit function theory of non-focus-out non-spherical lens surface form is put forward first and it may be of use of lens design. This design is different from the traditional spherical lens, the standard quadratic non- spherical lens, and the computer-designed series expansion high order non-spherical lens. It consists in that it is a strict analytical-form explicit function. We call it as analytical-form non-sphere. The analytical-form non- spherical lens make the focus reach optimum state. This ia an important development in optical lens design.

The receiving signal-noise ratio and image quantity on laser coherent detection is effected by atmospheric turbulence. A turbulence generator has been designed and built for laboratory testing. There is a n laser coherent detection system named the Phase Shift System. The effects of the generated turbulence on optical propagation are directly measured by sensing the perturbed wavefront phase. By using the generator, we can observe the wavefront phases and estimate the phase structure function.

Optical fiber large screen display is a novel technique in the field of large screen display. The design of the optical fiber light outlet (polyvinyl rode shaped) should be optimized in consideration of the viewing field and the radiant intensity of the screen. The principal direction and field distribution of the light output of the rode shaped outlet should be considered in designs. The conclusion of the computer simulation shows that the brightness of the screen will reach 4000 nit, the viewing angle will be 20 degree(s) in meridian plane and 120 degree(s) in sagittal plane.

This paper develops OTF standard telescopes for the need of setting the optical measurement standard. A series of high precision techniques of optical design, manufacture and measurement are adopted during the development. Some key techniques about the design principles and methods of OTF standard telescopes, measurements of optical structure parameters, calculations and measurements of MTF and uncertainty evaluation of MTF are summarized. In the end, the main performances of standard telescopes are introduced. The measurement results proved that their MTF expanded uncertainties reached 0.03 on axis, 0.06 off axis.

The recent development and application of the technique of using zone plate interferometry to test aspherical surfaces are summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of several types of zone-plate interferometer are given. The principle and method for testing aspherical surfaces using a modified zone-plane (MZP) are described. The relation between installation of MZP and measurement precision is analyzed. The design of MZP is modified to eliminate the curvature at the border of the interference pattern. At last, some experimental results are given.

In this paper, with the aid of Fourier transform and reverse Fourier transform not only 2D contour map, but also 3D plot of a tested aspherical surface is obtained by 1- interferogram method, so a simple method is provided for autocontrolling machine-shaping of an aspherical surface. In order to test a variety of aspherical surface, a quasi- universal compensator is designed. The experiment setup for testing aspherical surface is Tywman-CCD-computer system.

The paper described a double-focus interference profiler, its characteristics as below: There isn't standard reference mirror in the instrument. Non-destructive testing is operated for surface. It will be valid for rejecting various noises using interference and electronic common-mode processing system. All measurements are carried out by computer then surface roughness parameters are displayed. The results are compared with commercial WYKO and identity is very well. The instrument is suitable for testing nanometer and sub-nanometer surface, especially soft materials and films. The instrument has a sensitivity to height of 0.1 nm and the lateral sensitivity 1 micrometers .

A new method for measuring the figure of merit of Ti-dopes sapphire crystals is proposed in this paper. Its operating principle and measuring method are presented. The measuring accuracy has been greatly improved by means of the double- light path structures and the light incoming the crystal surface with Brewster angle. The measuring system has the advantages of simple construction and easy operation. The transmissivity measuring accuracy for Ti-doped sapphire crystal with length of 20 approximately 30 mm is about +/- 0.005. The measuring range for figure of merit is 100 approximately 150 and the measuring results have a good repeatability.

In this paper, authors had presented an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) method, which can test more parameters of supersmooth surface, e.g. P-V value, arithmetic mean Ra, root mean square R_q and micro-defect on surface micro- profile. The research results presented in the paper presented that the method has importance application for studying optical supersmooth surface in components of soft x-ray optics, high intensity optics and high power solid- state laser. The method can arrive at nanometer and subnanometer grade resolution in evaluating the supersmooth surface microprofile. The comparison between AFM and classical interferometer method is given in the paper.

The laser scanning technology is often used in measuring the dimension of measurand. In this technology, f-(theta) lens is used as a correcting lens. In this paper, we use a normal lens replacing f-(theta) lens. Laser scans produced are directed through the normal lens to product a parallel beam across the gate area. We put a norm product in the gate area and get the relation of dimension of product and position in the gate area. With the relation of the position and dimension, we can make a curve-fitting and save the curve- fitting in an EEPROM. When we measure the dimension of product, with the different position the product in the gate area, we can have calculated the exact value of products by curve-fitting. In this paper, we show how to design the curve-fitting and how to use the curve-fitting to measure the dimension of measurand with a normal lens.

A torus is a kind of aspherical surface, different from quadratic rotary surface. It plays an important role in special optical systems. However, up to now there is no effective method to test its wavefront. In this paper, a method is proposed using long wavelength (10.6 micrometers ) IR interferometry to test a torus, whose curvature radii is different from submillimeter deducing to micrometer, the principle is also given. Then a example torus is tested in self-developed IR spherical interferometer. When this torus is placed in typical positions along the optical axis, some interferograms are shown. According to these interferograms the wavefront error and the difference of two radii can be obtained and shown in this paper.

A step index planar microlens fabrication process is described for obtaining low spherical aberration. This microlens can be used to achieve effective light coupling between different optical elements and microcircuits in integrated optics. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) doped with N, N'-dihexyl-amino-nitrostelbene (DHANS) is used as lens materials. A concave surface of 580 micrometers diameter is made on Germenia-Silica glass substrate of refractive index 1.4537 at (lambda) equals 1.3 micrometers . Films of different refractive indices are deposited one upon another on the concave surface to obtain multi-layered step index microlens. Refractive index variation of different layers is controlled by percentage of DHANS doping in PMMA. Spherical aberration of the lens is minimized by using step index multi-layered structure of the lens. Theoretical model for longitudinal and lateral spherical aberration is developed using ray theory. The lateral and longitudinal spherical aberration is minimized to a lower value of 1.55 micron and 48.87 micron respectively with the numerical aperture of the lens NA equals 0.0209 and focal length f equals 13.78 mm.