Canonical quantization of a system of relativistic particles is considered. The main property of the theory is the invariance of the action under re-paramterization of world lines of all particles. An obstacle for the canonical approach is that the action has no Langrangian form. Our proposal is to represent the particle mass as an integral of the corresponding density and to consider the density as an independent dynamical variable. We formulate the new action principle, which is equivalent to original one and has Lagrangian form. The approach may be realized for the canonical quantization of the direct interaction of particles in Fokker representation of electrodynamics.

Oscillatory motion of quantum packet at the specific initial and zeroth boundary conditions with arbitrary initial velocity is investigated analytically and numerically. Influence of integer and half-integer initial velocities on the spatially temporal properties of solutions has been studied in detail. Hydrodynamical variables such as the probability density, mean values of coordinate and current, phase trajectories for coordinate and current, and Fourier spectra of these quantities were calculated. The behavior of quantum potential and kinetic energy near the nodal point was also analyzed.

A generalization of Ehrenfest's theorem is discussed. For this purpose the quantum systems with periodical boundary conditions are being revised. The relations for time derivations of mean coordinate and momentum are derived once again. In comparison with Ehrenfest's theorem and its conventional quantities, the additional local terms occur which are caused boundaries. Because of this, the obtained new relations can be named as generalized. An example for using these relations is given.

Analysis of the influence of multiple soft collisions and the energy loss of quark effects on Drell-Yan (DY) production in proton-nucleus collisions is studied. The inclusive differential cross sections analysis was carried out using HIJING Monte-Carlo event generator, which has been modified to take into account the effects mentioned above. Calculation of the ratio σ_w/σ_Be of inclusive differential cross sections for lepton pair production in pW and pBe reactions versus transverse momentum p_T and longitudinal momentum fraction x₁ of produced lepton pair is done.

New results of many electron calculations of outer np⁶ shell photoionization cross section for neutral potassium, rubidium and caesium are presented. The special interest is devoted to autoionizing ns → (n+1)p resonances. The resonance structure associated with excitation of autoionizing states has been studied. Interelectron correlations are shown to play a crucial role describing the resonance parameters. The correlations are taken into account by means of the Random Phase Approximation with Exchange (RPAE) and the Many Body Perturbation Theory (MBPT). The differences in behavior of electrons with opposite spin projections are traced.

Elastic scattering of electrons by negative cluster ion is studied within the Hartree-Fock (HF) approximation, local density approximation (LDA) and Dyson equation method (DEM). The diffraction peculiarities appear in the behavior of scattering phases, total and differential cross sections are discussed.

Polar semiconductor surfaces with planes parallel to the surface similar to GaAs (001) surface which is formed by either Ga or As atomic layers, are technologically important. This type of surface can be prepared by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Among different orientations the (001) surface is the one that is used widely in optoelectronic devices. Despite of intensive investigation of GaAs (001) surface its structural and electronic properties are under debate up to now. A number of the first principle total energy investigations of GaAs (001) surface have been reported. However, the theoretical studies of the polar semiconductor surface encounter many difficulties. For the surface simulation a slab model is usually used. In this case several problems emerged and the first one is a charge transfer between two surfaces of the slab. Relative position and dispersion of the surface state bands can be changed by the effect of electrostatic potential due to charge transfer. Another problem is the interaction of two surface states with each other through the slab. In order to exclude the manifestations of its interaction, the usage of a thick slab is necessary. Different models were developed for calculations of GaAs (001) surface. The main goal of the present report is to provide the mechanism of Cs and Sb adsorption on the GaAs (100) surface and the electron structure (ES) of the activation layer during the oxygen coadsorption. The influence of the substrate composition on the work function is also investigated.

Using classical Molecular Dynamics (MD) method we study surface erosion, primary defect production and sputtering processes occurring in crystalline Cu target with (111) surface plane under irradiation with Cu_N and Au_N monomers and polyatomic clusters (N = 1-55) with incident energies E/N = (100-1000) eV per one incident atom. Non additive effects in both sputtering and defect production were observed in case of cluster impact above a certain threshold cluster size (N_th) which depends on both incident energy and mass of the projectile. The relative efficiency of sputtering (rescaled per one incident atom) is found to be about of factor of two larger then corresponding efficiency of damage production. It was demonstrated that most typical kinds of damage produced inside the target after projectile impact are vacancies and vacancy clusters, and their number significantly prevails over number of interstitials. Moreover, the fraction of interstitial atoms reduces strongly with increase of cluster size N at a given energy per one incident atom. This fact can be explained taking into consideration high mobility of interstitial atoms, which result in formation of ad-atom conglomerates on the surface. Impact of a cluser with N ≥ 6 and with total incident energy above some threshold value (about 5 keV) results in formation of pronounced microcrater surrounded by ad-atom rim, whereas below this energy threshold, typical topographic features of the impact region is either ad-atoms hillocks or shallow crater.

Two many-body interatomic potentials for the atomistic simulation of radiation effects in the Fe-Cr system have been recently proposed. In the present work, these potentials are used to calculate the diffusivity of single self-interstitial atoms (SIA) in an α-Fe matrix with randomly distributed chromium atoms, by means of classical molecular dynamics (MD). The main difference between the two potentials used consists in a different prediction of the most stable interstitial configuration in Fe and Fe-Cr. The mechanisms of diffusion in pure bcc iron and in Fe-Cr alloys of different concentrations are analyzed and a slowing down of SIA motion caused by crowdion defocussing and binding energy of SIA with solute atoms is found in the alloy. The actual diffusion coefficient of SIA in concentrated alloys is expected to be concentration dependent.

Diffusion of Si and C adatoms on Si surface play very important role in the process of SiC film formation by Molecular Beam Epitaxy with deposition of carbon atoms on silicon substrate. Nowadays the reliable measurements of surface diffusion and initial stages of nanofilm growth on the Si substrates are rare. Theoretical studies in frames of various ab initio techniques are restricted and cover only limited set of simple phenomena like single adatom absorption and diffusion on perfect surfaces. In the present work we used atomic scale modeling in frame of classical molecular dynamics (MD) method in order to calculate diffusion barriers of Si and C adatoms on Si(100) 2x1 reconstructed and Si(111) surfaces. Tersoff potential was used in the MD code for interatomic interactions description in the Si-C system. Diffusion barriers were studied by means of Potential Energy Surface calculation for Si and C adatoms. Calculated diffusion barriers values were compared with available experimental data and data of ab initio simulations.

In this contribution, we report on a study of fracture of single wall chiral carbon nanotubes. We have developed a rather simple molecular dynamics model of charges at bonds which takes into account both the electronic and atomic degrees of freedom, and which can be implemented using a personal computer. Our approach has the possibility of studying the excited states formed by electronic transitions and to investigate the atomic and electronic subystems simultaneously. We observed structure changes of single wall carbon nanotubes with (10, 2) chirality under tension and calculated also stress-strain diagrams in the temperature range of 100 to 1100 K. At low and middle temperatures, the fracture of a specimen has a similar character and develops through breaking of interatomic bonds in the sections normal to a stretching force, whereas at high temperatures the fracture proceeds through splitting the specimen along the force direction.

In this contribution, we report on a study of fracture of single wall achiral carbon nanotubes. We have used a molecular dynamics model of charges at bonds taking into account both the electronic and atomic degrees of freedom. Such approach allows one to study the excited states formed by electronic transitions. We observed structure changes of single wall carbon nanotubes under compression and calculated also stress-strain diagrams in the temperature range of 100 to 900 K. To explain the data obtained, we have developed a phenomenological theory of carbon nanotube compression.

In this contribution we report on a study of conformational changes of guanine in the temperature range from 300 to 600 K. We have used a new molecular dynamics with charges at bonds and have studied time dependence of interatomic distances for the first and second neighbors at these temperatures. It was found that the interatomic distances can serve as a criterion for conformational transitions between different conformations. Explanation is based on the theory of stability and theory of parametric resonance.

In this contribution we report on a study of equilibrium configuration of a cholesterol molecule at 300 K by two methods: classical molecular dynamics and new molecular dynamics with charges at bonds. Comparison of the results obtained by both methods is given. Electron correlation is taken into consideration in the new molecular dynamics. As a result the molecule becomes more rigid. We have considered thoroughly the principal ideas on which the new molecular dynamics model is based. It is shown that electron and ion dynamics are incorporated in the new model on equal terms, whereas ab initio molecular dynamics models giving preference to ion dynamics consider in reality not electron dynamics but electron statics.

Nano-material specimens of metallic glass were tested with the Debye-Scherrer x-ray diffraction method. For data simulation and data treatment new Debye-Scherrer simulator was devised. The simulator and test results are discussed.

From literature data it can be concluded that physical properties of the amorphous alloys depend on the type of chemical composition. Further modification physical properties of these alloys can be achieved by a proper heat treatment process and structural changes of material. In the paper the experimental results of the Fe_97.45Si_2.55 amorphous alloy are presented with major attention to determine an influence of isothermal annealing (various temperatures and time periods) on the changes of selected structural parameters in the process of primary crystallization. Hence, lattice constant of crystallized phase, α, root-mean-square micro-strains, RMS, and coherent block sizes, D, were established as the structural parameters. These structural characteristics were determined using an X-ray analysis. As a mechanical parameter, we considered a micro-hardness of the heat treated alloy.

Nondestructive testing and analysis of three-dimensional (3D) disperse systems (DS) with micro- and nano-particles of different nature by complex of optical compatible methods can provide further progress in on-line control of water and air. The simultaneous analysis of 3D-DS by refractometry, absorbency, fluorescence and by different types of light scattering can help to elaborate the sensing elements for specific impurity control. In our research we have investigated by complex of optical methods different 3D-DS such as: proteins, nucleoproteids, lipoproteids, liposomes, viruses, virosomes, lipid emulsions, blood substitutes, latexes, liquid crystals, biological cells with various form and size (including bacterial cells), metallic powders, clays, kimberlites, zeolites, oils, crude oils, etc., and mixtures -- proteins with nucleic acids, liposomes and viruses, liquid crystals with surfactants, mixtures of clay with bacterial cells, samples of natural and water-supply waters, etc. This experience suggests that the set of optical parameters of so called second class is unique for each 3D-DS. In another words each DS can be characterized by n-dimensional vector in n-dimensional space of optical parameters. Mixtures can be considered as polycomponent and polymodal 3D-DS (such as natural water and air). Due to the fusion of various optical data it is possible to indicate by information statistical theory the inverse physical problem on the presence of impurities in mixtures (viruses, bacteria, oil, metallic particles, etc.), and in this case polymodality of particle size distribution is not an obstacle. Bank of optical data for 3D-DS is the base for analysis by information-statistical method.

A microstructural model considering self-accommodated groups of martensite as independent formations has been developed. Equations describing the growth and shrinkage of the groups of martensite and martensite reorientation have been deduced from the hypotheses of the equilibrium of generalized thermodynamic forces, including the driving force, the force due to mixing of the phases and the friction force. This approach allows modeling of common deformation effects in shape memory alloys such as pseudoelasticity, ferroplasticity, transformation plasticity and strain recovery, and it also explains the less-known phenomenon of the oriented transformation deformation consisting in the spontaneous strain accumulation on cooling after the stress, which was applied at the beginning of the direct transformation, is removed.

We give an overview of experimental investigations and theoretical modeling of elastic interaction and transformations of dislocated micropipes in growing crystals. We consider elastic interaction of pair of micropipes, split of a micropipe into smaller dislocated micropipes and/or full-core screw dislocations, elastic interaction of micropipe steps, micropipe grouping and twisting. The models reviewed explain the experimental observations of ramified, twisted and grouped micropipes in silicon carbide.

The influence of preliminary plastic deformation on the shape memory effect initiated by reorientation of structural domains has been investigated. Experiment data have shown that the recovery factor decreases with the increase of plastic deformation under the power law. It is connected with the two-way shape memory established by the deformation. Besides, it was obtained that the hardening of TiNi alloy in an austenitic state is not inherited by the martensite phase.

The purpose of the research is experimental investigation of mechanical properties of thermally treated metallic glass. The investigation were made both by microindentation and by traditional U-method. On the base of the achieved results the new method of plasticity definition is discussed. The dependencies of mechanical characteristics of the annealed metallic glass from the regime of thermal treatment and content of metallic glass are discussed.

Hydraulic stimulation is performed by a high-pressure fluid injection, which leads to a permanent increase in permeability of a volume of rock, typically transforming it from the microdarcy into the millidarcy range. The present paper provides an overview of the recent results in mathematical modeling of this process obtained at Tohoku University, Japan. Several mathematical models are proposed and realized. Within the steady-state approach, the geothermal reservoirs are characterized by parameters measured from field data and the model incorporates the approximations of the fracture mechanical behavior and fluid dynamics in fractured media. Along with the fractal-type distribution of the fracture lengths, the fracture surfaces are also assumed to follow fractal geometry. The latter allows numerical simulation of the natural rock fracture dilation caused by fracture shear offset. Recently, a new simplified non-steady mathematical model of the stimulation process was proposed. This model can be used for assessing the rate of the stimulated volume growth subject to injection pressure and flow rate and for approximate calculation of time required for creating the specified size of the stimulated region.

New method of homogenization of periodic elastic composites with symmetric structure is proposed. It is based on so called basic solutions of the problems, formulated for a unit cell.

Response of various elasto-plastic models is compared at large strains under cyclic loading. In contrast to the small strain case, the cyclic instability is observed at large strains for some elasto-plastic material models with a kinematic hardening. The cyclic instability manifests itself as changing of shape, size or location of the hysteresis loop during cycling. Causes of the cyclic instability are analyzed. Conditions ensuring the cyclic stability of elasto-plastic models are proposed.

Any movement of an elementary volume of liquid at the moment can be considered as a result of the following motion: quasi-solid motion that is translation with selecting pole, rotating motion around this pole and deformation motion. This theorem was proved by Helmholtz. Prandtl formulated the concept of hardplastic body as the theory of ideal plasticity. Usually we do not take into account twist velocity. The angular momentum is responsible for the twist velocity. In a relation between the conservation laws in continual mechanics and variation of the angular momentum in an elementary volume was considered. The laws were obtained from the modified Boltzmann equation for gas but the reasons of modification were not enough discussed. We begin this paper with some notation about singularity of the Boltzmann equation. It can be deduced both from the equation for N-particle distribution function and as a balance of particles of analyzed value in an elementary volume.

Influence of an electric field and simultaneous heating on a condition of {0&overbar;35}, {110} and {111} crystal surfaces of LiF was investigated. It was shown that the effect resulted in structural changes shown as a jelly uncertain form formations. Generation of the amorphous phase was caused by the change of stoichiometry and accumulation of a charge in superficial layers. Fast growth of crystals is a result of photoeffect. Crystallization of neoplasm at seasoning in full darkness is caused by a relaxation of a volumetric charge and restoration of stoichiometric structure.

Evolution of mechanical properties and structure of metallic glass is investigated. Stress-strain diagrams at different annealing temperatures are found. Changing of microhardness and plasticity in a wide temperature range is determined. Correlation between Young's modulus and microhardness is established. Evolution of surface layers in conditions of annealing and regularities of crystallization of surface and bulk of metallic glass are researched.

The article is devoted to description of a developed tool for interactive registration, validation and almost real-time visualization of large amount of high resolution morphological and kinematic data. Medical professionals usually work with custom made and non-interactive programs which greatly slow down their efficiency. The approach described has been implemented in a universal software product to pursue different goals simultaneously and to use the same software for research, educational and clinical applications.

This work addresses the problem of pattern recognition as the task of n-dimensional interpolation of the probability density function with subsequent thresholding. Interpolating function that describes given learning data set is treated as a random process. The task is reduced to simultaneous linear equations. The proposed method can be considered as the construction of an RBF neural network with nonstandard transfer function. The transfer function is chosen to minimize energy of the random process spectrum. Applications of the developed algorithm to the task of texture segmentation are given and comparison with alternative approaches is carried out.

We present an approach to automatic sup-pixel precise measurement of the positions and local orientations of the holes and edge peculiarities of complex shapes in a sheet metal. The sub-pixel precision of measurement is reached by means of a model-based image analysis. A correlation based measure is introduced to obtain the measurement results invariant to illumination conditions. The correlation is calculated of the vector models and the brightness gradient field of the image region in which the local object of interest is expected to be found. The vector models are derived from the CAD-descriptions of industrial components. The task is solved in the context of photogrammetric 3D measurements for the quality control in the industrial environment.

This paper is dedicated to the imitation of breaking waves in a coastal zone (the zone where wave height is comparable with the depth). The method proposed is aimed at virtual reality applications. It should imitate quite complicated processes of wave transformation, destruction and further propagation; splashes and foam phenomena. At the same time, it has to satisfy computer performance restrictions in real time applications. The paper describes the method of 3D wave shape reconstruction based on 2D profiles, modification to the simulation method in 2D that allows continuing simulation after wave breaking and proposes an algorithm of splashes and foam imitation. The result of this method -- real-time simulation of complex phenomenon of breaking wave. The paper contains the algorithm description, performance measurements of its software implementation and 3D waves screenshots.

We are giving several recommendations for the choice of parameters of the sound fragments in this report. The sound fragments are components of the sound base, used in Russian speech synthesis system by a text. It isn't the secret that quality of concatenation synthesis in many respects is defined at the stage of a speaker choice and preparation of base of speaker's voice samples. Formulated recommendations are received on the basis of the statistic analysis of big amount of various types of texts and concern both separate sound fragments and their groups. Parameters of sounds were taken with the help of the automatic linguistic processor including phonetic and prosodic transcriptors. The duration, intensity and main pitch frequency of sounds in various contexts and intonational contours were analyzed. The sound base produced according to the worked out recommendations, allows to make better intelligibility and naturalness of synthetic speech due to minimization of changes of speaker's voice samples.

The activity is directed on research of the problems of video information usage in telemedicine. Creation of a telemedical network in Russia. Definition of medical technologies operating video information. The classification and list of video technologies in telemedicine. The problems of designing telemedical centers to make allowance for telemedicine used for treatment of patients, formation and improvement of professional skill of medical staff in Russia are esteemed. The minimization of the cost of district centers of telemedicine with usage of video technologies is designed.

Concept of intellect of the driver and transport means is entered. Different types of transport, their characteristics and system of their control are adduced. The anticollision systems of transportation facilities (ACSTF) are given. The I.Q. ACSTF is determined. The information technologies ACSTF are esteemed. The role of video information in ACSTF is determined.

Interaction of natural objects or systems can be defined as communication. The communication for biological systems is a composite process which can be carried out if there are particular conditions. Here two categories of conditions can be considered. It is the environmental conditions, in which there is a contact as a minimum of two interacting systems. Other category of conditions characterizes a state of biological systems, namely, their level of readiness to communication realization. In such comprehension the process of communications can be considered as a targeted procedure of shaping an information data file. The perception, bracing of data file, can be complete or incomplete and is defined by environmental factors and function state of a biological system.

In this contribution we solve the following problem: synthesis of odors. The hardware-software complex, which we have made, allows creating odors with set values. The method of synthesis of odors through our development allows inspecting many parameters during synthesis.

As is known, for a person there are possibilities of perception of audio, video, and aromatic information messages by means of touch systems available to him. Such packages of the messages are accepted remotely without direct contact to a message source. Now the direction bound with creation of devices capable to playback aromatic information images is actively developed. Such systems switched on in special transmission channels of information provide adequate perception of information highways describing actual event which happen in the enclosing world. One can present the aromatic-field image through a series of control codes for an aromatic field synthesizer, thereupon it is possible to transmit the image on telecommunication networks. For odor oscillators installation problems in compartments of automobiles, buses as well as of airplanes are widely discussed. In this work we deal with a device for synthesis of an image of an aromatic field which works under the control of a personal computer with an express program. In the given operation, the possibility of remote handle of an image of an aromatic field and, as a corollary, organization of a new tansmission channel for the information on the aromatic-field image through an existing synthesizer is considered.