Amplification of the index of refraction of aqueous immersion fluids by ionic surfactants

Kwangjoo Lee; Joy Kunjappu; Steffen Jockusch; Nicholas J. Turro; Tatjana Widerschpan; Jianming Zhou; Bruce W. Smith; Paul Zimmerman; Will Conley

doi:10.1117/12.606105

4 May 2005 Amplification of the index of refraction of aqueous immersion fluids by ionic surfactants

Kwangjoo Lee, Joy Kunjappu, Steffen Jockusch, Nicholas J. Turro, Tatjana Widerschpan, Jianming Zhou, Bruce W. Smith, Paul Zimmerman, Will Conley

Author Affiliations +

Proceedings Volume 5753, Advances in Resist Technology and Processing XXII; (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.606105
Event: Microlithography 2005, 2005, San Jose, California, United States

Abstract

In order to find new immersion liquids to improve the resolution of 193 nm immersion photolithography, we have attempted to discover aqueous system possessing an index of refraction greater than that of water using aqueous surfactant systems. The index of refraction (RI) of both cationic and anionic surfactant systems were examined in the presence of wide range of inorganic salts, and parameters such as size of surfactants, concentrations, and temperature were varied. The refractive index (RI) was found to be increased in the presence of both anionic and cationic surfactants compared to those of water and also increased as a function of surfactant concentration. However the refractive index tends to increase much more strongly as a function of salt concentration. In our study, a maximum RI enhancement was observed from 6.5 M CdCl₂ in 8.2 mM aqueous SDS solution. The effect of micellar properties such as the critical micelle concentration (cmc) and degree of ionization were systematically studied for aqueous SDS system in the presence of CdCl₂. The correlation on index of refraction between empirical data and theoretical prediction were performed using the concept of molar refraction. Wavelength dependence of RI from theoretical prediction based on empirical equation was examined for various concentration of CdCl₂ system and the results are reported in the paper.

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Kwangjoo Lee, Joy Kunjappu, Steffen Jockusch, Nicholas J. Turro, Tatjana Widerschpan, Jianming Zhou, Bruce W. Smith, Paul Zimmerman, and Will Conley "Amplification of the index of refraction of aqueous immersion fluids by ionic surfactants", Proc. SPIE 5753, Advances in Resist Technology and Processing XXII, (4 May 2005); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.606105

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