Polarimetric investigation of fully resolved speckle patterns provides a direct measure of the joint distribution of Stokes vector elements. In the case of highly diffusive media, Gaussian statistics are usually invoked to describe the field distribution and subsequently determine the polarization distribution. However, it has been shown that various types of globally unpolarized field distributions can arise in practice, and that second order polarization correlations can be used as a means for discriminating these various ensembles. We examine polarization correlations as they relate to the thickness and morphological structure of bulk scattering media. We also comment on the usefulness of the complex degree of mutual polarization as a discriminator in this regime.

Unlike the homogeneous basic ("canonical") polarization devices, many inhomogeneous (multilayer) polarization devices have non-orthogonal eigenvectors. They may be called non-orthogonal devices. Their operators pertain to a class of operators unusual in physics and somewhat peripheral even in the linear operator theory the non-normal operators. Moreover, the operators of some multilayer polarization devices are of a very pathological kind: singular and defective (with the eigenvectors collapsed onto one and the corresponding eigenvalue equal to zero). In this paper we give a comparative analysis of some of the most widespread orthogonal and non-orthogonal multilayer polarization devices - to which correspond normal and non-normal operators, respectively - on the basis of the spectral theorem of linear algebra in a pure operatorial (non-matrix) Dirac-dyadic language.

The statistical properties of three-dimensional laser speckles formed with orthogonally crossed multiple speckle waves are studied theoretically. The analytical expressions for the first and second order statistics of the crossed speckle fields are derived, and the theoretical results are verified by means of computer simulations. In the simulations, fractal speckles are also analyzed to examine the self-similar properties of the resulting field. The correlation properties of clipped speckles are investigated to explore the possibility of fabricating fractal random media by means of photopolymerization for three-dimensional patterning of micro structures.

Networks of possible topological gratings of complex light fields with polarization singularities were established and measured first. All allowed morphological forms of optical isotropic points were measured first in optics and discussed. Strong and weak transformations of topological networks and induced topological reactions under controllable field perturbations were realized and investigated.

Coherent and completely polarized optical radiation, being stationary multiply scattered, becomes globally non-polarized. Nevertheless, the degree of polarization equals unity at any point of the scattered field, which is characterized by nonuniform spatial distribution of the polarization azimuth and ellipticity, so that the state of polarization changes from point to point. In this paper we discuss some approaches to describe such "pseudodepolarized" optical fields and introduce convenient measures of the distance between the states of polarization in two points of such fields connected with the observable quantities.

Two types of paraxial light beams which show a sort of rotation around the propagation axis are studied. In beams with "intrinsic" rotation (e.g., superpositions of Laguerre-Gaussian modes having the same waist and Gaussian envelope radius) the transverse structure rotates during the free beam propagation because of certain internal reasons. The transverse structure experiences the self-similar transformation, in which every point of the beam cross section moves as if it performs a centrifugal fly-off due to inertia. In case of "extrinsic" rotation, a beam is set in rotation due to action of some rotatory optical system. Such beams can be represented as superpositions of angular harmonics with different frequencies. This "forced" rotation causes the angular momentum of the rotating beam which is proportional but directed oppositely to the angular velocity ofthe rotation. This mechanical feature is associated with the complicated 3D helical structure ofthe forcedly rotating beams.

The spin angular momentum (AM) of a light beam appears due to presence of circular or elliptic polarization. Its characterization is coupled with some paradoxical features which are commonly recognized but, to our opinion, are not satisfactorily explained in the known literature. Namely, for a spatially-homogeneous circularly polarized beam, the spin AM density is zero at every point of the beam's cross section while the beam itself carries the non-zero AM. We discuss the physical reasons of this situation. Like the orbital AM, the spin one originates from the transverse energy circulation but here this circulation takes place within microscopic cells whose sizes theoretically tend to zero. In the middle of the beam cross-section adjacent cells compensate each other and the macroscopic circulation vanishes. The compensation disappears if the cells differ (inhomogeneous beam) or if the cell series breaks. The latter situation occurs not only at a real beam boundary but also when a limited part of the beam cross-section is isolated, e.g., by an absorbing object. A correct way for calculating the spin AM of a transversely limited part of an optical beam must take into account, in addition to the common "volume" contribution, also the "boundary" part. Corresponding corrected formula for the spin AM is derived that allows to remove the mentioned paradox and substantiates the usual representation for the volume density ofthe spin AM.

The behavior of the Pointing vector in the area of elementary polarization singularities with one or two C-points, which are bounded by regular shape s-contour is considered. It was shown that the disclinations, which move, are born and annihilate along s-contour, correspond to the singularities of the distribution of the parameters of instantaneous Poynting vector. C-points are associated with the "vortex" kind singularities of the averaged Pointing vector field if the handedness factor and topological charge of C-point are characterized by the different signs. "Impassive" Pointing singularities arise in the area, if the signs are the same. Elementary topology for the Pointing vector field is formulated. The results of the computer simulation are presented.

Poynting vector singularities are considered for scalar and vector fields. The behavior of averaged and instantaneous components is analyzed. The relationships between Poynting singularities and conventional optical ones, other special sets of electromagnetic fields are established. The elementary topological regularities and reactions are formulated. The results of computer simulation are presented.

The mechanisms of formation and operation of so-called "interference trap" are presented. The formation of the interference trap by beams with different curvature, ratio of the intensities and phase difference are shown. The results of the computer simulation of the Poynting vector behavior in the area of the interference trap are analyzed. The transformation of angular momentum of vortex beam under interference with smooth ones is shown. Distribution of the transversal component of the Poynting vector for the interference trap, formed by the vortex with different topological charge is analyzed.

Small displacements of a microparticle in an optical trap can be measured using back focal plane interferometry. The position of the particle is evaluated by analyzing the fringes pattern obtained by interference between the light scattered by the particle and unscaterred light in the back focal plane of the condenser. The fringes positions are detected with a quadrant photo diode, allowing nanometric precision. In this paper we analyze theoretically some parameters that may influence the measurements: laser power fluctuations, local fluid viscosity, condenser focal length, particle size.

The regular net of optical vortices generated by the interference of three plane waves can be used for optical measurements. The instrument based on such vortex net is called optical vortex interferometer. In this paper the special properties of optical field generated by the interference of three plane waves are described. The technological issues of the optical vortex interferometer are also discussed. Finally, two examples of application of the optical vortex interferometer in context of the special properties of the interference field generated by three plane waves, are presented.

We report the feasibilities for revealing and diagnostics of unconventional phase singularities into optical fields, namely, the singularities of spatial coherence functions into partially coherent vortex beams. It is shown that the vortices of the spatial coherence function are comprehensively diagnosed through the strip version of the Thomas Young's interference experiment. Namely, the magnitude of a topological charge and its sign are determined, respectively, by the magnitude and the direction of bending of the Young's interference fringes, which are produced by the edge diffraction waves from the rims of an opaque strip positioned in the vortex beam. Such experiment provides complete data on the azimuthal behavior of a phase of the spatial coherence function. On the other hand, non-localized ring singularities of the spatial coherence function and of the complex degree of coherence occurring in the radial distribution of a phase are detected through conventional Young's interference experiment with two pinholes at an opaque screen. It is remarkable that the last of the mentioned coherence phase singularities takes place, when amplitude zeroes of the field are absent. Instead of this, the modulus of the complex degree of coherence vanishes alone.

The principles and the practical conditions for registration of phase singularities, such as optical vortices in the spectral components of white light, are discussed. Interference diagnostics of white light vortices in a polychromatic speckle-field is reported for the first time.

The technique of an inverted chromascope is introduced for determining the loci of amplitude zeroes for the spectral components constituting a polychromatic radiation field. Applications of this technique for processing of experimentally obtained (both by birefringence and for speckle fields) light distributions are demonstrated.

The feasibilities of using interferometric and chromascopic techniques in the diagnostics of phase singularities and in the study of a phase structure of the field in their vicinity are demonstrated. The peculiar evolution of singularities into caustics produced by phase elements of singularity-generating objects of spherical and cylindrical shape are studied.

Recent developments in solving a paraxial wave equation¹ open new perspectives in theoretical analysis of different types of singular beams stimulating in turn a great series of experimental investigations^2,3. In particular, authors of Ref.⁴ propose to use pure phase masks for creating a structurally stable helico-conical singular beam with spiral-like intensity distribution. On the other hand, artificial phase masks need a great precision in their manufacturing connected with a large industrial outlay. Because of a great interest is to use natural objects for generating singularities in beams. Such objects are anisotropic crystals. As is well-known, uniaxial and biaxial crystals serve as basic elements for generating optical vortices nested in different types of singular beams⁵. The most amazing feature of the crystal is ability to create stable polychromatic vortices with high energy effectiveness. In contrast to the method of computer-generated holograms^6'7 the crystal forms a white vortex-bearing beam without any additional gadgets. The aim of the present article is to consider one more way permitting to generate singular beams bearing spiral edge dislocations and optical vortices with the help of two gyrotropic crystals.

In the article we consider some manifestations of the rotational Doppler effect in weakly guiding optical fibers. The fiber chosen as a sample has a waveguide parameter V<3.8 that corresponds to eigen modes with azimuth indices l=0,1 realizing in the fiber. We showed the polarizer rotation in the radiation field to come to rotating an intensity zero. A zero trajectory and rotation frequency depends on excitation conditions, a fiber length and an initial polarization state.

In the article we present a computer simulation and experimental data of excitation coefficients of fiber eigen modes. As experimental samples we chose two types of weakly guiding fibers: isotropic and highly birefringent ones with a round cross-section. Calculation of the mode weights is accomplished by means of a geometrical analysis of a beam image structure behind the fiber. In particular, we employed geometrical properties of intensity-level-lines near a fiber core. Such approach enabled us to estimate mode weights as well different mode groups as separate modes inside the group.

We investigate the influence of the spin-orbit coupling on the band-gap structure in a weakly guiding strongly anisotropic optical fiber, in which the anisotropy axis uniformly rotates in a transverse plane with z increasing. It is demonstrated that the spin-orbit coupling slightly renormalizes the spectrum gap. The structure of modes in the gap vicinity is also slightly renormalized by this coupling.

When forming optical fields by coherent partial beams there appears a stationary field with a certain distribution of intensity and polarization in each point of the fixed plane. The beams are considered to be of random polarization states and different directions ofwave vectors.

Sensors based on surface plasmon resonance have the potential to provide information on the binding of biological molecules on adequate substrates over typically thousand channels in parallel, without the need for any marker and in real time compared to the scale of biochemical reactions. The need to optimize selectivity and sensitivity has triggered continued research efforts. We review those related with optics and image processing, at the same time identifying some aspects that deserve further investigation before the potential of the technique is fully utilized.

We present the characterization of a pure phase reflective liquid crystal spatial light modulator. This modulator is electrically addressed and is based on nematic liquid crystal. Its performance in terms of frame rate, phase modulation versus gray level and wavefront distortion is experimentally evaluated. It is shown that after adding phase compensation and applying an appropriate Look-Up-Table, this spatial light modulator is an excellent candidate for applications such as dynamic diffractive optical elements, wavefront generation and dynamic zoom lens.

3-D optical fluorescent microscopy now becomes an efficient tool for the volume investigation of living biological samples. Developments in instrumentation have permitted to beat off the conventional Abbe limit. In any case the recorded image can be described by the convolution equation between the original object and the Point Spread Function (PSF) of the acquisition system. Due to the finite resolution of the instrument, the original object is recorded with distortions and blurring, and contaminated by noise. This induces that relevant biological information cannot be extracted directly from raw data stacks. If the goal is 3-D quantitative analysis, then to assess optimal performance of the instrument and to ensure the data acquisition reproducibility, the system characterization is mandatory. The PSF represents the properties of the image acquisition system; we have proposed the use of statistical tools and Zernike moments to describe a 3-D PSF system and to quantify the variation of the PSF. This first step toward standardization is helpful to define an acquisition protocol optimizing exploitation of the microscope depending on the studied biological sample. Before the extraction of geometrical information and/or intensities quantification, the data restoration is mandatory. Reduction of out-of-focus light is carried out computationally by deconvolution process. But other phenomena occur during acquisition, like fluorescence photo degradation named "bleaching", inducing an alteration of information needed for restoration. Therefore, we have developed a protocol to pre-process data before the application of deconvolution algorithms. A large number of deconvolution methods have been described and are now available in commercial package. One major difficulty to use this software is the introduction by the user of the "best" regularization parameters. We have pointed out that automating the choice of the regularization level; also greatly improves the reliability of the measurements although it facilitates the use. Furthermore, to increase the quality and the repeatability of quantitative measurements a pre-filtering of images improves the stability of deconvolution process. In the same way, the PSF prefiltering stabilizes the deconvolution process. We have shown that Zemike polynomials can be used to reconstruct experimental PSF, preserving system characteristics and removing the noise contained in the PSF.

The etching of transparent materials with high precision and high quality is still a challenge for laser processing. Laser backside etching allows the processing of transparent materials with pulsed UV-lasers. The laser-etched structures in fused silica are characterized by a high fidelity and a low surface roughness. Different machining techniques were applied for laser etching of binary and three-dimensional microstructures with micron and sub-micron sizes. Applying contour mask technique micro sized cylindrical lens and prism array were fabricated. Using small spot laser written gratings with uniform or variable depth was machined with nanometer depth resolution and the etching of free-form surfaces with a size of 1 mm² and a P-V-value of less than 1 micron by means of laser scanning is demonstrated. Additionally, graded multilevel elements and submicron gratings were engraved with nanometer depth accuracy applying mask projection techniques.

For solving of actual problems in material science, industry TDI STE SB RAS has developed some 3D opto-electromc measuring technologies and systems for dimensional inspection. Applications and results of industrial testing of laser measuring machine, opto-electronic shadow system and optical low-coherent radar as well as automatic laser diagnostic systems, laser technological system for scientific and industrial applications are discussed.

We examine the propagation of energy along chains of silver nanoelements oriented perpendicularly to the flow of light and ordered in several ways. The first chain is composed ofvertical silver nanorods arranged in a hexagonal lattice. The second one consists of vertical elongated nanoplates that form a herring-bone pattern. In the third, distribution of vertically oriented nanoplates recalls footsteps. The chains are embedded in a medium with refractive index n = 1 and 1.5. Incident polarized Gaussian beams propagate along chains of nanoelements and have electric field components oriented transversally with respect to the vertical nanoelements. Transport of energy is investigated with the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method for visible and infrared range ofwavelengths, where the Drude model is valid. Propagation constants and attenuation factors are calculated. Losses are due to absorption in metal and light scattering on structure elements. In the analyzed structures, energy is transported due to localized surface plasmons-polaritons, where the amplitude of optical fields is locally enhanced by orders of magnitude. This property might be useful in the construction of nanoscale photonic devices. The smaller the metallic elements are, the stronger is the concentration of energy. Waveguides of that form may be used for creating a medium with novel effective electromagnetic properties.

The paper deals with investigating different rough surface structure obtained by using classical processing techniques. It is shown that the structure, or the nature of the formation of traditional rough surfaces obtained at the processing by free abrasive of different sizes is fractal.

It's investigated the formation principles of the mirrored polarized radiation by rough surface on the model basis of statistically oriented micro flats with distinctive distribution of their altitudes and slope angles. Mirror component is formed as the result of waves' interference that are reflected from the statistically oriented micro flats, which normals assign solid angle and responds to the first diffracting speck. We'll receive normalized Mueller matrix of mirror reflection for the isotropic rough surface, integrating Jones vector of the average statistical micro flat within the limits of the first diffracting speck. It is typical that there is no beam depolarization for the mirror component. Complying with certain conditions we'll receive the situation when the reflected beam intensity of p-polarization for rough surface predominates the corresponding value for the polished one in pan angles. This effect is especially visualized in the field of the working hade. It can be explained on the ground of two phenomena: change of the effective refraction coefficient of the reflecting surface due to the microscopic defects and interference from the statistically oriented micro flats of the distinctive size, that is larger than wave length. At the same time intensity of scomponent in the reflected beam from rough surface is always lower than correspondent value for the polished one.

It is fruitful to use referent waves in coherent registration and recognition systems. We use the Rau's concept concerning spatial heterodyning and detecting differences in spatial distribution of light- scattering objects and identification of a macroform in homodyne process as well. We also use a co-axially imposed reference wave for reconstructing the image of strongly scattering phase-inhomogeneous object.

The results of experimental study of fluctuations of a coherent field intensity during hardening of concrete are presented. It has been shown that square time derivative of fluctuations of a scattered field intensity are connected with base stages of cement hydratation.

Polarization characteristics of optical radiation for multiple scattering by diffttse interfaces are investigated in this work. The experimental results that confirm to theoretical dependence both quality as quantitatively within the limits of errors were obtained. It is shown that refraction index change causes significant changes of the polarization degree of the scattered radiation.

The simulation ofthe volumetric line spread function ofthe halogens silver photographic material has been done by the statistical simulation method (Monte-Carlo method). The form changing of the line spread function of the elementary emulsion layers has been analyzed. It is shown that in accordance with the depth increase the form of the line spread function consequently changes: two-exponential, exponential and Gaussian form. The information concerning various spatial frequencies transfer by the layer is distributed not evenly along the emulsion layer thickness: high spatial frequencies are fixed mainly at the surface layers, medium spatial frequencies are located at different depth points of subsurface layers, low spatial frequencies are registered evenly along the whole thickness of the emulsion layer. One of the possible ways how to increase the central sharpness properties ofthe photographic material has been proposed.

A method of calculating the integral and differential characteristics of paints is proposed. The method is based on statistical simulation (the Monte Carlo method). For white alkyd enamel formed on the basis of titanium dioxide, the results of calculations of the reflectance, absorptance, covering power, and distribution of the absorbed energy over the layer as a whole, along with the absorptance ofthe pigment and the binder separately, are presented.

Entrainment of thermo-e-r-s in arbitrary quantizing magnetic fields that were orthogonal to the temperature gradient, allowing for dispersion of current carriers on phonons with help of deformation and piezoelectric interaction during the influence non-electronic systems of long wavelength photon relaxation have been considered.

The size distribution function of islands at semiconductor heterostructures has been computed within the framework ofthe Ostwald ripening, when island growth is provided by dislocation-surface diffusion. It is shown that, in respect to root-mean square deviations of the computed dependences, the proposed mechanism of island growth corresponds to the series of experimental quantum dot arrays in heterostructure Ge/Si (001).

We study a reentrant transition in exciton optical bistable system in the presence of multiplicative noise. The reentrant behavior is predictable for specific values of the system control parameter while increasing the multiplicative noise intensity. The system of Wannier-Mott excitons exhibits bistable mono-stable transitions in a window of intermediate amplitudes of multiplicative noise intensity demonstrating its destructive and constructive role.

In the present paper the methodic of laboratory experimental realization in the investigation of polarization characteristics of atmospheric structures like crystal clouds is observed. The investigation results of functional characteristics of extinction matrixes non-zero components' and back-scattering matrixes of model environment from its optical thickness and orientation angles of non-spherical particles are given.

The regularities of polarized light scattering by thin layer of nematic liquid crystal (NLC) at different temperatures including frozen state are presented in this work. The direct extinction matrix and matrix of diffusion light scattering of NLC are measured. The symmetry character of given matrixes is defined. It is shown, that both structure and regularities of angular course of nonzero components change depending on orientation angle of NLC director for both matrixes. Most dynamic changes are registered for the angular course of f ₁₂ (f ₂₁) and f ₂₃ ( f ₃₂ )components in the range of large scattering angles, especially when angle of director orientation with respect to the probing beam direction is equal to 45° . For the investigation of different states of NLC director orientation the method of it change in controllable electric field was used. A qualitative relationship between f ₄₄ , f ₃₃ , f ₁₂ f ₂₁ , f ₂₃ (f ₃₂) values and orientation angle of NLC director is defined during the analysis of experimental results.

The history of imaging is a continuous cycle of advances in science and technology beginning with observations made with crude technology, which lead to new science and, finally, to advances in technology. I recount the history of optical imaging to place in perspective three distinct trends present in imaging research today: computational imaging, engineered materials, and quantum imaging.

Digital holography has a limited possibility to reconstruct object details because of an insufficient pixel number of commercially available CCD cameras. Software hologram apodization introduces an additional damping of registered object information and, in general, it can be considered as a disadvantageous process. However, for the reconstruction of phase objects in digital holography the unwrapping procedures are indispensable. Moreover, for surfaces with considerable roughness depth there are large phase changes between neighbor CCD camera pixels. Therefore unwrapping procedures can introduce essential errors to reconstructed phase images. In the paper, besides general considerations on the apodization in digital holography, experimental and computer simulation results of the hologram apodization for surface shape measurements are presented.

We present a unified view regarding the use of diffractive optical elements (DOEs) for microscopy applications a wide range of electromagnetic spectrum. The unified treatment is realized through the design and fabrication of DOE through which wave front beam shaping is obtained. In particular we show applications ranging from micromanipulation using optical tweezers to X-ray differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy. We report some details on the design and physical implementation of diffractive elements that beside focusing perform also other optical functions: beam splitting, beam intensity and phase redistribution or mode conversion. Laser beam splitting is used for multiple trapping and independent manipulation of spherical micro beads and for direct trapping and manipulation of biological cells with non-spherical shapes. Another application is the Gauss to Laguerre-Gaussian mode conversion, which allows to trap and transfer orbital angular momentum of light to micro particles with high refractive index and to trap and manipulate low index particles. These experiments are performed in an inverted optical microscope coupled with an infrared laser beam and a spatial light modulator for DOEs implementation. High resolution optics, fabricated by means of e-beam lithography, are demonstrated to control the intensity and the phase of the sheared beams in X-ray DIC microscopy. DIC experiments with phase objects reveal a dramatic increase in image contrast compared to bright-field X-ray microscopy.

Mode structure of semiconductor lasers may be scrutinized closely by reconstructed hologram image analysis if one use specially prepared test object. On the other hand specially selected mode structure of illumination enables to test surface condition. We make good use of Lippmann-Bragg holography setup to achieve these purposes.

There has been offered a method oftransformation of spatial coherency of pulse laser radiation based on the phase self-modulation in multi-mode waveguide. We have conducted analysis of the peculiarities of the transfer of correlation properties of the radiation in gradient waveguide with regular and non-regular core's refraction index profile distribution. We have also conducted a comparative analysis of the global coherency degree parameter of the radiation at the end of non-homogeneous waveguide and non-waveguide media. We show that the most effective mechanism of decorrelation of pulse radiation in the waveguide is the fluctuations of radiation phase scattered on the heterogeneousness of the waveguide's core refraction index; the fluctuations being induced at non-linear interaction of the radiation with spatially non-uniform intensity distribution.

The method of pattern recognition based on replacement of object images incoming to the correlator input by object-dependent synthesized phase objects calculated using the iterative Fourier-transform algorithm was developed by us earlier. In this work, we performed experimental testing the above method by using an opticaldigital 4F-correlator. Synthesized phase objects were introduced into the correlator through the spatial light modulator LC 2002. Holographic matched filters were recorded using self-developing photopolymers PPC-488. For two test objects, we obtained unified (δ-like) correlation signals with the signal-to-noise ratio reaching 24 dB, while the diffraction efficiency of these filters was up to 30%.

The method of radio frequency selection of the optical spectrum has been considered earlier. It allows determining the radiated optical spectrum according to time dependence of the outcome signal of biradiate interferometer with the sawtooth motion change.

The reasons of experimentally observed in 2H- and 4H-politypes of layer semiconductor PbI₂ anomalous temperature-depending behavior of the exciton absorption bands in the low-temperature region have been investigated. The influence of the weak exciton-phonon interaction of quadratic energy dispersion of Vanier- Mott's exciton with the nondisperse optical, and both the low-energy optical and acoustic bending-wave type phonons there has been considered. It was shown that the low-temperature dynamics of an exciton absorption peak shift in 2H-politype of the lead iodide crystals is related with the concurrent influence of two exciton energy relaxation mechanisms - on both the bending waves and the lattice optical phonons, but in the case of 4H-politype - the influence of the low-energy optical phonons must be taken into account.

This paper represents the results of investigating the Lyapunov's a maximal index and the autocorrelation function halfwidth of optical radiation intensity scattered by nematic liquid crystal during phase transition liquid - liquid crystal and liquid crystal - liquid from crystal thickness. It has been shown that chaos in the scattered field increases with the growth ofplate thickness ofliquid crystal.

The influence of the exciton and phonon spectra of layer semiconductors on the conditions of optical bistability (OB) realization in the exciton absorption region is investigated by means of the Green function method. Using the 2H-polytype PbI₂ as an example, it has been found that an effective exciton scattering by an oscillation of the bending wave (BW) type leads to the short wave shift of the OB realization region, the decrease of its size, the widening of the OB observing temperature region and to the shift of the hysteresis loop in the direction of greater intensities, the decrease of its height and width. The possibility of observing the polarizable OB, connected with the direction of spreading and the insident light polarization dependence ofthe layer crystal exciton spectra is substantiated in this paper.

Thermalization process in photosensitive amorphous molecular semiconductors are theoretically considered from standpoint of their parameters, namely: thermalization time, thermalization length. The heat electron formed in consequence of absorption of the light quantum by semiconductor molecules loses his surplus energy in the time of inelastic interaction with neighbouring atoms. The results of theoretical predictions are confirmed by the experimental ones obtained for a number ofmolecular semiconductors

This paper concerns with our measurements of reaction center (RC) volume changes in the course of photoactivation using method of holographic interferometry. As a principal value, we studed change of a solution refraction index (Δn) influenced by the sample volume expansion due to temperature changes (Δn_T), light absorption (Δn_abs) and changes in the volume of photoactive molecules (Δn_v). Using the scheme of temperature compensation we could reduce the task of the case Δn_T << Δn_abs, Δn Our estimation for the case of a protein solution yields in relative changes in the molecular volume withing 10^-3 + 10^-2.

Thermalization process in photosensitive amorphous molecular semiconductors are theoretically considered from standpoint of their parameters, namely: thermalization time, thermalization length. The heat electron formed in consequence of absorption of the light quantum by semiconductor molecules loses his surplus energy in the time of inelastic interaction with neighbouring atoms. The results of theoretical predictions are confirmed by the experimental ones obtained for a number of molecular semiconductors (anthracene, pentacene, PVC, PEPC).

The purpose of the study is to investigate the kinetics of red blood cell aggregates during sedimentation by means of an optical imaging. Sedimentation of normal red blood cells at 5% haematocrit in autologous plasma and the sedimentation of glutaraldehyde-hardened red blood cells was investigated. The sedimentation experiment lasted 30 minutes and changes of light intensity in the image plane of a 4f imaging system were recorded. The settling aggregate traces were extracted by a temporary analysis of those light intensity fluctuations and with the use of two-dimensional Fourier transform the velocity of the aggregates was obtained. From a spatial analysis of the light intensity fluctuations the correlation functions of the intensity were calculated and in this way the size of settling aggregates was achieved. We have shown that with the use of these methods we can find the velocity and size of aggregates formed during the sedimentation process. We have shown the influence of glutaraldehyde on the aggregate velocity and aggregate size.

We present a novel technique for high-speed image acquisition for traditional light microscopes. The technique can be used for high-throughput scanning applications in all traditional fields of light microscopy. Because of the significant speed increase in image acquisition, the technique offers a wide range of application potentials, foremost in a clinical environment where it constitutes an enhanced diagnostic tool.

Laser Doppler and laser speckle techniques for the measurements of blood and lymph flow velocity in different geometry has been overviewed and compared. The application of laser Doppler techniques for the diagnostics of blood microcirculation disorders in ophthalmology, otorhinolaryngology and dentistry are described. Also the application of laser speckle-correlation technique for the biomedical studies of lymphatic microcirculation is presented. Blood flow measurements of both single vessel and tissue volume is discussed.

Biochemical, biophysical and optical aspects of interaction of low-coherent light with bacterial cells have been discussed. Influence of low-coherent speckles on the colonies grows is investigated. It has been demonstrated that effects of light on the inhibition of cells (Francisella Tularensis) are connected with speckle dynamics. The regimes of illumination of cell suspension with purpose of devitalization of hazard bacteria, caused very dangerous infections, such as tularemia, are found. Mathematical model of interaction of low-coherent laser radiation with bacteria suspension has been proposed. Computer simulations of the processes of laser-cells interaction have been carried out.

A method of measurement of the residual stresses (RS) in the constructional materials by means of electronic specklepattern interferometry (ESPI) is proposed. It allows to obtain the quantitative data on the RS distribution and may be used for the control of the RS level in metal-constructions in-situ.

The interrelations between statistics of the 1st-4th orders of the totality of Mueller-matrix images and geometric structure of birefringent architectonic nets of different morphological structure have been analyzed. It has been shown that the third and the fourth statistical moments of matrix elements two-dimensional distributions are the most sensitive to changing orientation structure of optically anisotropic protein fibrils of architectonics of physiologically normal and pathologically changed biological tissues.

In the work the results of research of luminescent spectrums by photo excitation in the interval of waves lengths 250 - 550 nm and ofluminescent spectrums by the nitric laser (337,1 mn) excitation ofdiy tailings urinaryby the temperature of 300^oK are represented. In the spectral interval of 400 - 800 nm a wide bar of luminescence, intensity of which depends on the type of excitation. was observed. It is set, that presence of salts with oxalate, urate and phosphatic compositions in urine results in the move of maximum of luniinescent spectrums in the long-wave region of spectrum and changes the intensity of luminescence. The possible mechanisms of the observed changes in the spectrums of luminescence of dry urine tailings are examined in the work. The model of recombrnational processes which describe the looked luminescent processes is offered. Possible explanations of the looked features in the spectrums of luminescence combine with luminescence of nanobiological complexes, inorganic salts, urea and natural proteins enter in composition of which.

The paper deals with the investigation of formation mechanisms of laser radiation polarization structure scattered by human skin in two registration zones: a boundary field and a far zone of Fraunhofer's diffraction. There has been defined the interrelation of optical and geometrical parameters of skin architectonics and formation conditions of polarization singularities of scattered radiation field as well. There has been studied statistical and fractal polarization structure of object fields of physiologically normal and pathologically changed skin. It has been shown that polarization singularities of radiation scattered by sound skin samples have fractal coordinate structure. It is characteristic for fields of pathologically changed skin to have statistical coordinate structure of polarization singularities in all diffraction zones.

The self-similarity of Mueller-matrix speckle-images coordinate structure of physiologically normal and pathologically changed skin derma has been analyzed for early diagnostics their pathological states. It has been shown that coordinate geometric and optical construction of architectonic nets of physiologically normal biological tissues with different morphology possesses fractal structure. Processes of pathological changes in BT form architectonic nets, the coordinate distributions of which have random structure of orientation fibrillae angles and phase-shift values, brought by their substance.

The article is directed to study of statistics of the complex degree of mutual polarization of biological tissues speckle-images. The totality of diagnostic criteria (skewness and kurtosis of two-dimensional distributions of complex degree of mutual polarization) of pathological changes of muscular, skin derma and bone tissues is defined.

The correlation structure of 2-D Stokes vector parameters of physiologically normal and pathologicaly changed biological tissues is investigated. The totality of diagnostically urgent interconnections between biological tissue physiological state and statistical moments of 2-D Stokes vector parameters is found.

Polarization structure of the speckle-images of connective tissues histological sections in the terms of two-dimensional distributions of the Stokes vectors parameters is analyzed. Statistical moments of the Stokes vector parameters of the first-fours orders and autocorrelation functions of the speckle-images of physiologically normal and pathologically changed connective tissue are analytically and theoretically investigated. The totality of statistical (mean value, dispersion, skewness and kurtosis) parameters of two-dimensional distributions of the Stokes vector parameters and their autocorrelation functions and the dispersion of power spectrum are found. The latter can be used during the early diagnostics of connective tissues pre-cancer states.

It is set that there are two maximums in UF- region absorption of vein blood plasma of a man: at λ = 235 nm and at λ = 280 nm. It is shown that there are the substantial changes of values of the optical density D comparative with controls (for donors) exactly in a maximum at development of sharp surgical diseases of organs of abdominal region λ = 280 nm, in that time as maximum at λ = 235 nm in this plan is not informing. Resulted results of researches of dynamics of changes of optical properties of vein blood plasma in UF- region of patients with pathology of abdominal region organs in after operating period (sharp appendicitis, sharp pancreatitis, intestinal impassability and others like that), which can have the diagnostic value.

Diagnostics of inflammatory-destructive diseases of the abdominal cavity organs is performed by the determined spectra of luminescence of venous blood plasma. The shift of the photoluminescence maximum beginning with the wave-length 469 nm into short-wave zone proves the presence of the acute inflammatory-destructive diseases and exacerbation of the pathological process.

The results of research on the basic properties of surface-barrier diodes based on ZnSe, GaN and ZnS in the context of their possible use for detecting biologically active UV-radiation regions are presented.