Modern magnetostrictive materials: classical and nonclassical alloys

Arthur E. Clark; Marilyn Wun-Fogle

doi:10.1117/12.474998

11 July 2002 Modern magnetostrictive materials: classical and nonclassical alloys

Arthur E. Clark, Marilyn Wun-Fogle

Proceedings Volume 4699, Smart Structures and Materials 2002: Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics; (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.474998
Event: SPIE's 9th Annual International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, 2002, San Diego, California, United States

Abstract

Magnetostrictive materials have not changed greatly from their discovery by Joule in 1842 through the 1960's. Their saturation strains remained small and their magnetomechanical couplings were only moderate. The separation of the rare earth elements during World War II and the subsequent measurement of their magnetic properties, created the groundwork for the development of 'giant' magnetostrictive materials during the 1960's. Magnetically anisotropic Tb and Dy became the generators of unprecedented classical magnetostrictions of nearly 1 percent. Coupling factors increased to approximately 0.8. During the same period, a remarkable 5-fold increase of magnetostriction of commonplace b.c.c. Fe with concentrations of Al near 1 18 percent was discovered. More recently, measurements in b.c.c. Fe-Ga alloys have shown a still greater enhancement of the magnetostriction, yielding strains of nearly 400 X 10-6 over the wide range in temperature from 4 K to far above room temperature. In the Fe alloys, as well as in the rare earth alloys, there is no known stress limit to the magnetostriction. Power output is limited by magnetic field generation and mechanical sample failure. Within the last few years, a new class of magnetostrictive materials, ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMA's), have been introduced. These materials have huge magnetically induced strains. However, unlike the classical magnetostrictive alloys, these strains may be stress limited. While all the above materials have been introduced primarily for their high power electrical to mechanical energy conversion capability, they also function in the reciprocal mode, as magnetomechanical sensing materials.

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Arthur E. Clark and Marilyn Wun-Fogle "Modern magnetostrictive materials: classical and nonclassical alloys", Proc. SPIE 4699, Smart Structures and Materials 2002: Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics, (11 July 2002); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.474998

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