Constructing 3D model of underground goaf, we can control the process of mining better and arrange mining work reasonably. However, the shape of goaf and the laneway among goafs are very irregular, which produce great difficulties in data-acquiring and 3D model reconstruction. In this paper, we research on the method of data-acquiring and 3D model construction of underground goaf, building topological relation among goafs. The main contents are as follows: a) The paper proposed an efficient encoding rule employed to structure the field measurement data. b) A 3D model construction method of goaf is put forward, which by means of combining several TIN (triangulated irregular network) pieces, and an efficient automatic processing algorithm of boundary of TIN is proposed. c) Topological relation of goaf models is established. TIN object is the basic modeling element of goaf 3D model, and the topological relation among goaf is created and maintained by building the topological relation among TIN objects. Based on this, various 3D spatial analysis functions can be performed including transect and volume calculation of goaf. A prototype is developed, which can realized the model and algorithm proposed in this paper.

In this paper we propose a real-time infrared sky image synthesis model based on atmospheric optics, infrared physics and hardware acceleration techniques of computer graphics. We can real-time generate infrared sky image at different time and from changing viewpoint realistically. In our model, we first establish an infrared image synthesis for clear sky. Then we determine the infrared radiation and distribution of stars in the sky at given time and location. Based on infrared star catalogue, we propose a new rule to determine the infrared star magnitude in the given infrared receiving waveband. By series of coordinate change, infrared star distribution in the sky at given time and at given viewpoint can be drawn. Total IR radiation of the cloud includes IR self emitted radiation of the cloud, IR reflected radiation from the surface of the earth and IR sun radiance are calculated. Using the particle systems, the cloud is modeled and it can be rendered on a series of dynamically image planes. Finally by adopting the hardware accelerating techniques of computer graphics, the infrared dynamic sky scenes could be successfully drawn in real time.

The three-dimensional reconstruction has become a hot research field of remote sensing. In this paper, a quality control strategy of the three-dimensional reconstruction is put forward. Firstly, the typical 3D reconstruction procedure based on remote sensing image is introduced and the steps generating errors during the process are discussed as well. Secondly, by summarizing the basic rules and the requirement of the precision index, the authors provide certain guidance and reference of the three-dimensional reconstruction projects. Thirdly, a quality control process is adopted as a strategy to guarantee the correctness of the reconstructing mode by the case study of Zurich 3D reconstruction project; the standard of 3D reconstruction including data source control, precision of quality control, course control, and production control is discussed, Finally, the authors cite several international joint projects in the category of the three-dimensional urban reconstruction to sum up and prove the validity and feasibility of the strategy mentioned in this paper.

There are generally two kinds of approaches to studying geomorphic features in terms of the quantification level and difference of major considerations. One is the earlier qualitative characterization, and the other is the 2-dimension measurement that includes section pattern and projection pattern. With the development of geo-information technology, especially the 3-D geo-visualization and virtual geographic environments (VGE), 3-dimension measurement and dynamic interactive between users and geo-data/geo-graphics can be developed to understand geomorphic features deeply, and to benefit to the effective applications of such features for geographic projects like dam construction. Storage-elevation curve is very useful for site selection of projects and flood dispatching in water conservancy region, but it is just a tool querying one value from the other one. In fact, storage-elevation curve can represent comprehensively the geomorphic features including vertical section, cross section of the stream and the landform nearby. In this paper, we use quadratic regression equation shaped like y = ax² + bx + c and the DEM data of Hong-Shi-Mao watershed, Zi Chang County, ShaanXi Province, China to find out the relationship between the coefficients of the equation and the geomorphic features based on VGE platform. It's exciting that the coefficient "a" appear to be correlative strongly with the stream scale, and the coefficient "b" may give an index to the valley shape. In the end, we use a sub-basin named Hao-Jia-Gou of the watershed as an application. The result of correlative research about quadratic regression equation and geomorphic features can save computing and improve the efficiency in silt dam systems planning.

Because of legibility and directness of 3D map symbols, it can be widely used in 3D visualization system of spatial data, which will serve to improve the acknowledge capability of geographic environment. Based on the theory of map information transmission, this paper emphasize on the categorical rule and drafting law, and a principle of establishing a 3D symbol is presented. The one is that all kinds of spatial feature information which are suitable for description by 3D symbol models have been identified; the other one is that it should be implemented at the viewpoint of computer graphics and visualization. Also basic concept of 3D map symbol model, and the relative between traditional 2D symbol and 3D map symbol is stated. This paper discussed the concept and constructive law, and introduced the principle of it's design.

The task of GIS visualization has a large amount of data and a great deal of information factors, the performance of ant traditional algorithm would rapidly deteriorate if it is applied to a large-scale problem to process task decomposition. The main reason is that ant algorithm is just like ants looking for food which mostly depend on information hormone and in the initial phase of the algorithm, external levels of information hormone are basically equal to each other which results in ants' blindfold search, and only after a long time the external levels of information hormone would present obvious instructive function. Furthermore ant algorithm is a kind one of positive feedback, so it relapses easily into local optimization while rapid convergence. Therefore in the paper we improved the basic ant algorithm and designed the modulation strategy of GIS visualization resources based on the improved ant colony optimization algorithm. And the improved ant colony optimization algorithm in our paper gave attention to combination of grid task-modulation and local task-modulation and offered client ports the visualized tools of task-submission and exerting circumstance inspection. Experimental results show by improving ant algorithm, our system not only decreases many disadvantages of the traditional ant algorithm, but also like ants looking for food effectively distributes the complicated GIS data to many computers to process cooperatively and gains a satisfying search result.

Virtual Geography Environment (VGE) is a comprehensive subject concerning remote sensing, geography, information theory and communication etc. There have multi-source, diff-structure, interdiscipline, and inter-organizations data related to VGE. Moreover, the tasks in VGE will cover many aspects inevitably. In order to complete the task proposed by user, it is required to integrate, link and share the distributed data in different organizations or domains. But it is almost impossible to solve many problems by using traditional ways such as changing some kinds of data structures which has formed standard. The advent of the third network technology, Grid, gives VGE new dimension of development. Grid has some hard core functions, such as shielding diff-structure data, harmonizing resource-sharing and cooperating with each other in virtual organization to complete the task. Based on the Grid and VGE, the Grid Virtual Geographical Environment (Grid-VGE) is put forward, which abides by the standard of Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA), takes Services as core and constructing virtual database. In order to link, integrate and share all required data, we abstract all data into metadata and description to interlink through link based on the standard of OGSA. The proposed data structure method can absorb any data anytime while not modifying the original data and it will enlarge and increase efficiency of the application in VGE.

The task of surface reconstruction from three dimensional (3D) range data covers a variety of techniques. The Iterative closest Point (ICP) algorithm is the well-known algorithm used for registration of multiple range images. However, key to the success of the ICP algorithm is to acquire a proper initial transformation values and look for the correspondence relation between a pair of range images to be registered. In this paper we address a somehow different problem that has only little been addressed in the past. Combined with the match technique in photogrammetry, the paper briefly describes the principle of ICP algorithm, presents a new method to get the initial values and the method of looking for the correspondent points in the two adjoining coordinate system for the registration, and practical range images are applied for the implementation of proposed rule to show the efficiency of our approach. In addition, the whole adjustment of image registration is also employed to multiple range images.

Starting from analyzing the restriction of spatial object index of database, based on the requirement and theoretical research of Spatial Information Multi-grid (SIMG) under Grid Computing environment, the authors put forward a solution to grid index for grid database. Firstly, comparison has been made between spatial object index based on coarse grid and self-adaptive index. On the basis of this comparison a spatial object index algorithm based on self-adaptive grids is brought forward. Secondly, the general concept of self-adaptive grids, its data structure, realization of the algorithm and application in spatial query have been discussed in detail. Thirdly, the optimum level and value of self-adaptive grids in practical application have been figured out. And at last, its validity and feasibility have been verified.

This paper discusses the concept, key technologies and main application of Spatial Services Grid. The technologies of Grid computing and Webservice is playing a revolutionary role in studying the spatial information services. The concept of the SSG (Spatial Services Grid) is put forward based on the SIG (Spatial Information Grid) and OGSA (open grid service architecture). Firstly, the grid computing is reviewed and the key technologies of SIG and their main applications are reviewed. Secondly, the grid computing and three kinds of SIG (in broad sense)--SDG (spatial data grid), SIG (spatial information grid) and SSG (spatial services grid) and their relationships are proposed. Thirdly, the key technologies of the SSG (spatial services grid) is put forward. Finally, three representative applications of SSG (spatial services grid) are discussed. The first application is urban location based services gird, which is a typical spatial services grid and can be constructed on OGSA (Open Grid Services Architecture) and digital city platform. The second application is region sustainable development grid which is the key to the urban development. The third application is Region disaster and emergency management services grid.

The research purpose is to discuss the development trend and theory of the semantic integration and interoperability of Geography Information Systems on the network ages and to point out that the geography ontology is the foregone conclusion of the development of the semantic-based integration and interoperability of Geography Information Systems. After analyzing the effect by using the various new technologies, the paper proposes new idea for the family of the ontology class based on the GIS knowledge built here. They are the basic ontology, the domain ontology and the application ontology and are very useful for the sharing and transferring of the semantic information between the complicated distributed systems and object abstracting. The main contributions of the paper are as follows: 1) For the first time taking the ontology and LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) in creating and optimizing the architecture of Spatial Information Gird and accelerating the fusion of Geography Information System and other domain's information systems. 2) For the first time, introducing a hybrid method to build geography ontology. This hybrid method mixes the excellence of the independent domain expert and data mining. It improves the efficiency of the method of the domain expert and builds ontology semi-automatically. 3) For the first time, implementing the many-to-many relationship of integration ontology system by LDAP's reference and creating ontology-based virtual organization that could provide transparent service to guests.

The existing technologies for remote sensing image processing are rather limited in both the capability of processing large amount of data and the methods for image processing. Applying wireless and grid technologies to remote sensing information processing, this paper puts forward a remote sensing application services model based on wireless service grid technology, with agent technology being one of the main technologies. The agent takes on users' tasks submission, transmission, processing, executing, and results retrieval. The grid is constructed by combining the wired net and wireless net. Single node failure doesn't influence the running of whole grid. Every grid service server can be supported with some service realization nodes downward, which can themselves be supported with some sub-nodes downwards. This model is validated by an experiment, and it is confirmed that this model can adapt to a huge amount of remote sensing information service requests. With the service speed and efficiency enhanced greatly, this model is expected to be widely applicable.

Support vector machine (SVM) represent a new approach to pattern recognition and has been shown to be particularly successful in many fields. This paper presents a nonlinear SVMs based approach for 3D object recognition in a vehicular virtual experiment environment. The system outline and 3D images recognition algorithm are depicted. By simulation experiment and the comparison of the results between the recognition accuracy of SVM and BP network, we illustrate the potential of nonlinear SVMs on images classification of different objects. The excellent recognition rates achieved in the performed experiments indicate that nonlinear SVMs are well suited for 3D images recognition, especially in coping with small sample sizes. This is vital for achieving 3D object recognition and human-computer interaction rapidly and accurately in virtual experiment environment.

Aiming at the developmental tendency of CoGIS (Collaborative GIS) and new characteristics of hypermedia video communication technique, this paper puts forward the thought of integrating hypermedia video communication technique with cooperative GIS, and forms a framework of virtual intercommunication CoGIS platform based on hypermedia video communication technique. From management pattern, network communication, sharing data, collaboration management, co-work, application service, etc, this paper studies primarily the framework and functions of hypermedia video communication technique in applying to collaborative GIS, and how to harmonize their relations and drive their developments. It can provide GIS spatial information visualization, analysis and simulation dynamically on IP network. It can support dynamical, visualizing, interactive environments to process, analyze, display multidimensional, multi-source Geo spatial information, and to store instantly or broadcast correlative information. This platform can meet the increasing requests of GIS application in more fields

Based on the two-dimensional color Doppler image in this article, multilane transesophageal rotational scanning method is used to acquire original Doppler echocardiography while echocardiogram is recorded synchronously. After filtering and interpolation, the surface rendering and volume rendering methods are performed. Through analyzing the color-bar information and the color Doppler flow image's superposition principle, the grayscale mitral anatomical structure and color-coded regurgitation velocity parameter were separated from color Doppler flow images, three-dimensional reconstruction of mitral structure and regurgitation velocity distribution was implemented separately, fusion visualization of the reconstructed regurgitation velocity distribution parameter with its corresponding 3D mitral anatomical structures was realized, which can be used in observing the position, phase, direction and measuring the jet length, area, volume, space distribution and severity level of the mitral regurgitation. In addition, in patients with eccentric mitral regurgitation, this new modality overcomes the inherent limitations of two-dimensional color Doppler flow image by depicting the full extent of the jet trajectory, the area of eccentric regurgitation on three-dimensional image was much larger than that on two-dimensional image, the area variation tendency and volume variation tendency of regurgitation have been shown in figure at different angle and different systolic phase. The study shows that three-dimensional color Doppler provides quantitative measurements of eccentric mitral regurgitation that are more accurate and reproducible than conventional color Doppler.

This paper presents a method of 3D modeling for an airplane based on the typical theory of close-range photogrammetry and the principle of the multi-ocular vision in computer vision, including two main steps: computation of image parameters and creation of 3D airplane model. Because the taken images are provided with the characteristics of short-baseline and multi-images, multi-baseline stereo matching technique should be applied to solve the problems of the distortion discordance between close-range and far-range images in the close-range photogrammetry and dissatisfied intersection angle. In this way, it could greatly enhance the automatization and reliability of matching. After the image parameters are calculated, the 3D spatial coordinates of discrete points on the airplane surface are computed by forward intersection of multi-images. A Delaunay Triangle Network (DTN, satisfying the Circle Rule of DTAD) with boundary constraint is constructed from the points. Among the process, the idea of the partition of surface pieces based on spatial structure relationship is applied. Real three dimension airplane model is visualized in OpenGL finally. Experiment shows that this method of modeling for an airplane provides high precision results.

The safe navigation of Yangtse River is one of important system engineering. Traditional 2D electronic river map is very effective to ensure safe navigation. However, it is not visual and many kinds of complex analysis are difficult in 2D environment and they only can be processed in 3D situation. So the 3D digital sea-route is very important and urgent to realize digital and intelligent safe navigation. Aiming at this, a whole framework for 3D digital sea-route is first introduced. Under this framework, integrated services from sea-route data colleting, data storing, data management, data processing, data query and analysis, to data distribution and application are illustrated. And some key theory and techniques including automatic sounding creation and processing techniques, the sea-route 3D model production art based on GIS & CAD, the organization and management techniques of multi-source, multi-type, multi-scale data, the 3D dynamic visualization techniques for huge data, the 2D & 3D mutually display and analysis techniques are discussed in detail. Based on these theory and techniques, a system named TEAVIS for 3D digital sea-route is developed. This system is applied in the Marine Safety Administration Bureau of Tianjin City and the Yangtse River Sea-route Bureau and obtained good evaluation.

It is publicly considered that the next generational Internet technology is grid computing, which supports the sharing and coordinated use of diverse resources in dynamic virtual organizations from geographically and organizationally distributed components. Grid computing characters strong computing ability and broad width information exchange. After analyzing the characteristic of grid computing, this paper expatiates on current application status of grid computing with middleware technology on DVGE-G and the problems it faces. Cooperating with IBM, Microsoft and HP, Globus Toolkit as a standard for grid computing is widely used to develop application on grid, which can run on Unix and Windows operation systems. On the basis of "the five-tiers sandglass structure" and web services technology, Globus presented Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA), which centered on grid services. According to the characteristic of DVGE-G and the development of current grid computing, this paper put forward the Grid-Oriented Distributed Network Model for DVGE-G. Virtual group is corresponding with the Virtual Organization in OGSA service, which is easier and more directly for the dynamic virtual groups in GDNM to utilize the grid source and communication each other. The GDNM is not only more advantage to the distributed database consistency management, but also it is more convenient to the virtual group users acquiring the DVGE-G data information, The architecture of DVGE-G designed in this paper is based on OGSA and web services, which is keep to "the five-tiers sandglass structure" of the OGSA. This architecture is more convenient to utilizing grid service and decreasing the conflict with the grid environment. At last, this paper presents the implementation of DVGE-G and the interfaces of Grid Service.

Different kinds of atmospheric media and variation of weather conditions make the generation of multi-spectral out-door scene image quite complex. In this paper, we propose a new approach to realistically generate the multi-spectral scene images under different weather conditions. We first establish the geometrical models of several special weather phenomena. The method of three-dimension cellular automata is adopted to construct the cloud, and particle system is used to model the rain. After that we calculate the radiance of different wavebands for cloud, fog, rain under different weather conditions. The radiance components, such as self-emitted radiance, reflected radiation, transmitted radiance, are calculated separately and the total radiance is thus acquired. Then, based on the spectral radiance values of cloud, rain and fog calculated by above models, we construct the scene under different weather conditions. Finally multi-spectral scene images under different weather conditions are rendered realistically. Simulation results show the potential of our approach.

Today we are up against the puzzle that how to acquire the three-dimensional (3D) information of power transmission efficiently and quickly. In this paper, we design and implement a 3D reconstruction method of power transmission. On the basis of two-dimensional geographic information system (2D GIS) and DEMs data, the 3D modeling methods of power transmission and attached establishment is discussed through 3D extending. In the light of the features of virtual terrain environment database on 3D power transmission GIS, an approach is described to establish a terrain environment database. This approach is based on grid index and pyramid database structure, aims at National Spatial Data Infrastructure. The virtual terrain environment database integrates the terrain geometry data and the terrain texture data. In order to organize 3D model data, the traditional 2D GIS database is extended. At last an application of case example is given. The 3D power transmission GIS of FuJian province is reconstructed by applying these methods. The practice has proved that they are suitable and feasible for the reconstruction of 3D power transmission.

Although many virtual walkthrough system for visible scene have been carried out by now, little work has been reported about the virtual walkthrough of multi-spectral scene. In this paper, we present a virtual walkthrough system which can real-time simulate the dynamic multi-spectral scenes. We first construct the target and non-target areas with different kinds of modeling techniques such as geometry and texture based hybrid method, free viewpoint visual hulls and spectral depth image model. To realistically generate the multi-spectral images of objects under changed situations, we present a realistic imaging model which is suitable for both visual and infrared scene. We also propose a new model to simulate the effect of high-dynamic range. To further speed up the rendering process, several simplification and acceleration techniques like LOD, pre-calculation and GPU are adopted. Finally the virtual real-time walkthrough of large-scale multi-spectral scenes is successfully carried out and the average walkthrough speed is larger than 30 frames per second.

GIS system takes on such new features as massive data increasing and spatial data model based on object-orient thought, which is a challenge to current storage architectures and data organization modes. Massive GIS requires high performance, cross-platform data sharing, excellent scalability and integral storage, searching of the massive spatial data. Aiming at these demands, this article discusses, analyzes the shortage of present storage modes and sequentially a new kind storage theory--Object-Based Storage (OBS) is introduced. we describe object-based storage in detail, stressing how it improves performance, data sharing, security and realize integrative storage, organization mode of data. Based on OBS, this article puts forward a new kind of storage model of GIS spatial data, which breaks through traditional organization and management modes of spatial data based on database or file system. The model implements data storage and management directly based on spatial object model from storage layer to user layer. Comparing with storage model, we conclude that GIS spatial data storage model based on OBS can meet well the demands of data storage and management of massive GIS.

This paper mainly focuses on analysis for the redundancy and relativity of the observation in generalized photogrammetry. After a short review of the constraint condition and observation equation in line photogrammetry and the derivative generalized point photogrammetry, the redundancy and relativity of the observation are analyzed based on derivative collinear equation in generalized point photogrammetry. The minimal observations for space resection is discussed, so do the relationship between the linear primitive and point one in the adjustment for space resection. Finally two experiments are carried out to validate the proposed viewpoint.

The visual quality of urban space determines the pleasant degree of human's mind that evoked by the vision. Therefore, visual thinking of space is significant in the urban design process. In 3D dynamic virtual environment, through the visibility computation, the "true" visual analysis can be carried out, which makes the design process more visual and scientific. The first critical issue of visual analysis is the construction of the visual analysis model. The visual analysis concept model and the analysis criterion come from the urban design result. The design result and quantify criteria of urban space could be embedded into the 3D analysis models, and then the visual effect can be evaluated through the visual analysis. The height of impressible area, the back-off distance of the street building, or the open space detail can be effectively controlled and analyzed. The second is the proper presentation. The visible field with certain eye-level and certain view-angle can be computed, but it is not equal to what can be seen. The visual analysis based on the 3DCM facilitates planners and designers to consider the multi-dimensional urban space during the design process.

The collaborative designs in 3D virtual environments increasingly become fascinating works in Architecture, Engineering, and Construction world. Critical issues of 3D Virtual Design Environment include multi-user's synchronous collaboration and the share of design processes and results. This paper puts forward a new idea that describes each object as an agent model in design environment. All the elements of the design environment are monitored and notified automatically of any changes through sensors and effectors embedded within agents. Agent actively transfers object modification through messages. A new conceptual framework for data sharing based on the agent model is also proposed to integrate the 3D GIS world and AEC world. The agent model not only can describe spatial characteristics and attributes of geometric models, but also has a reasoning component according to the rules within a knowledge set. The reasoning component includes sensation, perception, conception, hypothesizer and action. Finally, this paper illustrates a prototype system of 3D collaborative VE for highway design (called CoRoadVR).

In recent years, spatial data, including Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data and Remote Sensing (RS) images data, is becoming more and more tremendous, and their information also become more and more abundant. So it becomes a great challenge for current spatial information technologies to integrate all diverse and separated data resources and offer more convenient and intuitive geographic information services for complicated geographic problem solving. Virtual geographic environment (VGE) in conjunction with Grid technology can provide us the capability to solve these issues effectively. In this paper, we firstly introduce and analyze the major characteristics of VGE and Grid technologies. Based on Grid technology, we focus on how to build a virtual geographic environment that can integrate resources in high-efficiency and offer powerful geographic information services. The VGE aims to build more intuitive and efficient interactive visualization environments allowing distributed users to implement exploration of large amounts of complicated spatial information and to conduct geographic work. Then we design the VGE system architecture and its implementing mechanism is addressed. Meantime, some key technologies are also discussed. Finally, this paper designs a simple application service. The experiment result shows that the scheme addressed in the paper is efficient and feasible.

This paper proposes a new method for motion capture data retrieval. To measure the similarity between motions, we define two distance functions: the local distance function and the global distance function. The local distance function is to measure the similarity between stationary body poses, and it is based on the weighted position distance between joint-pairs. We take the particularity of end-effectors into account by assigning them greater weights. The global distance function is to measure the overall similarity between motions. Because motions are time-series, it is necessary to align them on time axis to make the logically corresponding events at the same time point. We use the timewarp curve to describe the corresponding relationship between frames of two motions, and use the dynamic timewarping algorithm to find out the minimum sum of the local distances between all corresponding frame-pairs. This minimum sum is namely the global distance that measures the overall similarity between motions. The experiment demonstrates the effectiveness and accuracy of this method.

In this paper we proposed a new blind image information hiding scheme with optimum embedding strategy, that is, a closed loop embedding process. Combining the embedding process with the performance analysis, we give an implementation approach in wavelet domain, which can meet different requirements of different actual information hiding applications. The embedding process is modified iteratively according to the results of the performance analysis of information hiding technique. If the information hided can not meet the requirements of actual applications or the embedded information is perceptive, the embedded intensity of hidden information is modified so as to obtain optimal embedding effect. The convergence of the closed loop techniques is proved. In the performance analysis, the distribution of likelihood function is analyzed, and the mean and the variance of two hypothesis tests and their relationship are deduced. The probabilities of false alarm and detection under hypothesis test are also given which are used as the performance measures for the closed loop embedding strategy. During the information detection, the independent component analysis technique is adopted so that it is not need any information about the watermarking embedding process, the detector can not merely detect the watermark but also can extract the exact watermark. Also, by independent component analysis technique, the multi hidden information deadlock can be resolved. The experimental results show the watermark is robust against attacks popular information hiding scheme- Stirmark, such as low-pass filtering, geometric distortions, median filtering, additive noise.

A framework for uncertain spatial data mining was proposed. In which, the uncertainties of spatial data themselves and spatial data mining are emphatically dealt with, including uncertainty simulation by Monte Carlo method, spatial autocorrelation matrix based on uncertain spatial data, discretization based on neighborhood EM algorithms, and quality assessment of results. Meanwhile, the experiments of environmental geochemistry quality assessment with uncertain and spatial data mining have been performed using the environmental geochemistry data gotten from Dexing, Jiangxi province in China.

Regional data mining, which aims at the discovery of knowledge about spatial patterns, clusters or association between regions, has widely applications nowadays in social science, such as sociology, economics, epidemiology, crime, and so on. Many applications in the regional or other social sciences are more concerned with the spatial relationship, rather than the precise geographical location. Based on the spatial continuity rule derived from Tobler's first law of geography: observations at two sites tend to be more similar to each other if the sites are close together than if far apart, spatial statistics, as an important means for spatial data mining, allow the users to extract the interesting and useful information like spatial pattern, spatial structure, spatial association, spatial outlier and spatial interaction, from the vast amount of spatial data or non-spatial data. Therefore, by integrating with the spatial statistical methods, the geographical information systems will become more powerful in gaining further insights into the nature of spatial structure of regional system, and help the researchers to be more careful when selecting appropriate models. However, the lack of such tools holds back the application of spatial data analysis techniques and development of new methods and models (e.g., spatio-temporal models). Herein, we make an attempt to develop such an integrated software and apply it into the complex system analysis for the Poyang Lake Basin. This paper presents a framework for integrating GIS, spatial statistics and network service in regional data mining, as well as their implementation. After discussing the spatial statistics methods involved in regional complex system analysis, we introduce RADSS (Regional Analysis and Decision Support System), our new regional data mining tool, by integrating GIS, spatial statistics and network service. RADSS includes the functions of spatial data visualization, exploratory spatial data analysis, and spatial statistics. The tool also includes some fundamental spatial and non-spatial database in regional population and environment, which can be updated by external database via CD or network. Utilizing this data mining and exploratory analytical tool, the users can easily and quickly analyse the huge mount of the interrelated regional data, and better understand the spatial patterns and trends of the regional development, so as to make a credible and scientific decision. Moreover, it can be used as an educational tool for spatial data analysis and environmental studies. In this paper, we also present a case study on Poyang Lake Basin as an application of the tool and spatial data mining in complex environmental studies. At last, several concluding remarks are discussed.

Anti cyber-spy technology in BBS is the key technology of net-media war. The technology of anti cyber-spy technology is brought out firstly, which frame is bought forward from the view of information theory in the paper. The frame of anti cyber-spy technology is divided into four steps. Firstly cyber-spy characteristics are extracted from three levels of information: syntactic information, semantic information and pragmatic information. Secondly based on the matching of syntactic information the concerned BBS users are confirmed. Thirdly suspects of cyber-spy are confirmed according to the matching of semantic information. Fourthly the possibilities of cyber-spies are calculated on the basis of pragmatic information matching. The result of prototypal system of an anti cyber-spy is put forward in this paper finally.

From the view of concept formation, the paper researched the theories and methods of data mining based on concept lattice theory. The process of knowledge discovery from database may be understood as the process of concept formation from database. The concept lattice theory provides such a formal tool to reflect the process of concept formation. Through this theory, the intension and extension can be formal expressed, the analysis objects can be converted to formal context, and from these formal contexts, the concepts in different hierarchies and their relations can be extracted, and the aim of data mining can be achieved. The algorithm of association rule mining includes two steps: the construction of concept lattice and the production of association rule. The paper produced a fast construction algorithm of incremental concept lattice based on indexed tree. The actual experiment results proved: the algorithm of this paper is faster and more efficient than the traditional association rule mining algorithms-Apriori algorithms, and the algorithm can automated delete the redundant rules, can carry the aim of association rule automated simplified.

Scale is a major concept in many sciences concerned with human activities and physical processes occurring in the world, and directly related to many investigations of spatial objects, including the procedure of spatial data mining. In this paper, we attempt to apply the spatial data mining to the field of coal mining, and the technical notion is to generate patterns or rules by means of different scale databases that depict the same subject. The whole research procedure gives readers an understanding of how processes operate at different scales and how they can be linked across scales. At the same time, our study actually presents a new method of image mining as well.

This study investigated how to manage and use the spatio-temporal data during land use. To realize spatio-temporal data mining, the key issue to be solved in technology is how to organize spatio-temporal data. The spatio-temporal data model is just generated to solve this problem. According to analysis of spatio-temporal data changing character, two factors are very important in spatio-temporal data model. One is object, and the other is event. The object is an essential element that comprises spatio-temporal data information. The event is a fundamental factor that result in changing spatio-temporal data. A new spatio-temporal data model based on both object and event (OESTDM) was put forward to meet the demand. How to organize data, build relations between objects and storage data in spatio-temporal database are also emphatically discussed. At last, a dynamic land use information system based on OESTDM is presented. The system realized the function of managing spatio-temporal data, the retrospect of history information, tracing land parcel change, Area-Data-Change-Statistic and Analysis, and so on efficiently, by taking the land parcel data of some regions in Zhejiang province for study.

Real coded Genetic Algorithms (RGAs) have received a great deal of attention regarding their potential as optimization techniques for complex functions. Regularization was applied to solve ill-posed problems with an additional information about the solutions. In this paper, we introduce a new method named Regularization Regression based on RGAs to rebuild traditional regression methods, in which different regularization terms, regularization parameters and proper loss functions are designed flexibly according to prior knowledge of different problems.

Map is the model of spatial data. It is the basis of spatial database. Because of the complexity of spatial data mining and the diversity of spatial relations, too many spatial rules have been discovered in spatial data mining. In order to comprehending the knowledge contained in spatial rules, spatial data mining visualization has attracted a great deal of attention. In fact, map is not only one of the objects of spatial data mining, but also one of the predominant visualization tools of spatial rules or knowledge. This paper proposes that map is the proper visual method of spatial rules from spatial data mining. By the visual variables of map expressing, such as static variables, including shape, size, color, brightness, design, texture and dynamic variables, including video, sound, and so on, Map can visualize static and dynamic knowledge. From the point of view of map expressing, spatial knowledge or rules can be classified four categories, spatial characteristic rules, spatial distribution rules, spatial relation rules and temporal-spatial evolution rules. We propose visualization models and methods for each category by virtue of the visual variables of map expressing. Along with the development of 3D map, map can visualize spatial knowledge better and facilitate comprehending the spatial rules from spatial data mining.

Self-organization feature mapping (SOFM) networks have strong ability for self-learning and self-adaptive. According to the characteristics of human thought, this paper constructed a kind of combined criterion, which may be used to guide the learning of self-organization feature mapping network. Then this paper presents subsection algorithm, amalgamation algorithm and dynamical adaptive algorithm for SOFM networks so as to solve a kind of problems of classification rule mining. Finally, a practical example shows its flexibility and practicability.

Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) is a radio astronomy technique. The diameter of a VLBI synthetic telescope equals the longest baseline (>1000 Km). Therefore, VLBI can achieve very high angular resolution, and has unique advantage in the deep space tracking compared with the traditional radio ranging and Doppler tracking technologies. In the satellite VLBI observations, the spacecraft movement information such as delay or delay rate observable is very useful in the spacecraft position and orbit determination. This paper introduces an algorithm of obtaining satellite VLBI delay and delay rate based on short time correlation. Using the Differential One-way Doppler of the telemetry carrier, this method is able to complete fast fringe search, correlation, producing delay and delay rate with high accuracy from the satellite telemetry signals automatically, without any apriori orbit information. A special software correlator--Fast Fringe Searcher (FFS) was developed and successfully used in the data processing of the satellite VLBI experiments, such as the Chinese TC-1 Geospace satellite and the European SMART-1 lunar probe VLBI observations. The delay and delay rate produced by FFS were used in TC-1 orbit determination, which was the first Chinese VLBI satellite orbit determination experiment. Besides, an accurate VLBI correlator delay model can be constructed from FFS output. According to this model, a general VLBI correlator can produce more precise delay and delay rate through long time integration. This method will be applied to the real-time VLBI correlator system of the Chinese lunar exploration project in the near future.

Land use plays an important role for the description and study of the urban environment. An urban environment is characterized by different land uses e.g. residential, commercial, recreational areas, parking areas, open spaces, etc. Ideally, the extent of each land use is defined by boundaries. In general, they highlight and distinguish between developed and reserved (non-developed) areas. In order to provide the status of urban land use and monitor urban land dynamic change detection for urban planning, many techniques and algorithms are employed for processing remote sensing images. In this paper, the design and classification of a knowledge base is discussed based on remote sensing system. In order to detect changed and unchanged area, some essentially hypotheses (output) and variables (features) of a knowledge base are established. A model of expert classification system for land change detection is described. Finally, the feasibility of the model is evaluated.

Data preprocessing is essential in spatial data mining. This paper presents some issues on data preprocessing. It pays more attention on incomplete data, inaccurate data, repetitive data, inconsistent data, and image data. Finally, a case is studied, and come with a satisfactory result.

Programming Models, especially, DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) are nonparametric methods for identifying efficient production frontiers and evaluating the relative efficiency of decision making units (DMUs). This paper investigates programming models used in financial institutions where efficiency analysis is attracting more and more attention. The literature review part is categorized based upon different programming models applied in financial institutions. A case study is demonstrated finally.

Network searching technology based on WebPages exploring is a technology that resolves searching data on Internet. In this paper, the realization method of this technology is studied. The principle on how to achieve the network searching is introduced. The composing of the system framework, implementing of assignment administration, security administration and searching data preservation and document parsing and filtering are studied. Finally the systematic program class and developing environment are established.

Partition is a kind of fragmentizing operations for spatial data global relationships. First, the partition operations spatial relationships are presented, i.e. spatial data horizontal fragmentation, spatial data vertical fragmentation, spatial data hybrid fragmentation, spatial data induced fragmentation, clipping fragmentation based on region, union fragmentation based on regions, clipping-union fragmentation based on region, clipping fragmentation based on non-geometric attributions and region, union fragmentation based on non-geometric attributions and region, and clipping-union fragmentation based on non-geometric attributions and region. Then, the validity of the result is checked according to their ingenerated characteristics. Finally a conclusion is given.

This paper presents a perspective of spatial data mining. First, the motivation and development of spatial data mining are overviewed. Second, the intension and extension of spatial data mining concept are presented in the knowledge to be discovered, and the relationships between spatial data mining and other subjects. Third, the discovery mechanism is taken as a process of discovering a form of rules plus exceptions at hierarchal view-angles with various thresholds. Fourth, mining granularity is proposed as the measurement of data, information and knowledge. Fifth, the existing theories and techniques are briefed. Finally, the whole paper is concluded.

As both rough sets theory and neural network in data mining have special advantages and exiting problems, this paper presented a combined algorithm based rough sets theory and BP neural network. This algorithm deducts data from data warehouse by using rough sets' deduct function, and then moves the deducted data to the BP neural network as training data. By data deduct, the expression of training will become clearer, and the scale of neural network can be simplified. At the same time, neural network can easy up rough set's sensitivity for noise data. This paper presents a cost function to express the relationship between the amount of training data and the precision of neural network, and to supply a standard for the change from rough set deduct to neural network training.

There have been many research studies focusing on linear data modeling for transportation application. However, research on spatio-temporal modeling is still in its infancy, which limits transportation agencies to implement improved solutions. Transportation applications offer challenges to GIS technology. Not only are the attributes of transportation features dynamic, but also many features are dynamic. The authors firstly review the definition and characteristics of dynamic segmentation, an important technology in transportation application. The paper then presents a data model for dynamic segmentation with timing dimension and its implementation. This paper shows the design of spatio-temporal data structure. Both linear elements and events are tagged with start and end temporal expressions, thus it makes temporal querying easier. Segment geocoding, segment overlay and data maintenance is discussed in detailed.

A portal is a powerful Web site that gives users a single point of access to applications and information in a unified interface. A portal lets users view each application or web page in its own window, called a portlet, and a single browser window can contain multiple portlets. The portlet based on JSP168&WSRP is a new technology for interactive, user-facing web services that plug and play with portals. Thanks to the development of Portal&Web GIS, the GIS Poratl is focused on more and more by the researcheres. This paper studies the GIS Portal defined by ESRI and analyzes the development's status, compares with the commercial Portal and points out the great shortage of the ESRI GIS Portal: lack in Personal content and UI. Therefor this paper goes into depth on the discussion of design and implementation scheme of real GIS Portal, and proposes the new idea of developing customized, plug and play GIS Portal Module based on JSP168 Portlet technology and WSRP standard. This way can resolve the difficult problem of the GIS Portal on lacking of content and customization function. According to this idea, this paper plans to use the JaveBeans provided by GeoSurf to develop visual portlet which have basic operating fuction of GIS. Finally deploys the GIS Portal uing the WebLogic Portal.

The purpose of this paper is to provide the reader with a deeper understanding the significance of location and location based services and their application in the context of the digital city and how to set up a LBS platform on the digital city information infrastructure. First, we review the theory and technology of LBS and its significance. Then, based on the review of the development of the digital city, the characteristics and classification of the LBS digital city context are discussed. Finally, we try to construct a location based services platform in the context of the digital city using the grid computing technologies.

This paper discusses how to manage the distributed multi-source isomeric database and share the information of different sources, and solves the distributed storage and retrieve of spatial data which is internet-based. By network connecting, it is realized how to manage the independent spatial database in network-wide and convert conventional c/s computing model into distributed computing model, so the problems of geo-information sharing and interoperable geo-data are successfully solved. As put forward and designed in this paper, the J2EE-based Distributed Spatial Database Management System (JDSDMS) is data-centered, and builds on the newest technology such as distributed database, WWW network and Web GIS. It is absolutely transparent of the local distributed module management, and can update the databases between different platforms through the transaction manager and distinguish various data source. The requirement of manage the distributed, multiple and isomeric city data is completed met.

As the development of grid computing, its application in GIS field become more and more widely. It has become a trend to establish the sharing mechanism for spatial data and to realize the data integration in the grid-computing environment. A spatial data integration service framework was proposed based on the OGC reference. In the following, the integration service to realize multi-source spatial data transforming based on GML and soap is discussed detailed. At last we established an experiment platform to provide urban spatial information, realizing the multi-source, multi-kind spatial data integration services.

The global positioning system (GPS) has become the most extensively used positioning and navigation tool in the world. Applications of GPS abound in surveying, mapping, transportation, agriculture, military planning, GIS, and the geosciences. However, the positional and elevation accuracy of any given GPS location is prone to error, due to a number of factors. The applications of Global Positioning System (GPS) positioning is more and more popular, especially the intelligent navigation system which relies on GPS and Dead Reckoning technology is developing quickly for future huge market in China. In this paper a practical combined positioning model of GPS/DR/MM is put forward, which integrates GPS, Gyro, Vehicle Speed Sensor (VSS) and digital navigation maps to provide accurate and real-time position for intelligent navigation system. This model is designed for automotive navigation system making use of Kalman filter to improve position and map matching veracity by means of filtering raw GPS and DR signals, and then map-matching technology is used to provide map coordinates for map displaying. In practical examples, for illustrating the validity of the model, several experiments and their results of integrated GPS/DR positioning in intelligent navigation system will be shown for the conclusion that Kalman Filter based GPS/DR integrating position approach is necessary, feasible and efficient for intelligent navigation application. Certainly, this combined positioning model, similar to other model, can not resolve all situation issues. Finally, some suggestions are given for further improving integrated GPS/DR/MM application.

The mobile computing based Location based Service (LBS) technology has been increasingly grown in the past decade; however there still exist some important constraints that complicate work with a mobile spatial information system. The limited resources in the mobile computing terminals would restrict some features that are available on the traditional computing technology. This paper will explores the use of a cooperative, distributed multi-agent systems (Java Agent Development Framework, JADE) to improve the efficiency of accessing and represent remote spatial information in mobile terminals and fixed terminal which support Java runtime environment (JRE), because that JADE system has following features: distributed agent platform, graphical user interface to manage several agents and agent containers form remote host, supporting to execution of multiple, parallel and concurrent agent activities via behavior model, FIPA-compliant platform including AMS (Agent Management System), DF (Directory Facilitator) and ACC (Agent Communication Channel), Efficient transport of ACL messages inside same agent system, library of FIPA interaction protocols ready to be used, FIPA-compliant naming service and supporting for application-defined content languages and ontology. An agile and flexible agent based approach for accessing and representing remote spatial information is proposed in this paper, mobile agent system architecture in LBS is presented, and a prototype system is given to shown that JADE makes this approach feasible and effective.

It is difficult to exchange and share multi-source geospatial information in some applications, such as LBS or grid computing, especially to that of different geo-reference benchmark. This paper briefly introduces a new method which is adaptive to real-time integrate and share multi-source and multi-scale spatial information. Considered the way that the spatial information multi-grids (SIMG) is designed and coded to express multi-scale geo-space which can be located by LQMC (Layer Quadtree Morton Coding). The geospatial objects of SIMG located by corresponding LQMC can be expressed as a fixed increment value relative to the grid center at different geo-reference benchmark. A algorithm based on SIMG has been proposed to simplify the rigorous coordinate transform model, which can meet specification accuracy of topographic maps as well as distinctly improve efficiency of integration of spatial information. The empirical results have shown acquisition accuracy of geospatial information is high, multi-source geospatial information can attain real-time seamless integration in each grid of multi-grid. The characters of the method such as object-oriented, simple and efficient with geographical coding make sure it a valid model.

Access control is an important and popular security mechanism for multi-user applications. GIS-based Computer Supported Cooperative Work (G-CSCW) application is one of such applications. This paper presents an improved Task-Role-Based Access Control (X-TRBAC) model for G-CSCW applications. The new model inherits the basic concepts of the old ones, such as role and task. Moreover, it has introduced two concepts, i.e. object hierarchy and operation hierarchy, and the corresponding rules to improve the efficiency of permission definition in access control models. The experiments show that the method can simplify the definition of permissions, and it is more applicable for G-CSCW applications.

Land and resources databases are divided into four levels: county, city, province and nation in China. These databases are heterogeneous in structures, separately located, and managed by different GIS software. How to keep the upper level databases consistent in real-time when the lower grade databases changes is a challenging problem. The OGC Web Feature Service (WFS) specification proposes web based interoperable interfaces for describing data manipulation operations on geographic features using HTTP as the distributed computing platform. This paper introduces a method to solve the problem of remote synchronization between different level databases using WFS as data access interface, and analyzes the implement mechanism.

This paper introduces the principle, algorithmic and realization of the Load Balancing Technology. It also designs a clustered method in the application of Location-Based Service (LBS), and explains its function characteristics and its whole system structure, followed by some experimental comparisons, showing that the Cluster Technology could ensure a LBS's continuous running and the sharing of fault-tolerance and cluster.

Recently, spatial data mining and knowledge discovery are developed rapidly. In this paper, first, the developing status of spatial data mining and knowledge discovery are concluded; then deeply studying data mining in GIS and remote sensing are performed; third, Rough sets were executed with TM imagery to carry out data mining and knowledge discovery and finally acquiring feature rules of the relation between soil erosion and three elements: Vegetation cover, Slope and cropland. The paper gives support to land use and land reclaim effective. There are four parts are composed. In the first part some DM background are narrated and some problems hidden, which are very important for us to use, are brought forward. This is to say, much hiding information that is the thing we want most is waste. Then spatial data mining and knowledge discovery (short-hand SDNKD) were appeared in this background. An exhaustive study Dm is beyond the scope of this paper. In this study, we focus on two perspectives 1) integration DM with GIS. 2) Integration DM with RS. In the second part, we describe method of spatial data mining including: Apriori Algorithm, Rough Sets Theory, Inductive Learning, Clustering and so on, and emphasis on Rough Sets. Relationship among RS, GIS and DM are interpreted. Integration GIS with DM and Integration RS with DM are explained by fig1 and fig2 in the third part. An explicit example about soil erosion is depicted to explain the relations through Rough Set and some rules are acquired to give support to land use and land reclaim effective in the fourth part. At last, we conclude our study.

The combination of Web Services and GIS is becoming the main research focus. Today, with the constant enrichment of GIS Web Services, the challenge is how to dynamically combine those existing GIS Web Services to implement more complex tasks, so as to achieve on-demand integration of distributed geo-spatial information. GIS services chain is an effective solution for the integration of distributed heterogeneous GIS. Dynamic discovery and combination of GIS services are the two main concerns in the research of GIS service chain. This paper proposes a service dynamic selection mechanism, which is implemented based on the semantic description of services interfaces and users requirements. A prototype of distributed GIS Service chain is given which implements the dynamic selection mechanism.

The complexity of spatial data management will be high as the volume of spatial data increases rapidly. As the emerging technology, it is an innovative method that grid computing technology is applied to manage geographically distributed, autonomous and heterogeneous spatial data. Integrating grid computing with spatial data management technology, the authors designed a basic but high extensible framework for managing distributed and large-scale spatial data. In this paper we put emphasis upon spatial metadata service design and spatial data grid design.

The spatial data are processed via editing, query and other complicated analysis with spatial arithmetic operators provided by Oracle Spatial and SQL. In general, abnormal conditions will not occur in the operation with spatial arithmetic operators. In case the number of points of a polygon reaches 60000 or the number of inner rings of a polygon exceeds 200, errors may occur in the intersection overlay operation for spatial geometrical data and the connection between the system and Oracle database will be interrupted. For specific situation of GIS application in China, a polygon of a single parcel, as may occur in land resource investigation, sometimes includes 90000 points, even exceeding 120000 points, and the number of inner rings may far exceed 200. A bug is discovered by the authors in the application of spatial overlay analysis on the national city and county administrative map and national land use map at scale of 1:4000000. After a lot of tests and discuss with Oracle Corporation, the bug is finally confirmed by Oracle Corporation as a new bug (with bug ID of 3146244). To address the limitation of Oracle Spatial in processing vast massive spatial data, an algorithm of "Coordinate reduction intersection overlay" is presented after deeply analyzing the cause of the bug. The appropriate thresholds are decided depending upon the accuracy of analysis for spatial data overlay. Furthermore we have developed an extended module based on this algorithm. The correctness and validity of the solution on the algorithm have been testified by using the same spatial data in which the bug occurred for Oracle Spatial. The study results have been used in the land resource investigation and other fields in Zhejiang province of China.

Temporal uncertainty is a crossing point of temporal and error-aware geographical information systems. In Geoinformatics, temporal uncertainty is of the same importance as spatial and thematic uncertainty of geographical information. However, until very recently, the standard organizations of ISO/TC211 and FGDC subsequently claimed that temporal uncertainty is one of geospatial data quality elements. Over the past decades, temporal uncertainty of geographical information is modeled insufficiently. To lay down a foundation of logically or physically modeling temporal uncertainty, this paper is aimed to clarify the semantics of temporal uncertainty to some extent. The general uncertainty is conceptualized with a taxonomy of uncertainty. Semantically, temporal uncertainty is progressively classified into uncertainty of time coordinates, changes, and dynamics. Uncertainty of multidimensional time (valid time, database time, and conceptual time, etc.) has been emphasized. It is realized that time scale (granularity) transition may lead to temporal uncertainty because of missing transition details. It is dialectically concluded that temporal uncertainty is caused by the complexity of the human-machine-earth system.

In this paper, a framework is presented to provide a new flexible mode for WebGIS services. This framework consists of three layers: Client layer, WebGIS service layer and SDI (Spatial Data Infrastructure) layer. Client layer represents WebGIS applications constructed by different organizations or companies, which integrate GIS services to solve some domain-oriented problems; WebGIS service layer is the core layer of the framework, which provides different GIS services. SDI layer is practically a data container, organizing all data in Oracle, which supports the upper two layers. We implement a prototype system according to the above framework, which gives a practical mode for public participating WebGIS.

The information source of spatial data is wide and the data quantity is huge. It is not suitable to manage and share spatial data under centralized structure. Because Peer-to-Peer (P2P) systems have shown great potential on file sharing, using P2P system to manage distributed spatial data is an efficient way. Flooding-based broadcasting is the widely used mechanism in many current large-scale P2P systems .This mechanism usually lead to serious communication cost problem. Based on the observation of the small world and power-low properties of unstructured peer-to-peer networks as large-scale, self-configure, and dynamic complex systems, a probabilistic model of message forwarding is presented. This model use rumor spreading mechanism and preferential spreading to accommodate the clustering and power law characteristics. Mathematical analyses and preliminary simulation show that this approach could sharply optimize the communication cost in current P2P systems based on flooding mechanism.

This study put forward a method to realize heterogeneous geospatial data sharing. To realize heterogeneous geospatial data sharing, two key issues in technology are to be solved. One is how to exchange the heterogeneous geospatial data. The other is how to integrate and share heterogeneous geospatial data in a distributed environment. geography markup language (GML) can solve problems that exist in current solutions of geospatial data sharing, such as information losing and difficulty of expanding to Internet. Web Services can overcome problems of data transmission and platform heterogeneity, which exists in distributed computing technologies. Therefore, the method that combines GML and Web Services technology can meet the demand to realize heterogeneous geospatial data sharing (HGDS). A prototype of service-oriented heterogeneous geospatial data sharing system (HGDSS) in a distributed environment is successfully developed under Mircosoft.NET environment. The system used GML as medium of data conversion. Data transformation, snapshot and metadata release services are provided, and process and visualization of massive data are also concerned in the system.

Integrative management of massive spatio-temporal data and the relevant capabilities for time series analysis are important research targets of new generation GIS software architecture. At present, solid developments are imperatively needed in technology for effective organization and storage of massive spatio-temporal data. Oriented to spatio-temporal multi-dimension structure, a massive spatio-temporal data seamless organization and storage model based on spatio-temporal partition (STP), spaito-temporal clustering (STC) is presented, and the test on single table of 2GB to 60 GB shows that integration of STP and STC can improve performance of spaito-temporal search effectively.

The Internet has become a popular platform for the delivery, visualization, and sharing of spatial datasets. However, the narrow network bandwidth greatly limits the delivery of spatial datasets. Users have to wait for quite a long time when they download datasets from a remote server. The users might interrupt a transmission procedure because of long waits. Progressive transmission is a promising solution for the performance improvement of transmission. The goal of a progressive transmission is to deliver a coarser resolution dataset to show users an approximate impression in a short time. Moreover, the resolution of the dataset is gradually enriched during the procedure of transmission until the whole dataset is downloaded. This paper proposes an algorithm for the progressive transmission of triangle based three-dimensional (3D) models (e.g. terrains) over the internet. The kernel of the algorithm encompasses three parts (i) the multi-resolution representation of 3D models; (ii) 3D data streams for the transmission; and (iii) the reconstruction of 3D models. The algorithm firstly decomposes a full-resolution 3D model with multi-resolution representations on a server side, which generates a crude 3D model plus many details. The crude 3D model gives clients an approximate impression, and the details are progressively transmitted to reconstruct the original 3D model. The algorithm was implemented and integrated in a client/server architecture prototype. Experiments were undertaken to evaluate the performance of the algorithm. The experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm is able to improve the transmission efficiencies of 3D models over the internet greatly.

With the development of Semantic Web technology, the spatial information service based on ontology is an effective way for sharing and interoperation of heterogeneous information resources in the distributed network environment. Based on the deep analysis for the spatial information service mechanism of geo-ontology, the system construction strategy and service workflow and combined with the present mainstream commercial GIS software packages, three solutions of system construction for spatial information sharing and interoperation have been proposed here in this paper. The different geographic information application systems distributed on the internet may be integrated dynamically and openly by using one of the three solutions for realizing the sharing and interoperation of heterogeneous spatial information resources in the distributing environment. In order to realize the practical applications of spatial information sharing and interoperation in different brunches of police system, a prototype system for crime case information sharing based on geo-ontology has also been developed by using the methods described above.

Data visualization is an important technique that helps in understanding and analysis of complex data. Geo-spatial data is quite different from other kinds of data, for its unique properties of territorial, multidimensional structural and dynamic change. VR technologies have considerable potential to extend the power of geo-spatial data visualization methods which traditional GIS can not provide. Although Virtual GIS can provide the functions of the 3D-visualization analysis for spatial data, these systems are dependent upon specific platforms and programming languages without interoperability. Web services are very suitable for solving above problems. In this paper, we design and implement a spatial data 3D-Visualization web services for publishing multi-dimension geo-data in order to make independent GIS software share distributed geo-information resources including geospatial data and 3D-visualization geo-model, and realize them interoperability. The web services are used to construct the land view with DEM data and remote sensing data based on Java3D, and are deployed in Weblogic8.1 server and published in IBM UDDI registry center on Internet. At last, a client of the web services is created to test the effect of the spatial data 3D-Visualization web services.

Location based services (LBS) are capturing global spotlights increasingly, in which users tend to pick up navigation service as their favorites. This paper examines the dynamic routing problems based on real-time traffic information in LBS. At first, the overall structure of dynamic navigation system is illustrated, which is composed of four ingredients: traffic data collection, digital road map, static routing and dynamic re-routing. Traffic data collection is the task of traffic information center (TIC), where various sources of data are fused into link travel times that are used as criteria to choose candidates in path determining. Digital road map includes digital road network and historical traffic data, where the topology relationship of road network is elementarily explored and the method to represent statistical traffic data is referred to. Routing with historical traffic data and dynamic re-routing with live traffic data are two main functions of dynamic navigation service. The flow of dynamic re-routing algorithm is exhibited. Lastly, a first-in-first-out (FIFO) time-depend shortest path algorithm is discussed for dynamic routing, which adopts the adaptive A^* algorithm based on binary heap priority queue and RB-tree.

Nowadays the distribution of topographic data, especially the propagation of geographical updates toward topographical databases, is still a methodological and technical problem to address in the context of large applications with many different users. The increment distribution method is becoming the primary way for distributing updates information of topographical database. In this case, the producer of the data has to identify geographical changes in order to generate relevant increment. In order to clearly classify and describe all kinds of changes and corresponding data delta (i.e. increment), we propose a new conceptual model of changes based on the explicit description of state transformation of geographical entities in the real world and state transformation of geographical objects in the data world. Such model is not only closest to the modeling of the real world change processes but also is easy to identity the data delta resulted from the change process. The basis for tracing these changes is the concept of state transformation of geographical entities and objects. The state transformation of a geographical entity is described with an event (such as merge, split, appearance etc.). The state transformation of object is described with an operation in the data world (such as creation, deletion etc.). Based on a small set of primitives relating to the event types and operation types of objects, we model the semantics and data delta associated with change. The distribution of increment of the Chinese residential data in topographical database is used here as a case study.

Catering to the request of real-time characteristic of LBS, progressive transmission method of vector map data based wireless net is researched in this paper, in which the great data capacity of vector map and the narrow bandwidth of wireless network are considered as well. In the method, firstly, the map data needing to be transmitted are pre-processed. Different scales vector map data are depicted by LOD model and stored by multiple scale database (MSDB) in the server. Then according to the request of client, the requested scale vector map is dynamically retrieved. Finally the map data are gradually transmitted to client through the data increasable method and are combined in client. In the whole transmission process, responding to client's request, the transmission process begins with a low resolution vector data, with the transmission process going on, the resolution of the data arrived to client is progressively improved. The architecture of the transmission system is analyzed, data pre-processing and store method being studied and the whole transmission process of vector map data is expounded.

A reconciling vertical datum is fundamental for the seamless integration of multi-source hydrographic data. Based on the analyses of the current vertical datums used for hydrograph, this paper presents a new scheme to create a reconciling vertical datum. To resolve the problem of integrating geospatial data referred to different vertical surfaces, an ellipsoidal datum is adopted as a universal master reference surface; A (quasi) hydroid is defined and the method which determine the quasi hydroid is then introduced; The quasi geoid and hydroid are adopted as client datums. On the basis of the determination between the master datum and the client datums, the data derived from different datums can be aggregated seamlessly and discretionarily. Two methods which can transform depth data from one vertical datum to another when quickly aggregating hydrographic data are suggested, one is identical transformation parameters based on hierarchical grid, and the other is interpolation based on position.

Modern data-capture technology, especially digital photogrammetry technology, provides abundant data resources for digital city. Transportation network, forming framework of city, is an important component of city and a vital fundamental data of ITS and LBS (Location-based Services). Therefore, developing a data model is very valuable and significant which can describe 3D feature of city road network and support 3D navigation. Nowadays existing 3D GIS data models pay less attention to the support of transportation application, such as 3D vehicle navigation and traffic simulation, and previous GIS for transportation (GIS-T) data models failed to support 3D visualization. In view of it, we developed a 3D data model for transportation network that (1) supports of linear referencing system (LRS) and dynamic segmentation, (2) makes network topology build on the basis of 3D geometry network, and (3) realizes the transformation between linear coordinate and spatial coordinate. A performance study depicts that the proposed model can not only realize 3D visualization but also have transportation analysis (such 3D Vehicle navigation) more efficiently and conveniently.

With the upgrading requirements for the urban space environment quality, the traditional two-dimensional analysis software cannot meet the growing demand for multi-dimensional dynamic space analysis. This article is written by practicing the development of three-dimensional analysis software which programs on the basis of controlling piece of CCGIS's control GeoDEM. Based on the development of 3D analysis software for urban planning with GeoDEM, this article presents the issues to be taken care when developing the 3D analysis software for urban planning as well as the difficulties and knots met in the course of developing, and proposes possible solutions.

The difficulty on managing underground pipeline brings forward the demand for establishing Urban Underground Pipeline Information System (UUPIS). This paper mainly introduces ArcGIS Engine, the developing platform that UUPIS is based on. And it brings forward the major function targets of UUPIS. Some key functions and major implementation algorithms are briefly introduce. At last, the paper briefly introduces the process to construct the basic system framework and the final deployment project of UUPIS.

Topological relations are one of the most important aspects in GIS modeling. The topological relations between crisp spatial objects have been well identified. However, the topological relations between fuzzy spatial objects need more investigation. This paper discusses different definitions in fuzzy boundary and their differences and relations. One of the definitions is then selected as the fuzzy boundary for GIS. In order to identify the topological relations between fuzzy spatial objects, three intersection matrices, namely 3*3-intersection matrix, 4*4-intersection matrix and 5*5-intersection matrix, are proposed and formalized in a fuzzy topological space. These matrices are all applicable for identification of topological relations between fuzzy spatial objects. 152 topological relations between two simple fuzzy regions are identified based on the 4×4-intersection approach in R².

Urban land use/land cover patterns change rapidly in response to economic, social, and environmental forces. Remote sensing offers an important means of detecting and analyzing temporal changes occurring in urban area. Effective detection of urban change using remote sensing data is essential for urban environmental research, urban planning, and natural resources management. Jilin City is the second biggest city in Jilin Province, Northeast China. Recently, Jilin City has been grown quickly with the economic development. As an example, the growth of Jilin City is detected using multi-temporal Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data acquired on 25 October 1987 and 30 August 1996, and Landsat Enhanced Thermatic Mapper plus (ETM +) data acquired on 18 September 2000. Many digital algorithms have been developed for change detecting purposes. These include image overlay, image differencing, image regression, image ratioing, vegetation index differencing, principal components analysis, and so on. Four change detection techniques (image differencing, image regression, Kauth-Thomas transformation, and Chi square transformation) were examined in Jilin City with the aforementioned Landsat TM/ETM+ data. Sixteen change images of Jilin City were achieved with different accuracies of urban growth by these four change detection techniques. And the regression and differencing of TM/ETM + band 3 images are the most accurate for urban growth detection. Therefore, the image differencing technique was performed to get two urban growth images of Jilin City during the period of 1987-1996 and 1996-2000 using TM/ETM + band 3 images in 1987, 1996, and 2000. To be surprised, the Jilin City in the period of 1987-1996 grew as quick as it in the period of 1996-2000.

Zhejiang province is playing an increasingly vital role in China's overall economic growth. Concomitant with the dramatic economic development, this region has been undergoing tremendous urban growth on an unprecedented scale and rate. Many urbanization-related problems have been identified, including agricultural land and wetland loss, water pollution and soil erosion. There is an urgent need to detect and monitor the land cover change and analyze the magnitude and pattern, accurately and timely for planning and management. Remote sensing is a powerful tool for monitoring rapid change in the landscape resulting from urban development. However, change detection capabilities are intrinsically limited by the spatial resolution of the digital imagery in urban. The application of multi-sensor data provides the potential to more accurately detect land-cover changes through integration of different features of sensor data. Taking Hangzhou city as case study, this paper presents a method that combines principal component analysis (PCA) of multi-sensor data (SPOT-5 XS and ETM Pan data) and a hybrid classification involving unsupervised and supervised classier to detect and analysis land cover change. The study demonstrates that this method provides a very useful way in monitoring rapid land cover change in urban environment.

Earlier researches on modeling indeterminate geographic object have developed on twofold separately; one is the positional imprecision and the other is the thematic vagueness. But there are multitude of entities with both positional imprecision and thematic vagueness. So we design a formalized description model based on the quartuple (x, y, A, D), which integrates the positional and thematic uncertainties of the fuzzy point, fuzzy line and fuzzy region. Based on the model, we give a case of the site selection of dwelling house to test that the representation method is apt for fuzzy analyses and computation.

This paper proposed a systemic resolution scheme of Digital Elevation model (DEM) interpolation based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). In this paper, we employ BP network to fit terrain surface, and then detect and eliminate the samples with gross errors. This paper uses Self-organizing Feature Map (SOFM) to cluster elevation samples. The study area is divided into many more homogenous tiles after clustering. BP model is employed to interpolate DEM in each cluster. Because error samples are eliminated and clusters are built, interpolation result is better. The case study indicates that ANN interpolation scheme is feasible. It also shows that ANN can get a more accurate result by comparing ANN with polynomial and spline interpolation. ANN interpolation doesn't need to determine the interpolation function beforehand, so manmade influence is lessened. The ANN interpolation is more automatic and intelligent. At the end of the paper, we propose the idea of constructing ANN surface model. This model can be used in multi-scale DEM visualization, and DEM generalization, etc.

As one of essential design gist in important engineering projects, the seismic safety evaluation on choosing engineering site has been applied widely. Using remote sensing images, the analysis to regional seismotectonic environment can bring macroscopic, integrative, dynamic and high efficiency information, so the application of remote sensing technology in seismic safety evaluation of engineering site has fine prospect and will bring great benefit. In this paper, based on remote sensing interpretation to Landsat7 ETM images, also using GIS and field geological investigations, as a case study in Qingdao City, we analyze the physiognomy environment, new tectonic movement, faults activities, and the distributing of deleterious geological objects around the site. Then we find this method can provide good basic geological information for seismic safety evaluation.

ABM (Agent-Based Modeling) is a newly developed method of computer simulation. It has characteristics such as active, dynamic, and operational. Urban land-use change has been a focus problem all over the world, especially for the developing countries. We try to use ABM to model the urban land-use changes. By studying the mechanism of urban land use evolvement, we put forwards the thinking of modeling. And an urban land-use change model is built primarily based on the RePast software and GIS spatial database.

Chlorophyll a concentration estimated from satellite is very helpful to assess marine environmental pollution, particularly to detect and monitor algal bloom. On basis of spectral feature of chlorophyll, a new index, i.e. Normalized Difference Pigment Index (NDPI), which is a combination of blue band (its center wavelength 443 nm) and green band (its center wavelength 565 nm), was constructed to indicate the phytoplankton. COCTS (Chinese Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner) imagery obtained from the first ocean satellite HY-1 of China was calibrated, atmospherically corrected, registered and cloud masked. Firstly, NDPI was calculated. Secondly, correlation between NDPI and in situ chlorophyll a concentration measured in Liaodong Gulf was analyzed. R² is 0.692 (p<0.05). Finally band ratio was correlated with in situ chlorophyll a. And modified SeaWiFS OC4v4 algorithm was also used. Comparison shows that NDPI algorithm performed better than band ratio algorithm and the modified SeaWiFS OC4v4 algorithm. Estimated chlorophyll a concentration from NDPI algorithm shows good consistency with previous research based on field survey both in distribution trend and in magnitude. The result demonstrates the capability of COCTS in HY-1 for estimating chlorophyll a concentration. It is also shown that NDPI algorithm is applicable and encouraging for estimating chlorophyll a concentration in sea area.

Hyperspectral imagery of airborne imaging spectrometer (Pushbroom Hyperspectral Imager (PHI)) was acquired over KeLaMaYi, which situated in arid region of northwestern China. In situ hyperspectral data obtained with FieldSpec HandHeld spectrometer (ASD) simultaneously were analyzed for recognition of soil salinization. Some types of transformation were applied to the reflectance data of 60 soil samples, which preprocessed with a simple smoothing followed by band merging. A comparative study among these methods was made to ascertain their applicability for recognition accuracies. After multivariate analysis between ion concentration and reflectance data or their derivatives, a best statistical model was then extracted to predict the soil salinity and PH. Using this prediction model, subpixel classification applied to the corrected imagery helped to yield quantitative maps of soil salinity and PH. Such maps contributed to suggesting soil distribution and aggregation, estimating the spatial controls of erosion, and consequently, helping to plan soil improvement and soil conservation schemes.

An approach for automatic road extraction from remote sensing image is presented. The extraction is based on the knowledge about the road in high-resolution image. The information about the road is utilized to implement the watershed algorithm and guide the region merging. First, the Kalman filter algorithm is used to detect the straight line in the image, the center point of parallel line pairs is utilized as marker point to modify the morphological gradient of the input image by geodesic reconstruction, the modified gradient image is then segmented by the watershed transform. The segmentation result is input to region merging process. This process applies the region adjacency graph (RAG) representation of the segmented regions and knowledge about the road to execute the region merging, which significantly reduce the merging time. The proposed scheme was tested on remote sensing images of 2m resolution, and the results show that the extraction of road is quite promising.

In recent years, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has gained wide acceptance in different fields by its advantages over other analytical techniques. NIR techniques have the ability to record spectrum for solid and liquid samples with rapid speed and non-destruction. This article discusses the features and development of NIR spectroscopy in the last few years; the analysis procedure and some mathematical tools to acquire specific information; some NIR techniques and new equipment that adopted in agriculture fields; the application of NIR in quality inspection of agricultural products, such as cereal, fruits, vegetables, and animal products; the application prospect of NIR spectroscopy in modern agriculture. As a rapid-response analytical tool, NIR spectroscopy may plays an important role in quality inspection of agricultural products.

Vessel segmentation is the base of 3d reconstruction of Digital Subtraction Angiograph (DSA) images. This paper proposes a framework of adaptive local thresholding based on a verification-based approach for vessel segmentation of DSA images. The original DSA image is firstly divided into overlapping subimages according to a priori knowledge of the diameter of vessels. We implement a hypothesis test to determine whether each subimage contains vessels and then choose an optimal threshold respectively for every subimage previously determined to contain vessels, with a secondary verification process to exclude the condition that the subregion only containing the background but misclassified as one containing vessels by the hypothesis test. Finally an overall binarization of the original image is achieved by combining the thresholded subimages. Experiments demonstrate superior performance over global thresholding and some adaptive local thresholding methods.

Based on the fundamental theory of spatial information multi-grid (SIMG), a four-layer model to construct a Self-adaptive Spatial Information Multi-grid (SSIMG) is put forward, which includes 4 layers, i.e. the basic grid layer, the multi-level subdivided grid layer, the visualization grid layer and the bottom cell grid layer. In the next part, the framework to construct Self-adaptive Spatial Information Multi-grid is discussed. Firstly, the globe is divided into Multi-grid and coded to construct a SIMG; Secondly, the detailed feature can be acquired to build a grid database or extracted from traditional database; thirdly, threshold of dynamic grid subdivision can be determined, and a SSIMG can be constructed According to the threshold. The validity of SSIMG has been verified in case study at the last of this paper.

With the rapid development of urban, city space extended from surface to subsurface. As the important data source for the representation of city spatial information, 3D city spatial data have the characteristics of multi-object, heterogeneity and multi-structure. It could be classified referring to the geo-surface into three kinds: above-surface data, surface data and subsurface data. The current research on 3D city spatial information system is divided naturally into two different branch, 3D City GIS (3D CGIS) and 3D Geological Modeling (3DGM). The former emphasizes on the 3D visualization of buildings and the terrain of city, while the latter emphasizes on the visualization of geological bodies and structures. Although, it is extremely important for city planning and construction to integrate all the city spatial information including above-surface, surface and subsurface objects to conduct integral analysis and spatial manipulation. However, either 3D CGIS or 3DGM is currently difficult to realize the information integration, integral analysis and spatial manipulation. Considering 3D spatial modeling theory and methodologies, an object-oriented 3D integral spatial data model (OO3D-ISDM) is presented and software realized. The model integrates geographical objects, surface buildings and geological objects together seamlessly with TIN being its coupling interface. This paper introduced the conceptual model of OO3D-ISDM, which is comprised of 4 spatial elements, i.e. point, line, face and body, and 4 geometric primitives, i.e. vertex, segment, triangle and generalized tri-prism (GTP). The spatial model represents the geometry of surface buildings and geographical objects with triangles, and geological objects with GTP. Any of the represented objects, no mater surface buildings, terrain or subsurface objects, could be described with the basic geometry element, i.e. triangle. So the 3D spatial objects, surface buildings, terrain and geological objects can be integrated together with the TIN being its coupling interface. The software system, Geomo^3D, based on OO3D-ISDM and an application case in the central business district (CBD) of municipal Beijing are introduced. The case shows that the potential applications of OO3D-ISDM and Geomo^3D in the domains of digital city, digital geotechnical engineering and digital mine.

With the development of digital information technology in mining industry, the concept of DM (Digital Mining) and MGIS (Mining Geographical Information System) are becoming the research focus but not perfect. How to effectively manage the dataset of geological, surveying and mineral products grade is the key point that concerned the sustainable development and standardized management in mining industry. Based on the existing combined GIS and remote sensing technology, we propose a model named DMMIS (Digital Mining Management Information System), which is composed of the database layer, the ActiveX layer and the user interface layer. The system is used in Laozhaiwan Gold Mine, Yunnan Province of China, which is shown to demonstrate the feasibility of the research and development achievement stated in this paper. Finally, some conclusions and constructive advices for future research work are given.

While studying the vegetation degradation, Vegetation coverage percentage is often used. In the field of remote sensing, using vegetation index (NDVI, MSAVI, etc.) to descript vegetation coverage percentage is popular accepted and applied. In this paper, experiments in Aibi lake area were made in order to compare the difference between NDV, MSAVI and Vegetation coverage obtained by linear spectral unmixing. The results of the experiment indicate that vegetation coverage is more suitable for monitoring low vegetation cover dynamic change.

The ROI coding in JPEG2000 allows certain parts of the image are of higher importance than others. It offers a fast and efficient implementation for coding and transmitting remote sensing images. In this paper, we present a new ROI coding scheme called the PMBAShift method that not only retains advantages of the Maxshift method, but also alleviates the drawbacks of both ROI coding methods in JPEG2000. Four strategies are used to improving ROI coding efficiency. First, the PMBAShift shifts up the partial most significant bitplanes of ROI coefficients, which are no overlapping with any bitplanes of BG. It can ensure that the most important bitplanes of ROI coefficients are firstly coded and transmitted. Secondly, the most significant bitplanes of BG coefficients and general significant bitplanes of ROI coefficients are shifted up by bitplanes alternating scaling, which enables the flexible adjustment of compression quality in ROI and BG. thirdly, the least significant bitplanes of ROI coefficients are obtained in the original position. Finally, the least significant bitplanes of BG coefficients are shifted down and no overlap with any bitplane. The experiments for remote sensing images show that the new method can not only combine the advantages of the two standard methods of JPEG2000, but also efficiently compress multiple ROIs according to different degrees of interest without any shape information.

Since Geographic Information Systems (GISs) have been frequently employed in many realms in these years, studies on GIS-based spatial planning and decision has become more and more important nowadays. In Section 1, a short review is given to the applications of GIS in urban and regional planning. In Section 2, a participatory spatial planning based on GIS is introduced. Section 3 is a case study of Yibin City, Sichuan Province, which is the pilot study of National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC). The section is composed of the following five aspects: (a) Introduction of the study area, (b) The formal process of spatial decision, (c) The selection of evaluation criteria, (d) The construction of decision models, (e) The realization of public participation. Section 4 is the last section, the conclusion is put forward and a deep discussion on some existing problems during the research is proposed.

This paper firstly puts forward the evaluation models of land-reclaim, which is derived from the thoery of Fuzzy associative memory nerve network and corresponding supplemental CASE tools, based on the model the mode of land reclaim can determined, and then the elements of land-reclaim are displayed and synthesized visually and virtually by virtue of Arc/Info software. In the process of land reclaim, it is particularly important to build the model of land-reclaim and to map the distribution of soil elements. In this way rational and feasible schemes are adopted in order to instruct the project of land reclaim. This thesis mainly takes the fourth mining area of East Beach as an example and puts this model into practice. Based on Arc/Info software the application of land-reclaim is studied and good results are achieved.

Metadata is getting more important with the recent developments of the applications of spatial data. It has become the key issue for the water resources industry to make the management and application of metadata better and more effective. We divide the logical structure of the application system of metadata into three layers: concept, organization, and application. For the logical layers of metadata, we set up the standards, build databases, and develop the application services. To build a systematic application service model for metadata, we use the standards, databases, XML, and Web Service to manage, transmit, express, and distribute metadata in the water resources industry. With the Standard for Water Resources Geospatial Metadata, we summarize the past and current applications of metadata, study the specific methodologies, and develop a more efficient and systematic way to apply and manage metadata.

Region system is an open complex system. "Digital region", as the virtual reflection of the physical region system, is also an open complex system. It is necessary to study the digital region from the perspective of the region system. This paper investigates the concept and nature of the digital region and its relationship with the region system form the perspective of the region system and open complex system. Region system is a representative "Open complex giant system" and digital region is one special subsystem of region system and also a representative "Open complex giant system". "Digital region" is the outcome of the evolution of the self-organize of the region system. Just as the evolution of the region system, the digital region system is a self-organize system. The evolution of the digital region is dominated by the evolution of the region system and the information and communication technologies. Digital region exhibits the characteristic of "Open complex giant socio-technological" and not only a region spatial information system and the related technological system of region networked computer networks but also the communicating actors. The ultimate aim of the region system and the digital region is to support the region sustainable development.

The provision of food to breeding and migrating waterfowl is one of the major functions of submerged aquatic vegetation in shallow lakes. Vallisneria spiralis L. is a submerged aquatic plant species widely distributed within Jiangxi Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve, China. More than 95% of the world population of the endangered Siberian crane as well as significant numbers of Bewick's swan and swan goose over winter in this area, while foraging on the tubers of Vallisneria. The objective of this paper was to explore the possibility of estimating the aboveground biomass of Vallisneria in Dahuchi Lake using Landsat TM image. The relations between aboveground biomass and the bands of a Landsat TM image and their derived variables were investigated using uni- and multivariate linear and non-linear regression models. The results revealed significant but very weak relations between aboveground biomass and the remotely sensed variables. Hence Landsat TM imagery offered little potential to predict aboveground biomass of Vallisneria in this particular region. Possible reasons which could have caused these results were discussed, including: 1) the possible influence of suspended matter in the water; 2) the less accurate field sampling; 3) the limitations of spatial and spectral resolutions of Landsat TM image; 4) the methods used are not appropriate; 5) the homogeneously spatial distribution of aboveground biomass. We propose considering two alternative methods to improve the estimation of aboveground biomass of Vallisneria. First of all, results might be improved while combining alternative data sources (hyperspectral or high spatial resolution images) with innovative methods and more accurate sampling data; Secondly we propose assessing aboveground biomass while using productivity simulation models of submerged aquatic vegetation integrated with geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing.

Near-infrared reflectance (NIR) is a valuable fast and convenient technique able to quantify several soil properties. This research work was focused in to analyze the influence of moisture content, particle size, light source incidence angle and captator height on loamy mixed soil spectra. On the other hand, prediction models for Nitrogen (N) content at different moisture content and particle sizes were obtained, and the influence of these properties on N prediction was studied, as well as, the future applicability of NIR spectroscopy as a technique able to make prediction on site was analyzed. Captator height 100 mm and light source angle 45° were chosen as presenting sharpest spectra without apparent scatter effect above of the other heights and angles used. Moisture content and particle size were found to affect strongly the absorbance of the spectra and an accurate N prediction was obtained when the particle sizes vary from 0.5-1.0; 1.0-2.0 and 2.0-5 mm with r of 0.819; 0.815 and 0.818, respectively. Poor N prediction was obtained when the soil kept its natural moisture content with r of 0.575 and Standard Error of Prediction (SEP) of 3.275 on the contrary with the performance when it was dry with r of 0.815 and SEP of 2.425.

The mission of an Earth Observing Satellite (EOS) is to acquire images of specified areas on the Earth surface, in response to observation requests from customers for strategic, environmental, commercial, agricultural, and civil analysis and research. A target imaged can have one out of two shapes: a spot and a large polygonal area. A spot can be covered by a single scene of satellite sensor, while a polygonal area may require cutting-up into several contiguous strips to be completely imaged. Because of the orbit restriction, satellite can only view target during specific windows of opportunity when flying over the target. Furthermore, the satellite can only be tasked during such access time windows. Hence a scheduling method of satellite observing tasks has to be taken into account for utilizing satellite sensor efficiently. This paper intends to solve a specific segmenting and scheduling problem for area targets, which concerned with an optical observing satellite equipped with line array CCD sensor. In the paper, based on the analysis of characters of satellite sensor and observed area target, a new method of segmenting area target is given. And on the basis of segmenting results of area target, a scheduling model for multi area targets is proposed. In the paper end, experimental results and analysis are also presented.

In this paper, a method that integrates 3D GIS visualization, spatial statistical analysis, spatial database, environmental management & evaluation model for evaluating soil heavy metals pollution is presented. Based on the above method and strategies, taking the nearby farmland in the LongJiao hill mine district of Daye City in the Hubei province as an example, we found that the results using integrative method is superior to traditional method. With the technology of DTM and 3D visualization, the quantity of two heavy metals (Cu,Cd) in investigated six kinds of heavy metals (As, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd) was easily found that exceeds the soil environment quality standard GB15618-1995. The research discovers the new idea and method can improve the efficiency and precision comparing to traditional heavy metals investigation and evaluation method. Different with traditional 2D representation mode, the new method integrated 3D visualization can visually represent and adequately evaluate soil heavy metals pollution distribution situation in the mineral area.

Boulder fall hazard assessing generally requires gaining the boulder information. The extensive mapping and surveying fieldwork is a time-consuming, laborious and dangerous conventional method. So this paper proposes an applying image processing technology to extract boulder and assess boulder fall hazard from high resolution remote sensing image. The method can replace the conventional method and extract the boulder information in high accuracy, include boulder size, shape, height and the slope and aspect of its position. With above boulder information, it can be satisfied for assessing, prevention and cure boulder fall hazard.

Since image registering is still a difficult problem, the registered images of different time can not match on every pixel, which is usually caused by the differences of object projection from 3D to 2D. The projection differences are usually bigger for prominent objects such as buildings, especially on high resolution imagery, such as IKONOS, QuickBird. The misregistration of images will affect the results of change detection. A method is presented in this paper to lessen the effects of the misregistration. Firstly, the images are registered with a reliable strategy so that the ground can be registered correctly. Then the changes of image are detected with traditional algorithm according to image difference based on an iterative radiometric calibration. At last, region change rate of segmented image are used to improve the change detection results. The experiments show that the false detection of misregistering can be reduced greatly.

The aim of this study was to test a method for regional-scale soil salinization mapping in arid area using multi-source images, SPOT and ASTER, and digital elevation data. Two databases were used for the study. The first one was purely ASTER data, while in the second database the ASTER data was complemented with a SPOT data. To extract salinity information in effect, layers of DEM, slope, and aspect were integrated into two databases. The performance of these two databases when employed to derive soil salinization information was compared. Based on the analysis of field-derived data, it was concluded that soil salinity was consistent with land surface features. Two databases were then further processed using minimum noise fraction, pixel purity index, and then classified using spectral angle mapper. The thematic map of soil salinization was got, ultimately. The accuracy assessment showed that the SPOT-ASTER-DEM database got better result than that of ASTER. And the method is resultful for rapid assessment of soil salinization, especially in remote arid area where conventional methods are restricted.

The land in an urban is the basic space for urban dwellers. It provides places for various economic activities and is the economic radiation source that affects the development of the surrounding areas. With the fast development of industrialization and urbanization, the contradiction in land-use becomes tenser, which makes the urban administrators and decision-makers seek modern methods and technology to provide information support for the urban development. Recently, with the fast development of the high-resolution sensor technology, people can obtain lots of data, which can create the advantage for people to study sustainable development of urban land-use and provide a large amount of first-hand data. However, these data are not information. They are only information sources and are mixture of various "information" and "noise". Only through further process, analysis and information extraction of the data, can the remote sensing data and image obtained through remote sensing technology be converted into useful information from which valuable knowledge can be extracted to afford guideline for scientific decision-making. Therefore, this paper extracts the urban land-use information of high-resolution image by using the multi-features information of high-resolution image objects, as well as adopts Object-Oriented image analysis approaches and multi-scale image segmentation technology, and sets up the classifying and extracting model based on the multi-features of the image objects, in order to contribute to information for reasonable plan and effective management. It is obvious that this new image analysis approach offers a satisfying solution to extract information quickly and efficiently.

In this paper, a novel approach is developed for the purpose of rapid and fidelity Curvelet transform. It modifies the original algorithm in two aspects. Firstly, the numbers of projecting axes corresponding to subbands of finer scales are decreased, while at the same time axis numbers in coarser scales remain unchanged. Secondly, aiming to maintain signal resolution, interpolation and additive projection are introduced into smooth blocks and edge regions respectively. In addition, directional filter banks are employed to determine the dominant orientation in each edge region. Experimental results reveal that new method could increase PSNR around 0.4db, and saves averagely 49% of the executing time. Images processed by this new method obtain similar visual quality with coefficients less redundant. Furthermore, the modified algorithm conduces to noise removal as good as the original. It is verified as an efficient implementation of Curvelet transform.

Label algorithm is the center part in most of the shortest path algorithms, in which there are Label Setting and Label Correcting. Topological network consisting of nodes and arcs is used in Label Setting and Label Correcting algorithms. Open frame and Close frame are built in the course of searching. Then the node whose cost is the minimum will be put into Close frame. If the cost of the node is not the minimum while searching, it is saved into Open frame. The searching will be finished until all the object nodes are all saved into Close frame. However, the searching method is not fully applied to the traffic rule which is limited in turn restriction. Even if the rule which is prohibited passing between arc and arc is established in the topological network and the rule is kept during searching, the shortest path like P-Turn and Michigan-Turn can't be searched out. To search out the shortest path with turn restriction traffic rule, it is put forward a new searching method in which a Turn_open frame on the basis of using the Open frame and Close frame is built in the paper. Owning to making use of these three frames interactively, the shortest path which is proper to the traffic rule will be searched out successfully.

Soil erosion is a serious environmental and production problem in the Three Gorge Areas (TGA) of China. To decrease the risk on environmental impacts, there is an increasing demand for sound, and readily applicable techniques for soil conservation planning in this area. The objectives of the study were to develop and validate a soil erosion-predicting model based on the revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) in a geographic information systems (GIS) environment. The use of GIS to develop conservation-oriented watershed management strategies in the Taipingxi watershed is presented. Data used for the RUSLE were either determined or taken from published literature pertaining to the Taipingxi watershed. The study showed that the serious eroded area (sediment is higher than 50 t/ha) is 10.62%, but contributes 61.55% sediments of all watershed, while no or slightly eroded area (sediment is lower than 10t/ha) is 62.18%, only contributes 3.49% sediments in the watershed. In the watershed, the annual average soil loss rate from relatively flat agricultural land was approximately 21 t/ha, whereas 48 t/ha was found on the cultivated sloping lands, which constitutes a large proportion of soil loss. The results of the study imply the capability of the RUSLE in the GIS environment to predict soil loss quantitatively and spatially. And they also indicate that the RUSLE-GIS model is a useful tool for resource management and soil conservation planning. This technology is readily transferable and accessible to other land managers and agronomists in the TGA.

The rapid urbanization has resulted in the huge loss of agriculture land and water bodies, and thus has led to the deterioration of urban environment. Remotely sensed imagery has long been utilized to monitor spatial and temporal urban growth. This paper presents a methodology to monitor the shrinking 27 lakes in Wuhan from 1986 to 2002 by using remote sensing and GIS, based on various resolution imageries ranging from 10/20m SPOT PAN/XS to 5/10m SPOT5. Firstly, SPOT5 imageries were geo-referenced according to Gauss-Kruger projection with Krasovsky spheroid, by using 1:2000 topographical maps. Secondly, the rectified images (SPOT5) were used to geo-reference the rest (1986, 1995, and 2000 SPOT PAN/XS). The image processing is implemented through Erdas Imaging 8.7 package. The RMS error is controlled under the limit of 0.4 pixels. Thirdly, the spatial and temporal boundaries of 27 lakes locating in urban area are extracted by using normalized difference water index (NDWI), and their areas are calculated and can be compared for further analysis in a later stage in ArcGIS. This study has shown that these lakes are shrinking rapidly as stimulated by urban growth, and many of them have been drained and transformed into residential use. The results from further exploratory spatial data analysis indicate that three proximity variables (distance to urban centers, distance to major roads, and distance to water bodies) are the major spatial determinants in the spatial and temporal changes of these lakes.

With the development of hydrographical work and information techniques, the large variety of hydrographical information including electronic charts, documents and other materials are widely used, and the traditional management mode and techniques are unsuitable for the development of the Chinese Marine Safety Administration Bureau (CMSAB). How to manage all kinds of hydrographical information has become an important and urgent problem. A lot of advanced techniques including GIS, RS, spatial database management and VR techniques are introduced for solving these problems. Some design principles and key techniques of the HIMS including the mixed mode base on B/S, C/S and stand-alone computer mode, multi-source & multi-scale data organization and management, multi-source data integration and diverse visualization of digital chart, efficient security control strategies are illustrated in detail. Based on the above ideas and strategies, an integrated system named Hydrographical Information Management System (HIMS) was developed. And the HIMS has been applied in the Shanghai Marine Safety Administration Bureau and obtained good evaluation.

The evapotranspiration (ET) estimates derived in two ways from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). One of the two models is Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL), which calculates the surface energy flux with Minimal collateral datum, while the other is Two Sources Energy Balance (TSEB), which distinguishes the radiative character between soil and vegetation components. Compared with the in situ measurements, both models output the rational results, but their relative sensitivities and biases are different for the same input data. In our research site, the outcome from the SEBAL is better than TSEB.

The design of urban space is the process of making better places for people. As the graphical and computational language of space, space syntax focuses specially on making physical connection to integrate people and places. In this paper, the potential important role of space syntax for urban space design is presented. After briefly introducing the basic theory of space syntax model, its advantage comparing with other computational space modeling within GIS and its future development such as the extension to third dimension are discussed. Then the basic syntactical modeling for the corresponding process of spatial design is proposed. The multidimensional design for urban space based on syntactical modeling including morphological, functional, social, perceptual, temporal dimension is separately discussed in detail. Finally, a case study for Kanmen town of Zhejiang province of P.R.China is illustrated by using Axwoman tool.

The key of automatic change detection between multi-temporal images is these images' matching accuracy should reach sub-pixel level. Nevertheless, due to the influence of various factors of geometrical distortion, remote sensing images after precise geometrical correction always still have pixel-level geometrical distortion. Therefore, ideal result of automatic change detection can't be achieved by these images directly. This paper proposes a new automatic change detection approach based on least square image matching. Using least square method to correct images' distortion, we get the Maximum correlation coefficient by iteration and obtain the optimal match point. By correlation coefficient, whether change or not can also be estimated. This approach resolves the multi-temporal image matching accuracy's influence to the change detection result, by which the accuracy of automatic change detection is guaranteed. The experiment results are provided, which indicate the effectiveness and the reliability of the approach.

Beijing is the center of politics, economy and culture in China. In recent years, the rapid development has been taking place in the city, especially, after the successful application for 2008 Olympic Games. In order to know and control the city development it is necessary to monitor the changes. Timely and accurate change detection of the city is important for the administrant departments to promote better decision making. Given the current techniques available, remote sensing provides the most feasible approach to regional and larger scale land surface change detection. A critical step of many change detection methods is to select an appropriate threshold value to extract change information. In the paper, an adaptive determination method based on polygon area fit rate is brought forward. A method based on the integration of remote sensing and GIS is presented to analyze the change types. We apply this method in the change detection practical project of Beijing city and get good result.

Flood disaster loss evaluation (FDLE) plays a very important role in Flood Control Decision Support System (FCDSS). In recent years, there are more and more spatial data, especially Remote Sensing (RS) images data. Meantime, the updating ratio of RS images data is faster too. So in this paper we focus on flood disaster loss evaluation model based on RS images. It is very difficult to get value information in real time because all RS data resources are geographically distributed and heterogeneous, and these data update is also not rapid through traditional data service mode such as data purchase. Grid technology can provide us the capability to solve these issues effectively. In this paper, we firstly address the major characteristics of RS and Grid technologies, and analyze the possibility for FDLE services. Based on Grid technology, then we design the FDLE service system architecture and its implementing mechanism is addressed. Meantime, some key technologies such as data management and services management also are discussed. Finally, we implement an application service. All these efforts will help us integrate all diverse and separated data resources and offer more convenient and rapid FDLE information services. The experiment result shows that the scheme addressed in the paper is efficient and feasible.

Although data mining is relative young technique, it has been used in a wide range of problem domains over the past few decades. In this paper, the authors present a new model to forecast the cultivated land demand adopts the technique of data mining. The new model which is called fuzzy Markov Chain model with weights ameliorate the traditional Time Homogeneous Finite Markov chain model to predict the future value of cultivated land demand in land use planning. The new model applied data mining technique to extract useful information from enormous historical data and then applied fuzzy sequential cluster method to set up the dissimilitude fuzzy clustering sections. The new model regards the standardized self-correlative coefficients as weights based on the special characteristics of correlation among the historical stochastic variables. The transition probabilities matrix of new model was obtained by using fuzzy logic theory and statistical analysis method. The experimental results shown that the ameliorative model combined with technique of data mining is more scientific and practical than traditional predictive models.

Crop acreage monitoring is basic information necessary for wise management of plant natural resources. Recent developments in remote sensing technologies have created promising opportunities for improving agricultural statistics systems. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is one detector board on Terra's (EOS-AM1), which was lunched on December 18, 1999 by NASA. It offers a unique combination of spectral, temporal, and spatial resolution compared to previous global sensors, making it a good candidate for large-scale crop acreage estimating. However, because of subpixel heterogeneity, the application of traditional hard classification approaches to MODIS data may result in significant errors in crop area estimation, especially in China. This paper developed and tested an unmixing approach with MODIS data that estimates subpixel fractions of crop area based on the temporal signature of reflectance throughout the growing season. A zone that can get LANDSAT/TM data was chosen to be train dataset in this method. The paper assumes that the crop area estimating from LANDSAT/TM data is correct; in the training zone the crop area based on MODIS data can get from the classification result of LANDSAT/TM data. Then we can extend the result to a large-scale; finally we compare the result to national statistic data. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of subpixel heterogeneity in cropland systems, and the potential of temporal unmixing to provide accurate and rapid assessments of crop distributions using MODIS data.

The resources and environment of Chaobai River wetland is investigate based on 3S technology, the present situation and the basic problems in resources and environment of Chaobai River wetland is detected. So some governing and exploitation counter measures which lay the foundation for future dynamic inspection of river wetland in Beijing area is put forward.

Base on ETM+, TM and QuickBird satellite remote sensing images and other auxiliary materials of 1995 and 2004, regarding Longkou city, a small-media city located in Shandong province, relatively developed area of the east China, as the test area, the paper deals with the remote sensing data through the integrating and enhancing, making the information atlas, adopting the method of dividing layers of classification to draw the land utilizing information in studying area. Use the spatial analysis of GIS and mathematical statistics function, to analyze the essential feature of land utilization change in Longkou city in view of time and space, and to discuss driving force of land utilization change from natural and humane society. The analysis result can offer effective decision for relative authorities to support land sustainable utilization.

The simulation of land use change process needs the support of Geographical Information System (GIS) and other relative technologies. While the present commercial GIS lack capabilities of distribution, prediction, and simulation of spatial-temporal data. Cellular automata (CA) provide dynamically modeling "from bottom-to-top" framework and posses the capability of modeling spatial-temporal evolvement process of a complicated geographical system, which is composed of a fourfold: cells, states, neighbors and rules. The simplicity and flexibility make CA have the ability to simulate a variety of behaviors of complex systems. One of the most potentially useful applications of cellular automata from the point of view of spatial planning is their use in simulations of urban sprawl at local and regional level. The paper firstly introduces the principles and characters of the cellular automata, and then discusses three methods of the integration of CA and GIS. The paper analyses from a practical point of view the factors that effect urban activities in the science of spatial decision-making. The status of using CA to dynamic simulates of urban expansion at home and abroad is analyzed. Finally, the problems and tendencies that exist in the application of CA model are detailed discussed, such as the quality of the data that the CA needs, the self-organization of the CA roots in the mutual function among the elements of the system, the partition of the space scale, the time calibration of the CA and the integration of the CA with other modular such as artificial nerve net modular and population modular etc.

Nowadays, rapid urban growth will affect large social, environmental, economic and public health impacts in China. There is therefore a need for timely spatial information on urban change, i.e. urban change mapping. Aviation survey and satellite remote sensing are the main ways to obtain the information of earth surface. Compared to aviation survey, the satellite remote sensing makes it cost-efficient for urban change mapping at 1:10,000 scale. SPOT5 remotely sensed images are the more befitting data for this application than other satellite remotely sensed data now. The key technical problem is that whether the vector data error of urban change is within the mapping error limitation at this scale. In order to obtain the vector data precision and provide the precision reference for the application of SPOT5 image to urban change mapping, a case study was taken in Yangxunqiao of Shaoxing city. Based on the SPOT5 images acquired and the ground control points (GCPs) and check points taken by differential GPS through field survey, the geometric correction of images and urban change mapping at 1:10,000 scale were performed. The relevant indices were used to evaluate point position error, line feature error and polygon feature error of urban change vector data with field surveying data and simultaneous IKONOS images. The point position precision results were: root mean square (RMS) of X-3.93 m, RMS of Y-4.13 m, RMS of plane -5.71 m and the average relative polygon area accuracy was 88.05%. Finally the conclusion was made that urban change mapping based on SPOT5 image can satisfy well with the precision demand of 1:10,000 scale.

Accuracy assessment has become increasingly recognized as an integral component in thematic classification of remotely sensed imagery, for which descriptors such as percentage of correctly classified pixels (PCC) and Kappa coefficients of agreement have been devised for statistical inference about significance of classification accuracy. However, such spatially averaged measures about accuracy neither offer hints about spatial variation in misclassification, nor are they useful for quantifying error margins in land cover derivative products, such as land cover change. Such limitations originate from the deficiency that spatial dependency is not properly accommodated in the conventional methods for classification accuracy assessment and error analysis. Geostatistics provides a good framework for uncertainty characterization in land cover mapping and change detection. This paper seeks to extend and consolidate geostatistical approaches to accuracy assessment and error modeling in land cover and land cover change. Methods for creating spatially explicit maps of misclassification and mis-detection of change will be developed on the basis of classified samples and, possibly, covariates, such as spectrally derived class memberships. It is anticipated that systematic research into uncertainty characterization will contribute to long-term development of large-area land cover and land cover change data, as important components in the comprehensive array of biophysical, environmental, climate, and socio-economic databases.

Soil data is an important type of categorical data, which includes spatial data describing geographic distribution of soil and attribute data describing physical and chemical soil properties. Soil data is applied in various professional studies such as soil and land resources studies, environment protection, economic analysis and urban planning etc. The themes in these professional studies are variable, therefore, the details and contents of soil data are required diversely. Soil data generalization is one of valid methods and tools to abstract and employ corresponding soil data with the themes. From the point of view, the strategies of soil data generalization should be adjusted with diverse themes, for example, generalization knowledge, sequence of operators, algorithms of operators should be different for different themes. This paper discusses the basic principles about theme-oriented generalization of soil data, and especially explores generalization knowledge and its application in different themes.