Power and energy are the fundamental quantities in different fields of physics. Here are some considerations on the possibilities and ways of building of the unified primary standard aimed at assurance of measurements uniformity of these quantities. The goal is to build a unified primary standard with the help of which it is possible to reproduce energy values units in accordance with the kinds of measurements.

Analytical relations determining reaction of the torsion balance to the ponderomotive action of light radiation pulses are presented. Development of the most sensible and precise standard comparator which realizes `the link-up' of units of fore in mechanics and optics is expedient to make around such a balance.

General concept of the solar radiation measurements is presented in here. Several solutions concerning of the standard units definitions and a transfer technology of them, as well the methods of unit verification are described. These proposals consist the National Unit System in Ukraine.

Here we present some considerations on the principle possibility and variants of design of remote transfer system of electrical and non-electrical values units with a regard the calibration and verification of measurements means at the places of their location.

A compact system for metrological use in the field of laser applications is presented. A new conception for a source of rectangular laser pulses within energy range of 1 nJ divided by 1 J and of 10^-2 divided by 10^-7 relative instability depending on pulse energy is proposed. The installation includes high stable, diode-pumped solid-state laser with a system for forming rectangular laser pulses that can be used as a standard for laser frequency, power, and energy in the near infrared range of spectrum.

The standard of luminous intensity unit, which is built on the base of the cryogen absolute radiometer and stabilized on the mercury lamp as monochromatic radiator, is described in here. The root-mean-square deviation of the random component of an error was roughly 0.1%. The system of unit transfer permits to pass to the characteristics of a continuous spectrum.

The complex of laser radiation average power and energy units national standard equipment of Ukraine is described. The state hierarchy scheme for laser radiation average power and energy measuring instruments is considered. The analysis of the national standard metrological characteristics is carried out. The results of the international comparisons with the laser radiation average power national primary standard of Russia are reported.

The complex of the group of He-Ne/I₂ lasers of the primary national standard of length in Ukraine is described. The analysis of metrological characteristics of these lasers is presented. The results of the international comparisons with the national standard of length of Slovakian Republic (Bratislava) SMU are reported.

A metrological analysis of spectral measurement errors influence on the light calibration errors of heat and quasimonochromatic radiation sources and photometers is carried out. It is shown that for achievement of quasimonochromatic radiation light values small measurement errors it is necessary not to use heat filament lamps, but quasimonochromatic LEDs as primary sources.

The present paper contains a description of two fundamental apparatus of the Polish metrological basis for lasermetry, that is two standards, one of which is a standard of a unit of mean radiation power and energy of a laser radiation, the other being that of a unit of energy of pulse radiation of a laser. Diagrams and principles of reproduction and transmission of the value of the unit of power and energy are presented as well as the fundamental characteristics obtained by metrological tests of standards which have been designed, made, and implemented.

A standard of power unit intended for protection and transfer of a unit value to measuring instruments operating at 10.6 micrometers wavelength and 1 kW power level is presented in the paper. A scheme of the standard, a principle of reproducibility and transfer of power unit value, and basic metrological characteristics are also shown.

A new method of self-calibration of the emissive power of an emissive diode is presented here. The method involves a determination of the overall quantity of the thermal and emissive power released in a semiconductor-type radiating structure in the non-steady-state mode. According to a preliminary analysis it is characterized by satisfactory metrological characteristics.

The procedure of the non-Gaussian beam parameter measurement, evaluation and transformation are discussed. The beam structure of high power solid-state laser may be imagined as a superposition of several Gaussian-Schell beams with different polarization, divergence angles and waist diameters. An integrated parameter produce has been proposed to describe the complex beams.

Characteristics of a quality system accredited in optoelectronic testing laboratory are presented. The scope of accreditation is shown and all measurement procedures are listed. Performing with measuring equipment and basic measurement instruments are given. Some details of calibration laboratory and main characteristics of two standards of Joule and Watt of laser radiation are also presented.

The results of first calibrations carried out at SP cryoradiometer in infrared wavelength (10.6 micrometers ) range are presented. Calibrations of Polish trap detectors (Central Office of Measures and Institute of Optoelectronics) are described also. Future plans connected to improvement of accuracy of measurements at 10.6 micrometers up to 0.1% are shown.

This review presents the problems of development of fiber optic interferometry and the selected examples of fiber optic interferometers applied for measuring technique.

The sensor described here enables measurement of temperature avoiding semiconductor-fiber coupling losses as we have in conventional fiberoptic temperature sensor. Response time of the sensor increases and it is rugged and inexpensive.

The calibration laboratory for optical testers, power meters and Optical Time Domain Reflectometers (OTDR) is described. There are stabilized laser sources with stabilization of radiation, power meter, attenuators, facilities for measurement of wavelengths, optical generator, calibrated measures of optical length of long fibers (about 1 km) at this laboratory. The laboratory can be used for calibration of power meters and OTDR of all types.

Two methods of loss measurements: Findlay-Clay's method and relaxation frequency method were verified for two types of diode pumped lasers. In case of Nd:YAG laser with changeable output coupler the results obtained in both methods were in good agreement. However there was observed the contradictory between the relatively high losses (about 10% for transmission losses of 5%) and very high slope efficiency (approximately 50%) of this laser. The measurements of cavity losses via relaxation method were carried for several types of microlasers made of Nd:YAG, Nd:GGG, Nd:YAG crystals and Nd:phosphate glass. There were obtained total losses (including transmission ones) in the range from 7% to 30%.

First the existence of boundary diffracting waves in laser far field was detected. Comparing of experimental results with the published data leads to conclusion that this is the universal phenomena inseparably linked with the diffraction of amplitude non-uniform electromagnetic waves on limiting apertures.

The paper presents the results of fluorescence investigations of biological tissues carried out in measuring systems having in their excitation circuits He-Cd lasers (442 nm), SHG-Nd:YAG (532 nm), and He-Ne (632.8 nm) lasers. For fluorescence registration the fiber spectrometers and camera with image amplification were used. The applied systems enable determination of exogenous photosensitizers level in a human organism. Application of various excitation wavelengths makes possible to completely analyze biological material in different tissues. The carried out initial clinical investigations showed usefulness of fluorometric systems also for determination of endogenous fluorophores, the level of which varies in many diseases.

Characteristics of an optogalvanical effect in gases are considered. It is shown that the effects similar to optogalvanical can be also obtained in the case of nonresonant interaction of radiation and gas. In this case the basic role is played by multiphoton ionization of previously excited gas atoms by radiation. Change in electron current density is achieved by additional positive ions, which are excited by the high-concentrated radiation in strictly defined area of gas discharge. Excitation of atoms was carried out by gas discharge initiated according to a diode circuit in a camera with a window for laser radiation input. Investigations were carried out with argon plasma of glow discharge and solid-state pulsed Q-switching laser. The form of electric current, proportional to the parameters of laser radiation was registered. Simultaneously, parameters of radiation were controlled with high-speed photoelectronic coaxial meter. The prospect of application of multiphoton ionization of previously excited gas for precise registration of passing high-intensity radiation is shown.

In this article the determination of a strict diffraction problem on 1D metal phase flutes is investigated, in application to a method of interference measurement with the help of laser profilometer.

The paper presents the results of investigations on emitter and photoreceiver system of a laser rangefinder operating within the range of eye-safe radiation. The aim was to achieve maximal value of a signal to noise ratio in a photoreceiver and peak conditions of a laser. Fast photoreceiver and laser transmitter are described.

A review of solid-state lasers used in optical metrology is presented. Various sources of laser parameters instabilities are discussed. Methods of laser output parameters stabilization are proposed. The solutions for Nd:YAG, Ti:sapphire, semiconductor, glass and fiber lasers are shortly presented and discussed. Possibilities and perspectives of use of different laser systems as standards for energy, power or frequency units are also shown.