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Direct writing with the help of a sharp microelectrode in close vicinity of a conducting substrate in an aqueous metal salt electrolyte is possible by consistently adjusting the gap between the electrode and the growing structure to maintaining an applied voltage, or the resulting electric field.
Greger Thornell,Anders Jansson, andStefan A. I. Johansson
"Direct writing of nickel by electrodeposition from various electrolytes", Proc. SPIE 3892, Device and Process Technologies for MEMS and Microelectronics, (1 October 1999); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.364480
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Greger Thornell, Anders Jansson, Stefan A. I. Johansson, "Direct writing of nickel by electrodeposition from various electrolytes," Proc. SPIE 3892, Device and Process Technologies for MEMS and Microelectronics, (1 October 1999); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.364480