The researches of bioluminescence and fluorescence fields were executed in surface waters of Pacific Ocean. Temperature of water was simultaneously registered. Under rise of the temperature bioluminescence increased in 85% cases, and fluorescence decreased. The fluorescence increased if the temperature decreased. It is significant that the change of luminscence either preceded the temperature front or it followed for him. The scales of heterogeneities of phytoplankton fluorescence were 30-60 km and the exceeding of average value of fluorescence peaks on background was approximately 35%. The heterogeneities of bioluminescence field achieved 100 km and exceeded the background in the ten and more times.

The results of measurements with an automatic integrating nephelometer intended for recording of molecular and aerosol scattering coeffients are discussed. The diffraction grid was used as a dispersive element. The frequency range of recording of molecular and aerosol scattering coefficients was from 300 to 820 nm. The spectral calibration of the device with the help of gases with known scattering coefficients is discussed, the evaluation of sensitivity of the nephelometer with use of the calibrated source of photons is considered. The measurements of dynamic range of the nephelometer are presented. It is shown that the device has dynamic range about 5 orders. The measurements of scattering coefficients in room conditions and outdoors are considered. The use of the nephelometer for continuous extended in situ observations of the scattering coefficient is discussed. High frequency of data recording permits us to use the nephelometer for estimation of turbulent aerosol flows, if the measurements of components of a wind velocity will be carried out synchronously with use of the nephelometer.

The experimental data provide support for the conclusion that the atmosphere and aerosol particle form a linear dynamic system. The behavior of aerosol particle in the coordinates: the logarithm of undersaturation coefficient of water vapor and the logarithm of the relation of the equilibrium particle size to the dehydrated particle size is given by the straight line segments. Each segment is characterized by its coefficient of condensation activity. Aerosol particle of chemically pure substances and sometimes the atmospheric aerosol particles are denoted in this plot by a straight line corresponding to the condensation activity coefficient, being equal to infinity. Now we denote the relative humidity corresponding to this segment as a specific point. The precipitation of water molecules on aerosol particle is due to a tendency of the surface to decrease its energy, i.e. to decrease the surface tension. With increasing the relative humidity from zero to the specific point the adsorption takes place, i.e. water molecules cover the particle surface with a monolayer. At the specific point the interphase surface tension of the particle-monolayer system becomes equal to zero, i.e., absorption begins. If in the atmosphere the relative humidity is supported, which is slightly less than the value of the specific point, during a long period of time, then the heat energy of atmospheric molecules is large enough for splitting a particle to small parts and for changing significantly the particle size distribution over a long period of time. In this case the reversible process of coagulation is very slow because the energy gain is low at the particle coalescence.

The gravito-photophoretic forces in the free-molecular regime have been calculated for the bispherical aerosol particles by using the Monte-Carlo method to estimate molecular transfer. It is shown that two types of gravito-photophoresis can contribute to levitation of aerosol particles absorbing the Sun and the Earth's radiation. There are the well-known Δα-gravito-photophoresis, its cause is a different in the thermal accommodation coefficient, and ΔT-gravito-photophoresis, when the aerosol aggregate consists of individual particles differing in temperature due to a difference in the physical properties and the radiation absorption power. Both mechanisms can induce large lifting forces able to provide a vertical transport of aerosol particles into the upper atmosphere. A connection between an existence of aerosol layers at altitudes near 20, 50, 70-100 km in the real Earth's atmosphere and a condition of the balance of photophoretic and gravity forces is shown.

The natural and anthropogeous radio-activity of an atmosphere should render influence on a state of a sea aerosol. As shows laboratory experiment, the salt particles of alkali-halides show activity in photochemcial, plasmochemical and radiochemical interactions with air. It should be reflected in proceses in an atmosphere not only on direct physicochemical connections, but also through changes of the optical performances.

Monitoring of the fine and ultrafine aerosol at the TOR station of Institute of Atmospheric Optics SB RAS allowed us to reveal some peculiarties in the diurnal behavior of aerosol with particle size x<0.2μm. Estimates of the generation rate of aerosols due to gas-to-particle conversion are presented.

The results of long-term measurements of total ozone (TO) obtained during 1979-2001 over Tien Shand at the Issyk Kul (IK) station have been analyzed by the Fourier transform and the wavelet method. The results of the spectral analysis for TO were compared with similar results for the ground surface temperatures. It has been found that the variability of the surface temperature behavior correlates with the TO variations. To study the temperature spectral harmonics variations with altitude the NCER/NCAR data on temperature vertical distributions were used. It was found that within the range of 850-10 mb the temperature spectra behaved differently mainly at the heights less than those of the surrounding mountains, below the polar tropopause and between the polar and tropical topopauses. The peculiarities of TO harmonics for the periods from 15 to 45 months are in higher correlation with the temperature spectral harmonics up to levels of 100-50 mbar.

In the paper, the problem of spatial forecsaet of mesoscale fields at the point of space uncovered by meteorological information is discussed. The algorithms for estimating and forecasting the atmospheric parameters based on Kalman filtering theory. The offered algroithm takes into account horizontal statistical structure of a field at separate atmospheric levels and its time dynamics. The atmospheric parameter in a point is defined on the basis of a second-order polynomial model. The offered algorithm of the spatial forecast is investigated on the data long-term balloon observations for layer-by-layer averaging of temperature, zonal and meridional 1 wind velocity components.

Original methodology and algorithms of spatial extrapolation of mesometeorological fields to the territory uncovered with observational data using the extended Kalman filter filter algorithm and the generalized dynamic-stochastic model of the spatiotemporal behavior of the parameters described by the first-order stochastic differential equations are considered. The results of statistical estimation of the quality of the suggested algorithms used for spatial prediction of the temperature and wind velocity fields on the mesoscale level are discussed.

The results of registration of intensity of an electrical field of an atmosphere and electrical conductivity of air received by the author the period of two sea expeditions on a vessel are analyzed, with the purpose of influence of coast on the electrical characteristics of an atmosphere. It is shown that an electrical field and atmosphere of air are much various in open parts of oceans and at the coast. At the coast, at the expense of aerosol pollution, electro conductivity is appreciably reduced and atmospheric electric field potential of an electrical field grows.

In an outcome of two-years observations in the region of Southern Baikal, experimental data about inter-annual variability of 7-10 day's average concentrations of some acid gases, as well as main ions in soluble faction of atmospheric aerosols and in rains. The evaluations of a dry deposition amount are represented, in comparision with the measured wet deposition. In the summer period the dry and wet deposition in considered region are close on magnitude, but in an annual sum the dry deposition essentially predominates because of their highest contribution in the winter period. As a whole, the results are satisfactorily agreed with obtained earlier observations in different parts of the Baikal region. In addition to experimental studies, the accounts with the help of the mathematical model based on numerical solution of the spatial non-linear non-stationary semi-empirical equation of a turbulent diffusion of impurity were made. In an outcome of conducted numerical experiments with the model the spatial fields of monthly average concentration of both sulphur and nitrogen compounds and a small gas components of the atmosphere over considered region were obtained.

Some results of analysis of more than 400 aerosol samples made over West Siberia regions during the last five-year studies onboard airborne laboratory are presented. Analysis of samples enabled us to reconstruct differential distributions of ions and element. The chemical matrix for Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Ti, Cu, Mn, Cr, Ag, Pb, Ni, Ba, Sn, V, Mo, Co, B, K⁺, Na⁺, Cl^-, SO₄^2-, NO₃^-, Br^-, F^-, NH₄⁺ and their vertical profiles were computed. Also analysis of differences in the chemical composition of near-ground aerosol is conducted based on the measurements at two points located at a 60-km distance from each other in the summers of 1997-1998. Significant differences caused by the impact of local sources and by the differences in the air masses are found for some chemical elements and ions.

In this paper we describe a new method which we referred to as the spectra accumulation method (SAM), for reconstruction of wind velocity and direction from measurement data of a scanning coherent Doppler lidar. The method does not require pre-estimation of the radial wind velocity. Numerical simulation based on virtual Doppler lidar instrument shows that in absence of turbulence SAM allows reconstruction of the wind velocity and direction from satellite lidar measurements with sufficiently high accuracy. In this paper we study the accuracy fo wind retrieval from lidar data by SAM when turbulent fluctuations of wind velocity are present. Simulation of wind retrieveal from space born scanning Doppler lidar data we carry out based on the real data of German Weather Service (GWS). For simulation of small scale turbulent fluctuations of the radial wind velocity we use GWS height profiles of zonal and meridional components of mean wind, temperature and turbulent diffusion coefficients of momentum and heat. The error of retrieval of wind velocity and direction from lidar data is calculated in dependence of turbulent velocity fluctuations variance for different heights.

The caused by atmosphere turbulence error of lidar measurement of power emission was estimated for a stationary impurity source. The error magnitude was determined by the first and second order statistical moments of the plume integrated concentration and by instants of sounding pulse shots as well as by coordinates of sounding beams. Statistical characteristics of plume were obtained using random force method in the turbulence theory. It was shown that the power emission measurement error was dependent on the distance bewteen the impurity source and the measurement plume cross section, pulse repetition rate, number of averaging pulses, number of sounding beams.

Scattering matrices are calculated for randomly oriented ice crystal particles of various shapes: hexagonal prism, tapered hexagonal prism, bullet, and pyramid, a pure geometric optics approach is used. Within the approach, scattering peaks at forward and backward directions are separated. As a resut, the rest Mueller matrix is presented by certain regular functions.

Second harmonic generation of 9 μm emission band of CO₂ laser is for the first time realized with a number of new nonlinear crystals: biaxial LiInSe₂, AgGaGeS₄ and uniaxial HgGa₂S₄, Cd_0.35,Hg_0.65Ga₂S₄. For LiInSe₂ and AgGaGeS₄ it is first type of frequency conversion realized some time or other. Main feature of this crystals is wide range transparency from 0.4-0.6 to 12.5-16.2 μm. Their damage thresholds for 30 ns TEA CO₂ laser pulses at 9.55 μm is determined as 1.7 to 2.3 times higher than for popular middle IR crystals such as ZnGeP₂ or AgGaSe₂. Parmateters of second harmonic generation were determined correctly in comparison with ZnGeP₂ crystals at 33 ns pump pulses and intensities that are about 28.5% of damage thresholds of ZnGeP₂. As high as 7% external peak power power efficiencies is typical for orange and yellow phases of 3.1 mm HgGa₂S₄ crystal at such pump that is only 13% of its damage threshold. Efficiencies as high as 0.45% and 0.3% are realized in 2.1 mm AgGaGeS₄ crystal at pump intensities that is only 11% of damage threshold. It was determined phase-matching angles, spectral dependence of second harmonic generation efficiencies, so as angular and spectral phase-matching widths that are investigated in details.

Optical linear and nonlinear properties of AgGaGe_xS_2(1+x), Hg_(1-x)Cd_xGa₂S₄, LiInSe₂, and LiInS₂ non-linear crystals are investigated in details so as their potential in frequency conversion of femtosecond pulses for lidar applications.

The present paper considers the results of experimental testing for the optical method of determination of the transversal mean wind velocity and its variance is discussed. This method is based on the measurements of velocity variance of an illuminance centroid displacement in the focal plane of receiving lens. The obtained wind velocity values are compared with synchronous values of independent optical method, which is based on measurement of cross-correlation of intensity fluctuations in two points in receiver planes. Reasonable agreement of wind velocity values obtained in two methods as well as data of an acoustic anemometer placed on a sensing path at moment of measurements is shown.

The researches of ozone profile concentration layer structures can conditionally be sectioned into two stages. At the first state of development lidar technique principle was the retrieving of ozone profile. Recently, in connection with development of a laser technology and accuracy of a receiving lidar signals there is a capability analysis of an ozone profile layers structure. The accuracy of retreiving of layer structure is determined by using methods of smoothing and derivation. At different noise levels of lidar signals the methods will introduce the features, conforming to them in retrieving layer structures of ozone profile concentration. In the given report the results of the software package MOLSA usage for analysis of the smoothing and derivation numerical methods influencing on retrieving of an ozone profile layers structure are shown.

The questions of the check of the structural and chemical performances of salt particles by a method UV, visual and IR of a spectroscopy are considered. The opportunities of diagnostics of a state of a sea aerosol are discussed on the basis of processing and analysis of results of laboratory measuring. The procedure of diagnostics of a state of a sea aerosol is based on knowledge of features of spectrums of alkali-haloid's micro crystals in various states. The special value has connection of their optical performances with state variables of air and radiation in an atmosphere. The philosophy of measurement of spectrums of micro crystals after various views of high-energy processing designed. For this purpose were designed and the special reactive vessels are made. The results of various views of processing were checked on measuring the optical performances with the help of micro spectrophotometers. The spectrums in UV, visual and IR field were measured.

A number of parameters were suggested for comparison potentialities of airborne and spaceborne laser sounding of atmosphere, hydrosphere, and underlying surface. These parameters were grouped in accordance with the properties that are determined by characteristics of the vehicle applied, lidar parameters, characteristics of both the lidar and the vehicle those simultaneously influence on monitoring parameters, the sounded object and environment, an information obtained and its preliminary processing, exploitation characteristics and cost of both the lidar and the vehicle. On the base of these parameters the qualitative comparative analysis has been carried out for these two kinds of laser sounding. Their merits and demerits have been considered having in mind that both sounding technologies correlate well.

The problems, to which the single-frequency lidars are applied, can be conditionally divided in two types. The first type of problems is related to investigations of aerosol pollution: estimation of the mass concentration of industrial emissions and mapping of the spatial distribution of aerosol inhomogeneities. The principal peculiarity of this type of problems is the presence of optically dense anthropogenic aerosol cloud, that makes it possible to consider the laser sounding equation (LSE) for a single-component medium. The most outstanding and the most often used method for fogs, lies in setting a boundary value. There are a number of papers devoted to the methods for estimating the boundary value σ(z₀) under conditions of a priori uncertainty. Variability of the lidar ratio and neglecting the molecular scattering makes significantly less error in determining σ(z) in the problem of this type becuse of the greater optical density of aerosol formations. Application of the lidar to investigatioh of spatial and temporal dynamcis of natural aerosol is related to the second type of problems. The problems of interpretation of the data, as at sounding of crystal clouds, lies in inverting LSE for a two-component medium relatively to β_aer using the Fernald method. Apart from the errors related to the a priori uncertainty in setting the boundary value, setting the profile S_a is necessary here. The purpose of this paper is determination of the method for stable reconstruction of the parameters of natural aerosol under conditions of a priori uncertainty.

A flexible algorithm to commonly process lidar and sun sky-scanning radiometer measurements is developed. The algorithm is oriented towards the engineering facilities of the radiometer CIMEL used by AERONET network and a two-to-four wavelength lidar used by European lidar network EARLINET. Numerical experiments were performed to assess algorithm sensitivity to measurement errors and possible violations of basic model assumptions.

In this paper the dependence of the F₆₈₂/F₇₃₄ on the concentration in plants, grown under continuous light and natural photoperiod is studied. For natural photoperiod the duration of light for all probes was the same, as since leaves with different colors are selected at a time. It is shown, the dependence of the F₆₈₂/F₇₃₄ ratio on chlorophyll concentration in plant, grown under high-intensity continuous is described by a parabolic function and under intermittent light - exponential function. Third type of concentration dependence of the parameter F₆₈₂/F₇₃₄ was obtained in leaves of poplar in the process of vegetation under study of fluorescence and pigment characteristics. The dependence has complicated character and known functions cannot describe it. It is concluded, that all known dependences of the F₆₈₂/F₇₃₄ ratio on concentration of chlorophyll to this moment are used to concrete conditions of growth of plants and the method of probes choice for measurement. Now the universe function, connecting the relation between red and far-red fluorescence with chlorophyll content, is not existed.

Variations of temperature changes in the time and space for the period XIXth and XXth centuries from stationary and general meteorological informaiton from Norway, Finland, Sweden, Russia were studied. Changes in the phenological data on the time of leaf unrolling and leaf-fall of common birch, breaking into bloom of bird cherry, mountain ash for the European North of Russia and for Arkhangelsk were studied too. The recent 30-years strongly pronounced and statistically trustworthy changes of the duration of vegetation period were observed in the northern taiga.

Systematic study of peculiar photophysical properties of fluorescent polymer films including photoluminophors, which are based on europium compounds, has been carried out. One has determined the effects of quantitative and qualitative structures of the compositions, methods of film manufacture and service conditions on these properties. For the most typical materials one has determined the changes in quantitative and qualitative structures in the transmitted solar electromagnetic radiation in UV, visible and IR regions. Such changes are concerned with insignificant decrease in the intensity and spectral distribution of electromagnetic radiation by 0.1-3 percent and increase in a portion of scattered radiation by about 10%. A portion of the secondary luminescent radiation in the IR region under the films accounts less than 0.01% from the intensity of photochemically active radiation.

Presented is the evidence for the actual manifestation of solar variability in climatic characteristics of the Prebaikalye. This influence on surface air temperature was quantified. A high degree of correlation was established between the mean power of a solar activity cycle and the surface air temperature in the Prebaikalye, averaged over a solar cycle period. It is shown that the main meaningful air temperature variations in the region for the period 1881-1960 were caused by solar activity. The temperature variation amplitude for that period was 1°C. Since the 1960s until the present, with the influence of solar variability persisting, there has been an obvious forcing of another factor whose role was steadily increasing so that as recently as in the last decade it exceeded the contribution from solar variability. For the period 1960-1997, the temperature rise that was not associated with solar variability, was 1.7°C. This new factor is most likely to be the global variations of the thermal regime of the atmosphere that are caused by the anthropogenic factor. This assumption is in agreement with model calculations, pointing to the fact that the most significant manifestation of a global warming should be expected in inland regions of Eurasia. An analysis of the seasonal variations in ground temperature showed that the variations that are taking place to date are most clearly pronounced in the winter-spring period and are associated with a reduction of the stationary period of the Siberian anticyclone. This suggests that the mechanism responsible for the realization of variability factors of regional climate is the global atmospheric circulation rather than a local change of the energy balance of the atmosphere.

The work is focused upon a number of issues related to Earth's ozonosphere. The existing atmospheric models' strengths and weaknesses are investigated, as well as the benefits of neuro-network models. For different timescales, ozone concentration prognostic models are designed using neuronic networks.

An analysis is made of the disturbances in the atmosphere during the passage of the meteor flow on November 16-18, 2001, based on using simultaneous ground-based measurements of the Earth's atmospheric airglow in the 558 nm and 630 nm lines, and in the UV and blue spectral regions, and ground-level microvariations of the pressure, visual observations, and satellite measurements of total electron content variations in the ionisphere. Result of spectral, cross-correlation and wavelet analyses of the measured quantities are presented. In the range of periods corresponding to acoustic-gravity waves, changes in amplitude-frequency characteristics of the variations of the measured quantities are observed in the maximum phase of the meteor flow. We discuss the possible relationship of the recorded dynamics of the variations and intenisty disturbances of the upper atmospheric airglow, total electron content in the ionosphere, and ground-level pressure with the meteor flow. This work was done with support of the RFBR - grant for leading scientific schools of the Russian Federation No.00-15-98509.

Lidar sounding data of ozone and temperaure in the stratosphere over Tomsk in the winter period of 1996-2000, the influence of the quasi-biannual stratospheric circulation cyclicity on their vertical distributions have been shown. Interannual variability of the ozone content and temperature is observed distinctly in the range of heights of 18-30 km with the synchronous oscillations of the period 2 years. Maximum amplitudes of the oscillations by ozone as well as temperature are directed at the height of localization for maximum of the ozone layer of H=20km. Periodicity of the oscillations begins to appear from the lower heights for temperatue, but it extends up to H=36km for ozone. Positive anomalies for vertical distributions of ozone and temperaure as well as the total ozone column were observed for even years and negative anomalies for odd years.

The connection of total ozone content (TOC) with helio-geomagnetic activity in the mid-latitude atmosphere was considered. The study wused measurements from the Nimbus-7 satellite (TOMS) covering the time interval 1978-1992 for three regions: Irkutsk (Russia), Collm (Germany), and Saskatoon (Canada). An analysis was made of the dependence of TOC variations on the solar radio flux inteisty F_10.7 and the planetary index of geomagnetic activity A_p for different phases of soalr cycel and for different seasons. Some nuermical estiamtes of the connection of TOC with the indices F_10.7 and A_p were obtained. Non-zonality effects in the character of the dependence of totalozone content on helio-geomagnetic activity were identified, which seem to be associated with climatological differences of the regions under consideration.

Today's problems, related to the study of the Earth's ozonosphere, are discussed in this paper. A brief description of some modern atmospheric models is given; their limitations are discussed. Prospects for the exploitation the neuronic networks - in order to overcome the aforementioned weaknesses - are shown. A neuro-network prognosis of average monthly values of common contents of ozone above the city of Tomsk is designed.

In this work the time spectra dynamics of zonal and meridional average daily values of wind velocity was investigated. An analysis is carried out using Atmospheric Assimilated Data acquired from British Atmosphere Data Center United Kingdom Met Office on the height range 0-55 km in the grid node correspondent to Kazan and experimental data of the wind velocity acquired by radio meteor measurements in radio meteor station of Kazan State University for height range 80-100 km. The seasonal structure of zonal circulation and planetary wave activity is established in the height range of the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere and the lower thermosphere using wavelet transformation and rotational spectra. An intensity of planetary waves has a stable maximum in the winter on heights above 20 km. The stable maximum of the intensity of planetary waves is observed in the height of the tropopause during the whole year. A regime of planetary waves with specific rotation of result in wind velocity vector appears on heights of the lower and middle atmosphere with the prevailing of a certain type of rotation depending on height, season and scale of planetary waves.

A comparative analysis of midday values of direct erythemal radiation (ER) from ground-based measurements at Irkutsk and of values of total ER from satellite data for the period 1999-2001 is carried out. A correlation analysis is made of the ground-based of total ER from satellite data for the period 1999-2001 is carried out. A correlation analysis is made of the ground-based and satellite data for separate months and years, and for the input data set for the entire three-year period. In the analysis of the day-to-day variations we identified periods with a high degree of correlation (0.86-0.99) between ground-based and satellite data, as well as periods with distrubances in the consistency of the variations. We discuss the possible reasons behind the features identified and the differences observed in the ER variations of ground-based measurements and satellite data. In the ground-based measurements we identified an asymmetry of the seasonal ER behavior with respect to the summer solstice, implying an increase of ER-values in the second half-year when compared with the first half-year for the same angular altitudes of the Sun. This feature is more poorly pronounced in the satellite data and is distinguished when only days with clear weather are taken into account. A pronounced seasonal behavior of the ER variation coefficients with large values in the second half-year is pointed out.

Behavior of climate system (CS) of Siberia was studied with regard to structural transformations and reorganization of atmospheric processes. New approach to description of CS modification with using integral estimation functions and the model of weather formation has been developed. This approach allows us to anlayze features of time-spatial changes of climate, to ascertain dominating factors and to reveal cause-effect relatins. Analysis of instrumental data permits us to describe Siberia climate changes and features of modifications of weather forming regimes at transformation of pressure field. It is shown that Atlantic air masses forms the warm and moisture advection regime and provide the warming at winter searson. Abnormal processes of circulation transformations into summer type and atmospheric vortexes motion, which formed different climate forming factors and weather regimes at regions, have been investigated. Physical processes and mechanisms of regional CS states transformation are discussed.

In this article the description of system of gathering meteorological data and possible variants of representation of meteorological data series for application in theoretical models is submitted.

The results of analysis of climatic system dynamic properties, which manifest themselves in temporal changeability features of atmosphere states, meteorological fields and phenomena, weather regimes and rhythms, are presented. Changeability and interrelation between the geosphere elements. A system-evolutionary approach to describe climatic changes in the context of multilevel model with the use of the informaiotn about different objects and processes of different levels has been evolved. New techniques of coupling analysis of changeability of environment, state ensemble, and intersystem relations in geosphere were developed. Special dynamics types such as long-term oscillations and directional climatic changes, which are caused by partly reversible transformations of relations, were revealed and studied. The mechanism of climate process reorganization due to the media transformation of relations, were revealed and studied. The mechanism of climate process reorganization due to the media transformation in the atmosphere and in the ocean with the subsequent formation of ice cover in North seas, which leads to changes in interrelations of the Ocean-Atmosphere-Land system, heat-mass exchange, the atmospheric circulation, and weather formation regimes, has been discovered.

The surface ozone concentration is analyzed based on the results of 10-year hourly monitoring. Many-year trends, change in the character of the seasonal behavior in some years, and peculiarities of the diurnal dynamics are revealed. The probabilities of excess over diurnally mean and one-time maximum permissible concentrations are calculated.

Presented are the results of a statistical analysis of the ionospheric sounding data over Irkutsk for 1960-1996. It is shown that sporadic features of type 'c' and 'f' constitute a stationary process. That is, the lower part of the ionospheric E-region that includes the meteor zone develops a region in which the electron density and its variations are governed by two factors, the interaction or dominant influence of one of which leads to sporadic features of one type and to the decay of the other type. The former, steadily acting type is the prevailing wind regime of this ionospheric region, and the other type is the solar control having a predominant influence in summer. Also, the vertical structure of the horizontal wind has effect not on the formation of type 'c' E_s but on its decay for the formation of type '1' E_s. Year-to-year variability of the dynamic wind regime does not affect the number of type 'c' E_s features and its frequency parameters.

Based on results derived from analyzing ioniospheric radio sounding data over Irkutsk, it is show that characteristics of climatic trends are seriously influenced by variations with periods of about 8 years. These variations can lead to a disturbance of the connection of ionospheric F-layer formation heights with solar activity. The origin of these variations is unclear to date. When such variations arise, there is an increase in the connection between variations of the formation heights of the F-layer and sporadic layers. An indicator of the occurrence of variations with an 8-year period is provided by the lowering of the formation heights of sporadic Es-layers, with sporadic structures of type 'c' and 'l' coexisting on the ionogram.

This paper is continued investigations of propagation of disturbances of plasma concentration in the topside ionosphere. Frequency dependence of amplification of the disturbances had been considered. Some phenomena, which obtained from modeling of propagation, are noted and are explained. Investigation of this problem, with the help of method of geometrical topics and method of dispersion equation, are carried out. A mathematical modeling of the nonlinear stage of instability development has been carried out. It is shown that in the region of a maximum enhancement of perturbations, the relative fluctuations of plasma density can make up several tens of percent.

The dependence of relative content of the molecular ions (PM) from the planetary index of geomagnetic activity (Kp) was investigated wiht help of the model calculations. The relation of PM for the data Kp to PM when Kp=1 (RPM) is considered. The linear dependence of RPM on Kp was established.

We present the results derived from investigating the ionospheric effects of a large geomagnetic storm on September 25, 1998, based on analyzing the data of ionospheric stations located in the region of East Siberia and the Far East. For the sake of comparison, we used some European stations. In addition to vertical-incidence sounding data, measurements showed that even with a relatively small difference of longitudes, the recovery phase has substantial differences of ionospheric distrubances. The study revealed the critical frequency variations from stations of the Norilsk chain and at Salekhard during the recovery phase of the storm when negative disturbances recurred after positive disturbances. The sign reversal of disturbance in the displacement from the west to the east is difficult to explain, and further investigation is required.

The results of research of dependence of the electrical characteristics of an atmosphere are resulted: intensity of an electrical field, electrical conductivity and current of conductivity from intensity of space rays on the long-term data and for daily average meanings received on water areas of oceans. Year average of meaning of electrical parameters for continental stations occur in opposite phase to intensity of space rays. The analysis of the daily average data specifies negative correlation with shift per 4-5 day.

Upper-atmospheric airglow observations were used to investigate the seasonal variation of upper-atmospheric emission in the atomic oyxgen 558 nm line over the region of East Siberia. There is a qualitative agreement with the seasonal variations of 558 nm emission obtained in preceding decades at other mid-latitude stations, as well as with model approximations. Quantitative differences of the seasonal variation of 558 nm emission for the region of East Siberia are considered, which imply a more pronounced autumn maximum and larger values of monthly mean 558 nm emission intensities in the winter months. An analysis of the factors and phenomena that are responsible for the seasonal variation of 558 nm emission, and a comparision with the wind regime dynamics of the upper mesosphere - lower thermosphere as well as with stratospheric warmings in the region of East Siberia suggests the existence regional features in the seasonal variation of 558 nm emission.

In an earlier paper we obtained semi-empirical models describing the dependencies of the electron density (N) and of the parameter of development of the F1-layer (A) on thermospheric neutral gas characteristics, the zenith angle of the Sun, on the daily, and averaged index of soar activity F_10.7. These models are based on generalizing series of experimental data using the regression equations describing the above-mentioned relationships. This was possible in connection with the existence of a rigid connection of N and A with the state of the thermosphere. This paper presents the regression equations of the form described above but using relative values of solar ionizing radiation energies in the range 5.0-105.0 nm.

Investigation of hydrogen ion behavior in topside ionosphere with the Kharkov IS radar is conducted by the POLITE CEDAR program. Program aim is the study of flight ion morphology and dynamics for refinement of the global topside ionosphere models and forecast of the 'space weather'. In this paper, the H⁺ density data of radars at Kharkov, Arecibo and Millstone Hill are compared at altitudes up to 1000-1300 km for winter and summer, minimum and maximum of solar activity. The measurements showed that height and diurnal variations of H⁺ concentration over eastern and western hemispheres were generally in close agreement, It is revealed a strong longitudinal variation of H⁺ ion fraction that is accounted for different magnetic flux tube volumes due to the offset between the geographic and geomagnetic poles. The Kharkov radar data are also compared with results taken from the Atmosphere Explorer (AE) database and FLIP model calculations, for midlatitude region, noon and midnight local time, at solar minimum. Comparisons show that H⁺ height distributions good agrees and corresponds close conditions of ionosphere-plasmasphere interaction. At the same time the model and AE data are lower than mesaured densities at Kharkov that can be explained by geophysical condition difference.

Investigations of the winter-time behavior features of the horizontal wind velocity in the lower thermosphere measured by different ground-based methods showed that in periods of winter-time stratospheric warmings there are significant deviations of the azimuth and magnitude of the velocity vector from values typical fo the winter season. It is the winter months: December, January, February and March when the zonal and meridional flows exhibit the largest year-to-year variability. In a series of our papers, by generalizing results of analysis of the stratospheric winter-time warming effects on dynamic characteristics of the lower thermosphere, we stated the fact that the wind reversal in the lower thermosphere in the winter time from westerly to easterly is a fundamental property of the zonal circulation during warming periods in the stratosphere. Sudden stratospheric warmings are one of the main causes of the stability disturbance of zonal westerly winds in the mid-latitude lower thermosphere. The response to these meteorological phenomena changes from year to year and from station to station and depends on the climatic properities of the regions analyzed. The effect of strong stratospheric warmings of the 'major' type that were most frequently observed in the middle or at the end of the winter, manifest themselves in the reversal of westerly prevailing winds in the lower stratosphere. The 'reversal depth' of zonal winds depends on the location and dynamics of development of warm regions and is different for different climatic regions.

The basic mechanisms of ionospheric storms (IS) are investigated sufficiently full. Despite of it a quantitative forecast of ionospheric disturbance is not always satisfactory. One of the possible causes can be related to the insufficient account of a background ionospheric. In particualr using electron concentration Ne in the peak of F2-region and total electron content are shown, that the amplitude of a IS positive phase for similar magnetic storms can differ by ~1,5 times. Hence a cause of distinction can be variations in the thermosphere conditions, not reflected by known activity indices. For further research we used the incoherent scatter radar data of the Institute of ionosphere in height range 200-1000 km in the very quiet periods coming to the geomagnetic disturbance. A steady periodic disturbance in Ne during quiet conditions in all heights is established, which can be identified as tidal moda m=6. The amplitude of wave is ~15%, the phase changes with a height. The storm onset leads to an increase of the amplitudes approximately twice without a change in the phase. An ionospheric disturbance in very quiet conditions can lead to additional complicating an ionosphere reaction to magnetic storm.

The IRI model provides a step-like dependence of the relative ion composition over an annual cycle which is determined by three seasons. Variations over a cycle of solar activity are given only for two steps of low and high activity. We suggest an approximation of seasonally-cyclic variations in relative content of molecular ions to give a smooth continuous dependence on the day of the year and on the index of solar activity F_10.7.