Influence of the higher modes of radiation on characteristics of a frequency reference with an external interferometer is considered. It is shown, that the higher modes can influence essentially on reference frequency shifts through the mechanism of "pulling" in case of local detection of a laser beam.

Design principles of homodyne laser interferometric linear displacement transducers (LIDT) realizing within their interface modules an original digital data processing algorithm are considered. The use of designed LIDT as a feedback transmitter in X-Y table control system of laser photoplotter CLWS-300 is given as an example. The system provides table positioning accuracy of ± 5 nm. Maximum velocity of the table is 1 m/s. Laser displacement measurer with small-size digital indicator unit is described. The results of inspection and calibration of measuring systems of unique processing center of Italian company "Berardy" are presented.

Laser strainmeters allow to register processes in very wide ranges of amplitudes and frequencies, where in most cases they can not be treated as stationary and linear. Using method of empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert transformation, proposed by Huang ¹, measurements of the Earth crust microdeformations, sea level and atmosphere fluctuations were analyzed. Diurnal and semidiurnal maximums are present in the microdeformations and sea level spectra, but they differ considerably in the range of periods less than 6 h. Spectra of air pressure and microdeformations are similar in the range from 6 hours till minutes. A numeric modeling was used to clarify the possible role of internal tides and short internal waves in generation of the crust microdeformations.

The theory of envelopes represents section of applied mechanics deformable rigid the skew fields, having extensive field of practical application. In the problem we shall consider an earth's crust, for simplicity of calculation is replaceable its integral envelope consisting of three stratums. We used a method of minimization of a discrepancy. The essence of a method consists in minimization of a discrepancy in the least significant equations of state. Thus the discrepancy can serve as a standard of a lapse. This method adds the applied theory a split-hair accuracy within the framework of the accepted assumptions.

An experiment on contactless diagnostics of COIL active medium has been carried out. A method of deriving main parameters (pressure and temperature) from the shape of absorption/gain line of atomic iodine has been developed and tested. The paper includes description of the method, experimental unit and data analysis procedure.

The technique of laser gyroscope on the basis of the gas ring laser at use in the spectral dispersive and absorptive analysis of substance allows attaining to the ultrahigh frequency resolution (not worst than 10^-16). Experimental check of a method is realized on the basis of research of air on dispersive dependence.

The concept of calculation of the absorption band of Iodine-127 is presented. A brief presentation of the software for the atlas of absorption lines of Iodine-127 is also presented.

The results of optical scheme building and optical parts' characteristics influence on polarizing Lidar operation in structure of multi-functional multi-wave mobile Lidar complex are listed.

The problem of large-scale solid-state laser disk elements thermo-optical condition is obtained. Conjugation heat transferring was simulated with help of commercial program CFX. The gas and liquid was obtained as cooler separately. It was shown that thermo-optical properties of liquid strongly influence on laser beam aberration structure in comparison with integral disc aberrations at liquid cooling. Thermo-optical phase heterogeneities of the cooling gas are less than disc aberrations. The most effective method of phase aberration corrections is aperture masking to delete a laser beam part with most strong phase aberrations.

Our development concerns an optical instrument-making, particularly the reflectometers - the instruments intended for a measurement of a reflection coefficient of the smooth surfaces by an extra accuracy method using an interflection of the controllable sample. At the same time a problem of measurement of the light-transmission factor for transparent samples (with or without any optical antireflecting coating) is solved including a possibility of the multiple passing of the radiation through the investigated sample. The purpose of this research was a creation of a metrological test bench to measure reflection coefficients of mirrors with the high-reflective (close to 1) multi-layer interference surfaces with the help of the high-precision, noninvasive and nondestructive method and the measurement of the light-transmission factor for transparent samples. The detailed calculation of the optical scheme for several wave bands has been made. An analysis of the influence of different factors on a measurement error has been carried out. It has been demonstrated that the use of the offered reflectometer would allow to reduce the measurement errors.

It is proposed to use a matching device for measurements of semiconductor laser characteristics in pulse mode with the use of CCD cameras. The matching device is due to perform light pulses synchronization with frame and line camera pulses. It was developed a version of the synchronizer on basis of microcontroller under computer control. In the case of two-dimensional approximation it was solved the problem for the form of the spreading screen with uniform angular resolution, which is used for radiation pattern measurements of wide-angle beams of semiconductor lasers.

Polarization aberration calculations are made with taking into consideration of diffraction. The calculation method uses presentation of radiation by coherent sum of Hermit-Gaussian modes with definite amplitude, phase and polarization state. Evaluation for a field longitudinal component in the lens focal point.

Process of ultrashort pulse time structure reconstruction using FROG method and/or its variants is analyzed from two starting positions. The first one is in using of some general properties of pulses in a far zone of diffraction. This way permits for the increasing of stability of the inverse mathematical problem solution by reduction of the set of test functions. The possibility of reconstruction of the form of pulse emitted by laser itself from the results obtained in the far zone of diffraction is shown. The second position is in the analysis of space-and-time structure of the interference pattern formed in the nonlinear transparent matter used to produce the signal to be measured. To explain the formation of self-diffraction signal, the hypothesis of Cherenkov emission from this pattern is proposed. Special effects of spectrum transformation are discussed and some indirect confirmation of the idea is demonstrated.

Light interference field investigation by slidable diffraction grating is considered. This grating allows to see the range of peaks and valleys of interference. Photodiode is located in the beam besides of light interference field. The absence of energy pulsation of main part of light beam was found in time of scanning of interference field by grating. It enables to make a conclusion on about absence of spatial distribution of light radiation energy after adding of both light waves. Distribution of energy (interference) becomes only at the energy receiver placed into interference field. Hence light interference is the interaction of radiation and substance of receiver.

The investigation of the transverse photorefractive effect in KD*P crystal are carried out by interferometric method at its excitation perpendicularly of optical axis of the crystal on the wave length 1 ,08 microns. The results are compared with earlier obtained at excitation of the effect along an optical axis of the crystal. It was found that the amplitude of the photorefractive field in longitudinal geometry of excitation is to adequate amplitude of a field in transverse geometry of excitation, truth at some magnification of the density of energy of stimulating radiation.

There is a set of definition methods of the molecular substances composition and molecules performances, but the most sensing and in too time not influencing an explored sample is the method of resonant Raman effect (resonant Raman scattering, RRS). In the present work we viewed RRS on one of the most toxic substances - monomethyihydrazine. Result of the done work became an electronic absorption spectrum, an oscillatory spectrum and spectra of a resonant Raman scattering monomethylhydrazine without taking into account and taking into account of an interference of bands.

Separate absorption, grading, charge and multiplication avalanche photodiode in gating Geiger photon counting mode was tested. The avalanche appearance time distribution was investigated. The dark count performance has been improved at the same quantum efficiency due to avalanche amplitude selection. The dark count probablility as 2.7×10^-5, afterpulsing probability 2×10^-3 and 13.5% quantum efficiency have been achieved at photodiode temperature -40°C.

High sensitive multi channel pulse oxymeter - spectrophotometer for control of the local tissue oxygen saturation is presented. Due to an original method of data storing and processing the accuracy of measurements 3-4 times are increased in compare with similar systems. This system is used for registration of the local changes of arterial blood saturation with oxygen under effect of low intensity laser radiation. It is shown that the photodissociation of oxyhemoglobin in cutaneous blood vessels play a dominant role in the mechanism of biostimulating and therapeutic effect of low intensity laser radiation. The results of experimental investigation in vivo the dependence of arterial oxygen blood saturation on temperature and the wavelength of laser radiation are presented. It is suggested that dosimetry for laser therapy could be base on regulation of local concentration of free oxygen in tissue.

The operation of a unit for measuring the temporal characteristics of a pulsing laser radiation has been investigated. This unit allows one to control the main energy and temporal parameters of various pulsed lasers of low and medium power in the wavelength range (0.4 - 1.1) μm and, at a maximum energy density of no more than 0.5 J/sm² in the energy range (10^-3 - 1) J at a radiation pulse duration of 10 ^-8 - 10^-2 sec. The metrology characteristics of the unit considered has been determined. The total relative indeterminacy in measuring the peak power of pulses and the pulse duration did not exceed 4.6 and 4.4%, respectively.

Basic principal of stability measurements of laser radiation power and energy, individual uncertainties of measurement results are presented. Two devices for stability measurements are described in brief. Metrological characteristics of these two setups were tested. Individual uncertainties of measurements and the smallest measured relative statistical fluctuation were determined.

The formula for an evaluation of individual uncertainty of laser radiation power stability measurement due to final number of power measurements, involved in a stability calculation, is derived. There were considered some features imposed by digital power values registration that has resulted in a formula for a stability measurement limit estimation and individual uncertainty of stability measurement caused by an instrument resolution. There was established an influence of drift on measured power radiation stability and the formula of addition drift and fluctuation parts of power stability was checked up.

The description of designed in the Institute of Physics of NAS of Belarus the device for measurement of attenuation factors of laser radiation attenuators is adduced. The measurement procedure, and realization of calculations and representation of uncertainties of the results of a measurement on the device MAPLR is stated. The results of an attenuator factor calculation for the mechanical attenuator, which is included in a complete set of the laser radiation power and energy meter NM0 -2H and its uncertainty are adduced.

Setup for cw laser average power measurement and laser average power detector calibration (SCLP) and setup for laser energy measurement and pulse laser energy detector calibration (SPLE) were created. In 2004 setups were certificated.

The simple method for measurement of birefringent optical fibers parameters of (the extinction coefficient, the directions of birefringence axes and the excitation coefficient of polarization modes) is represented. Method based on the interference of polarization mode beams at the output of the linear analyzer. The theoretical model is based on the Jones's matrix method. The influence of finite analyzer extinction on measurement accuracy is researched. The influence of source coherence is considered. Experiments with PM fiber (length from 1000 down to 2 m) present a extinction coefficient measurement in range from 100 to 75000. Experimental results are coordinated well to results of calculations and known data.

A fiber optic current sensor (FOCS) using the Faraday effect in a fiber coil is presented. The current sensor is realized on the base of the all-fiber low-coherent reflection interferometer. An Erbium-doped fiber superfluorescent radiation source and a sensing SPUN hi-bi fiber coil are applied in the interferometer. The detectivity of the sensor is about 70 mA/square root of Hz, the scale factor error is about ±0.5%, the range of measured currents is 01.A - 3000A, and the bandwidth is up to 10kHz. Some physical and technical sources of the FOCS scale factor errors are studied. It is shown that the normalized optical scale factor of the FOSC is virtually independent of the SPUN fiber length for a given coil diameter. The evaulative relation for the FOCS scale factor error owing to the spectrum instability of light wideband source is given.

We present the results of experimental research of a novel recirculating fiber ring interferometer (RFRI) with intracavity erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and superfluorescence fiber source at wavelength near 1.55μm. Being used as a rotation sensor, the interferometer provides 16 times higher scale factor and 4 times better threshold sensitivity (detectivity) than the equivalent perfect Sagnac interferometer. It is shown that further increase in the RFRI sensitivity is limited by dynamic, nonlinear and noise characteristics of the EDFA.

The method of measurement of thermo-optical distortions (a thermal lens) in the active element Nd:YVO₄ arising under axial diode pumping which distinctive feature is simplicity of processing and speed of reception of results of measuring have been described. Investigations were realized by means of Hartmann method based on monitoring of parameters of pumping radiation wave-front passing through investigated optical element. It is shown, that the proposed method enables direct investigation of thermo-optical distortions in small pumped areas (hundreds and tens micrometers). Presented is a method for research of thermo-optical distortions in an active element ensuring direct measurement of high orders aberrations.

This paper presents the results of theoretical and experimental researches of perception of CRT's phosphor radiation sources. The difference of perception of monochromatic and quasimonochromatic radiation sources has been examined. The experiment setup and sequence have been developed. The program of model operation of test display images has been created. The photometric and colorimetric measurements of display's phosphor light sources have been carried out. The experiments on color matching at observation of test display images have been described. The practical recommendations have been offered.

The speckles of multimode optical fibers were numerically simulated. Is shown, that the spatial characteristics of speckles should have an anisotropy. The comparison with the experiment was carried out. Influencing of defects of optical fibers on parameters of speckles was detected.

The parameters of retroreflection of the monolayer of glass beads of the different size and quality in paint for road marking are measured. The new method of simultaneous measurement of the size and coefficient of retroreflection of separate beads is offered. The system of the statistical characteristics of optical quality is introduced. The measurements for different dimensional fractions are carried out. The capability of estimation of influencing of defects of glass beads on retro reflecting properties of the materials is shown.

The questions of realizing of complex of spectral equipment in an optical range with transfer spectroscopic information (SI) by the optical fiber communication link (OFCL) is considered. Optical spectral device (SD) based on acoustooptic tunable filter (AOTF) is used as the spectral analyzer. The description of block diagram of such complex of spectral measurements is given and results of experimental researches of operational laboratory model realizing the given method and created in laboratory of acoustooptic devices of the St-Petersburg state university of aerospace instrumentation making are resulted.

The acousto-optical processor (AOP) is based on an acousto-optical spectrum analyzer with a CCD photodetector operating in special pipeline mode (shift-and-add mode), which allows spectral components of the input signal to be added with controlled time delay immediately in the CCD photodetector. The proposed AOP was successfully used on radiotelescope RT-64 (Kalyazin Radio Astronomy Observatory FIAN) for the observation of pulsars at 1 .4 GHz in 45 MHz bandwidth. The AOP frequency scale calibration allows increasing accuracy of measurement of time of arrival radioemission pulses. Experimental results on investigation of AOP work on RT-64 and radioemission pulses profiles for pulsar PSR 1937+21 are submitted.

The possibility of dispersion relation application for determination of optical properties of reflecting surfaces with help of complex holograms, formed in a specified frequency band is considered. By means of digital simulation the structures of complex Fresnel holograms of plain objects with metal and dielectric surfaces at several optical wavelengths are investigated. Methods and optical scheme are suggested for the formation of Hartley holograms and the reconstruction from them of images of the objects with complex reflection functions. It is shown that the reflection coefficient and phase variation upon reflection of optical radiation from the object under study can be determined from the intensity of the image reconstructed from Hartley holograms.

The fabrication of diamond-based optical elements for high-power CO₂ lasers is of particular interest because of low optical absorption, high thermal conductivity and weak temperature dependence of the refractive index of diamond [1]. However, the use of high-quality CVD diamond plates in this field is limited by substantial Fresnel-reflection losses (about 30%) and small thickness (up to 1-2 mm) which restricts an aperture of a classical optical element. In [2,3], a technology of diamond film surface antireflective structuring using the selective ablation of the surface of the diamond-like substrate by the excimer UV laser light is discussed. In [4,5], a technology of UV laser ablation has been successfully applied for manufacturing the diffractive lens micro- relief. In [6,7], the manufactured diamond diffractive optical elements (DOEs) to focus the CO₂ laser light are studied experimentally and the results are discussed. However, the technology described in [4-7] does not allow the micro- relief to be generated with a feature size less than 10-20 μm², which certainly decreases the potential fields of the technology application. For instance, it would be difficult or impossible to use such technology for wavelength less than 10.6 microns. In this paper, we look into the possibility of generating a micro-relief on the diamond substrate using ion-chemical and plasma-chemical etching technologies. In [8] we presented first results of ion-chemical etching technology application for diffractive grating formation on the surface of diamond film. Later, in [9] results of diamond micro-lenses and sub-wavelength antireflection structures formation by plasma etching were presented. In the present paper, we continue investigation of grating formation on the diamond surface by plasma and ion etching.

The functional devices based on nonlinear characteristics of optical waveguides - fiber and planar - are perspective for signal processing in fiber-optical systems and transmission networks. Among the most effective devices of such type are widely applied a nonlinear optical loop mirror and devices of generation of a supercontinuum in nonlinear fibers. In the report the outcomes of the analysis of the characteristics some of these devices are represented in view of their interaction with other units both sites of systems and networks of a fiberoptic communication: by optical amplifiers, wave converters, photonic switches. The comparative efficiency of nonlinear optical waveguide arrangements in modem perspective fiber-optical transmission networks is rated.

The model of multisignal conditions, synthesis of algorithm of allocation of the information of each radio signal and technique of the analysis of work of the synthesized algorithm is offered.

An actual problem of the modern medicine is statement of the diagnosis of diseases of a thyroid gland of the person. Extreme sensitivity of this organ to a X-ray radiation and invasive to methods puts a problem about development of an optical tomograph of a high solution. For this purpose the method of coherent optical detection (CDT) in a combination to a posteriori handling can be used with the purpose of elimination of influence of a spread function of a figuring system.

Photon switches of a new type, based on semiconductor nanostructures have been developed. It reveals universal pure optical switches. Application of these switches lies in a field of systems of optical processing of information, optical calculating devices, totally optical communication lines with optical addressing of informational signals etc. The switches display high switching frequency (up to 10⁶ cycL/sec), large modulation amplitude, function under weak controlling optical signal with power densities I<1W/cm². They might be realized on a basis of semiconductor nanostructures with electrooptical semiconductor crystals (CdTe, GaAs) via the standard technologies of microelectronics. The switches are realized on the component optoelectronic base of a new type, which allows to get the optical recording of information with a rate of about 10⁶cycl/sec, what is 3-4 orders of value of contemporary known registering media. The possibility of realization of such switches on a basis of cheap compensated crystals of CdTe and GaAs is discussed in the paper.

This work is dedicated to present-day state of nanotechnology and researches on methods of fractal structures production and spheres of its application. The experimental and theoretical researches on Fractal Nano-Dimensional Films production are carried out and the received results are discussed.

Optical fibers as detectors of radiation have a lot of advantages: big length, little diameter, no electrical interference, and an opportunity to measure radiation from the spread source. Optical characteristics of pure silica glasses as a material for optical fibers are very important. Luminescence spectra of high-purity silica glasses made by sol-gel technology have been investigated. Silica glasses are very stable and their characteristics are changed in narrow range. Sol-gel technology was chosen because it allows obtaining samples with different properties during changing technology. In other technologies, uncontrolled admixtures presence leads to big number of luminescence bands appearance. Their analysis is difficult. Luminescence band with energy of 1,9 eV appeared during exposition of glasses to gamma-irradiation. Luminescence intensity dependence on irradiation dose is analyzed. Appearance reasons are investigated. Absorption band with energy 2,0 eV appears in glasses during irradiation due to nonbridging oxygen hole centers (NBOHC:identical to Si- 0upward arrow). The same centers are responsible for luminescence with 1,9 eV. Energetic diagram is proposed. Principle scheme of gamma-irradiation optical fiber sensor is proposed on the basis of optical fiber made by sol-gel technology. Optical fiber is illuminated from the lightsource with energy of 2,0 eV. Luminescence appears at those portions of optical fiber, which are exposed to gamma irradiation. Such luminescence pulses are registered from both sides of optical fiber. Travel time is proportional to the distance from the end of fiber to irradiated portion. Length of pulse is proportional to the length of portion. Thermal annealing of optical fiber is discussed.

A new method for extraction of information on molecular masses from electrospray mass spectra is described. The method operates with a peak table as an input and is based on the analysis and decomposition of mass spectrum structure. Detection of isotope clusters is based on comparison of mass spectrum with isotope pattern calculated on the set of simulated mass spectra. The described method is programmed as a fast routine. Examples of decomposition of real mass spectra are presented.

The phenomenon of "back crown discharge" in the settled aerosol particles layer appears at the dust -gas flows departing from technological devices refining for solid particles with high specific electric resistance. The positive ions flow has been generated in the inter - electrode space at this phenomenon which due to recombination reduces the particle charge value and as consequence - the technological efficiency of the electro-filter. The process of "back crown discharge" appearance and its influence on the basic ions and the charged particles flows is considered in this report.

The formation of blind narrow channels in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) volume under the action of one pulse of TEA CO₂ laser radiation hues been discovered and experimentally studied. An existence of three distinctive regimes of laser-polymer interaction in different power density ranges due to an influence of plasma formation at low threshold nearsurface optical breakdown was shown. The formation of spherical type micro damages in a near surface layer of polymer produced due to local volume boiling were observed.

The surface plasmon resonance in Kretchmann configuration showing reflectivity maxima in thin palladium films has been discovered and investigated. The resonant curve form and angular position are influenced by thin film palladium whose properties (the frequency of nonelastic electron collisions in metal (γ) and the metal electron plasma frequency (ω_p)) depend on concentration of hydrogen in ambient medium. It is shown that by increasing the γ value and decreasing the ω_p value the resonant curve half-width broadens. Behavior of reflected beam phase as functions of γ and ω_p was simulated. It is shown that inverted resonance for surface plasmons for palladium may be used for wide class of SP-based sensors, in particular, for sensors of small hydrogen concentration.

We carried out a study of action of helium-neon laser irradiation on the course of the wound process. For this purpose we used helium-neon optic quantum generator with the emission wavelength of 0.6328 μm. The cytological study has shown that the laser irradiation activates processes of phagocytosis and reparation and reduces microbial insemination of wounds. The histological, histochemical, and electron microscopic studies of the dynamics of gun wound healing have shown that under effect of laser irradiation, duration of the inflammatory reaction and the associated incidence of infectious complications were reduced; the initial signs of cell proliferation appeared sooner. Further, acceleration of differentiation of fibroblasts and an increase of their collagen-synthetic activity were noticed.

The researches of speckles of radiation, reflected from the surface of the enamel of dens in coherent light are executed at different conditions of measurements. Is detected, that the speckles of radiation in the direction of mirroring is anisotropic. The intercoupling of parameters of speckles with kinds of defects is reviewed. The capability of division of anisotropic and isotropic components and theoretical capability of identification of defects of dental enamel with using the parameters of speckles is shown.

In this paper results of experiments on laser-plasma processing hard tissues of a tooth (enamel, dentine) with use developed are resulted on the basis of laser technological installation "KVANT-15" of the pulse-periodic subnanosecond laser with short-term resonant modulation of losses. Comparison of results of laser-plasma action and influence by nanosecond pulses of the Q-switched laser in a mode of a giant pulse is made. It is revealed, that as against influence in a mode of a giant pulse, at laser-plasma processing by ultrashort pulses thermal damages of enamel and a dentine are not observed. Experimentally received productivity of laser-plasma processing appeared not worse, than in experiments on mechanical and laser processing.

A method of laser treatment of patients suffering from osteochondrosis of the cervical section of the spine combined with vertebral-basilar insufficiency is presented.

Medical industry domestic achievements in production of scanning laser stimulators for preventive and therapeutical treatment.