This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 6279, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, Congress Awards, Exhibitors, and the Conference Committee listing.

The present paper gives an overview on laser optical diagnostics used for studies of fast, transient phenomena. Examples are cited, related to investigations of high power nonlinear laser radiation interacting with materials. These quasi explosively developing effects require photonic techniques with highest temporal and spatial resolution, such as provided by short-pulse and ultra-short pulsed lasers. As discussed, optical methods are useful for optimization of industrial production processes and research topics. Advantages of coherent light in classical optical methods for beam deflection or phase measurements are evaluated and compared with disadvantages, due to superimposed speckle patterns causing noise and loss of information in higher parts of spatial frequency spectra. As a major breakthrough, features of holographic threedimensional reconstruction of optical wave-fields are emphasized. Selected examples provide a comprehensive evaluation of coherent optical diagnostic principles, as compared to non coherent techniques. Moreover, novel methods, using carreer-frequency photography are stressed in which case speckles themselves are carrying information to be measured. Further examples demonstrate the versatility and flexibility of ultra-short pulsed laser measurements down to the femtosecond- range (1 fs=10^-15s), whereby the Moire set-up chosen for demonstration can be substituted similarly by other optical techniques. Summarizing, it can be stated that lasers provide unique tools for highest resolution, highest accuracy measurements. Direct visualization, pump and probe techniques and other methods are adaptable to any industrial or research related requirements. As shown in the outlook, meanwhile achievable XUV attosecond pulses (1 as=10^-18s), generated by fs-lasers, open the door for future (so far not yet fully predictable) applications, also in the field of ultra high-speed diagnostics.

In September 2002, during the 25^th Congress on High Speed Photography and Photonics, 4DVideo described a general purpose software application for the PC platform. This software (4DCapture^TM) is designed to capture, analyze and display multiple video sequences. The application extracts trajectories and other kinematic information from (highspeed) video streams. Since 4DCapture^TM was originally described, it has matured, and a second application (4DPlayer^TM) has been introduced to support the distribution and viewing of video streams and kinematic data acquired by 4DCapture^TM. 4DPlayer^TM is "freeware". It may be redistributed to third parties, but it may not be modified. 4DCapture^TM provides a structured environment for experimental data. Cameras are treated as transducers-that is, a source of technical data. The application provides an interface to the cameras for previewing the object-space, calibrating the images, and testing. This application can automatically track multiple landmarks seen from two or more views in two or three dimensions. Trajectories can be processed within the main application or they can be exported to a spreadsheet where they can be processed or passed along to a more sophisticated, data analysis application. 4DCapture^TM also incorporates a simple animation capability and a friendly (FlowStack^TM) user interface that assists the end-user to capture and treat image sequences in a natural progression. 4DCapture^TM employs the AVI 2.0 standard and DirectX technology. 4DPlayer^TM can be used to view multiple video sequences simultaneously and perform simple measurements of displacements and angles that vary over time. This application can detect and display the coordinates of landmarks previously identified by 4DCapture^TM that have been embedded in the video streams.

Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS was founded in 1962, but the research activities on high-speed diagnosis in China can be dated back to 1958. The main goal of the Institute is developing some optical and opto-electrical diagnostic tools of transient phenomena. This paper describes the historical development and application of ultra fast diagnosis based on image tube in XIOPM.

X-ray imaging has been undertaken on Sandia National Laboratories' radiation effects x-ray simulators. These simulators typically yield a single very short (<20ns) pulse of high-energy (MeV endpoint energy bremsstrahlung) x-ray radiation with doses in the kilorad (krad (Si)) region. X-ray source targets vary in size from 2 to 25cm diameter, dependent upon the particular simulator. Electronic imaging of the source x-ray emission under dynamic conditions yields valuable information upon how the simulator is performing. The resultant images are of interest to the simulator designer who may configure new x-ray source converter targets and diode designs. The images can provide quantitative information about machine performance during radiation effects testing of components under active conditions. The effects testing program is a valuable interface for validation of high performance computer codes and models for the radiation effects community. A novel high-energy x-ray imaging spectrometer is described whereby the spectral energy (0.5 to 1.8MeV) profile may be discerned from the digitally recorded and viewable images via a pinhole/scintillator/CCD imaging system and knowledge of the filtration parameters. Unique images, analysis and an evaluation of the capability of the spectrometer are presented.

Novel monochromatic x-ray generators and their applications to high-speed radiography are described. The five generators are as follows: a weakly ionized linear plasma x-ray generator, a monochromatic compact flash x-ray generator, a super-fluorescent plasma generator, a cerium x-ray generator using a 3.0-mm-thick aluminum filter, and a 100micron-focus x-ray generator utilizing the filter. Using the linear plasma generator with a copper target, we observed clean K lines and their harmonics, and soft flash radiography was performed with pulse widths of approximately 500 ns. The compact monochromatic flash x-ray generator produced clean molybdenum K lines easily, and high-speed radiography was performed with pulse widths of approximately 100 ns. Using a steady-state cerium x-ray generator, we performed real-time angiography utilizing an image intensifier and a high-sensitive camera (MLX) made by NAC Image Technology Inc. with a capture time of 1 ms. Finally, real-time magnification radiography was performed by twofold magnification imaging using a 100micron-focus x-ray generator and the high-sensitive camera.

In this paper, we report on the recent development of streak and framing camera techniques in Shenzhen University, such as soft X-ray streak image tube, synchroscan streak image tube, image intensifier and different kinds of newly developed electronic circuits. In particular, we present three different kinds of streak and framing cameras, including a soft X-ray streak camera with slit length of 30mm, dynamic spatial resolution of 15lp/mm and dynamic range of larger than 900; a specially designed synchroscan picosecond streak camera with a repetition rate of 1MHz, which can provide simultaneous time- and spectrum-resolved two-dimensional(2D) sampling information for biomedical imaging; and an 8 channel framing camera with exposure time of 3ns and dynamic spatial resolution of better than 20lp/mm.

A review of high-speed image converter instrument engineering in VNIIOFI during 40 years from the moment of Institute foundation up to this time is presented.

The Advanced Laser light Source (ALLS) infrastructure is a new state-of-the-art multi-beams femtosecond laser facility currently in operation at INRS near Montreal, Canada. Multi-beams experiments and pump-probe geometry lead to the need of synchronization instrumentation tools. The use of a wide range of energy radiation from hard x-ray up to infrared light on the ultrafast time scale requires the development of ultrafast detector diagnostics tools to study the emission spectrum of these sources. To fulfill these requirements, new streak cameras have been developed for ALLS facility. The SV streak camera is a simple and compact multi-purpose instrument that will be used for beams synchronization with picosecond time resolution and good spatial resolution. The FXR streak camera is dedicated to x-ray spectroscopy with sub-picosecond time resolution combined with a very high spatial resolution.

The Image Dissector was one of the first all electronic TV tubes and was described by Farnsworth in 1934. (Ref 1). Fifty years later, in 1983, more modern image dissectors were used to measure the electron bunch lengths in synchrotrons. The advent of modern computers and high-speed electronics enables these rather elderly tubes to be used in exciting new applications. This paper described how we have adapted the image dissector to enable the development of low cost instruments with exceptional bandwidth, sensitivity and sampling rate for optical signals.

Streak camera with spiral scanning will allow measuring a single light signal with duration up to ten nanoseconds with sub-picoseconds time resolution during all signal duration by means of using the whole 2D surface of screen. For creation such a streak camera it is necessary to have a high density of photoelectron beam in order to have small beam size and enough quantity of electrons in the resolution element. But the beam density increasing is limited by different effects including temperature relaxation. Quite the contrary in typical streak cameras the beam density is reduced down to single photoelectrons in the resolution element and then the number of electrons is integrated either on recurring signal or along streak. Another way is the significant increase of electrons energy. This idea has been realized in the streak camera with photoelectron energy up to 90kV and circular scanning by means of high quality RF cavity. The results of testing of this streak camera are presented. The design of streak camera with spiral scanning is presented.

Key factors that influence the range resolution of streak tube imaging system are discussed in this paper, and the corresponding mathematical analyses are also made to predict the performance, finally, basing on the theoretical design, we set up experiment to validate the range distinguishing ability of the system and get the practical resolution data. The feasibility of streak tube imaging system is also demonstrated through the theoretical analysis and experimental results.

There has been presented a brief description of test equipment and instrumentation for recording spatial-time parameters of a lightning at the International Center for Lightning Research & Testing (ICLRT) in Camp Blanding that belongs to the University of Florida as well as the first results of Russian image converter cameras test when recording a trigger lightning.

Nowadays of microwave (MW) gas discharge applications are actively investigated in different areas of science and technology. Greatest optimism in applications is connected with streamer discharge forms. A possibility of streamer form discharge applications is determined by their specific features. An efficiency of energy absorption is close to 100% in this discharge. The discharge develops in a form of a spatial structure consisting of streamer element interconnected. They explode at reaching of electrodynamic resonance. The discharge structure represents a net of thin plasma channels. Gas temperature reaches several thousands of Kelvin degrees inside them. A typical time of energy absorption by separate plasma channels is several units of microseconds. A velocity of a streamer growth is about of - 106 cm/s. Main physical mechanisms determining features of MW discharges have been qualitatively clarified nowadays. But quantitative investigations of discharge creation processes are required for effective applications of these discharges. For this purpose equipment, which has characteristics allowing detecting processes with resolution time in microsecond and submicrosecond range, is necessary. In this work we represent investigation results of streamer MW discharge in air: initial development stage, developed stage of a volumetric discharge and development of the discharge on a surface of radiotransparent dielectric material. Investigations have been realized with a help of K011 image converter camera.

A fiber coupled streak camera is developed and applied in Z-pinch experiments to investigate the optical trajectory of wire-array implosions with one-dimensional (1D) spatial resolution of 100μ~400μ. The 1D image of the imploding plasma is formed by a slit and relayed to a linearly arranged fiber array, which is capable of transmitting the 1D image out from within the vacuum chamber. A mylar film is setup before the fiber array to absorb the X-ray light while transmitting visible light into the fibers, which are coupled to a streak camera. And for X-ray diagnosis the mylar film is substituted by an infra scinllator, which converts X-ray into visible light and relays it into the fiber array. The experiments were performed on QiangGuang-1 facility. With the slit parallel to the axis of the wire array, optical measurement of time-resolved radial distribution of the imploding plasma is carried out as well as diagnosis of X-ray implosion dynamics. The 1D optical trajectory (radius versus implosion time) of imploding plasma is obtained. And some discussions of the experiments are also presented in this letter.

A programmable 8-way fast high voltage pulses generation built with avalanche transistors are studied. The fall time of raw pulse is 200 ps with amplitude about 2 kV. The fall time is determined by transit time of carries in collector-base region and it can be improved much by increasing the potential in this region. The pulse width can be switched programably with 1-ns, 2-ns and 5-ns. The pulses interval time also can be switched programably. The cover time range of 8-way pulses is more than 80-ns.

Results of experimental investigations of optical characteristics of discharges from an artificial cloud of charged water aerosol by using the K011miniature 9-frame image converter camera are presented in the paper. Application of high speed image converter camera has allowed clearly distinguished the peculiarities of a final stage of three types of discharges from the charged aerosol clouds. Each type of final stage is differed not only on optical and current characteristics, but the sequence of formation. It was found that the type of final stage depends on character of development the previous leader discharges in the gap "charged aerosol cloud-grounded rod on the plate". The most frequently case is the formation of final stage after development of upward leader from the grounded rod and of counterpart negative downward leader from the charged aerosol cloud boundaries. Simultaneously registered current characteristics have shown significant correlation between optical and current characteristics of final stage of discharge. More powerful discharge luminosity the higher current amplitude and the shorter final stage of discharge.

This paper presents high frame rate imaging systems developed in Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology in recent years. Three types of imaging systems are included. The first type of system utilizes EG&G RETICON Photodiode Array (PDA) RA100A as the image sensor, which can work at up to 1000 frame per second (fps). Besides working continuously, the PDA system is also designed to switch to capture flash light event working mode. A specific time sequence is designed to satisfy this request. The camera image data can be transmitted to remote area by coaxial or optic fiber cable and then be stored. The second type of imaging system utilizes PHOTOBIT Complementary Metal Oxygen Semiconductor (CMOS) PB-MV13 as the image sensor, which has a high resolution of 1280 (H) ×1024 (V) pixels per frame. The CMOS system can operate at up to 500fps in full frame and 4000fps partially. The prototype scheme of the system is presented. The third type of imaging systems adopts charge coupled device (CCD) as the imagers. MINTRON MTV-1881EX, DALSA CA-D1 and CA-D6 camera head are used in the systems development. The features comparison of the RA100A, PB-MV13, and CA-D6 based systems are given in the end.

A novel three-dimensional (3D) camera concept system could capture 3D image with thousands of pixels at range of several kilometer in real time was presented. The camera used a pulse laser to illuminate the scene, a solid-stat chargecouple device(CCD) sensor, and sample cumulation technology based on a gated binary image intensifier. The cumulation charges captured in CCD carried the information of range. The system was designed to have some significant advantages, such as low cost, simply schemes, high speed mainly limited to the speed of CCD frame capture. Potential applications include navigation of autonomous helicopter, large target identification, sensing and guidance, auto collision avoidance, robotic vision, atmospheric sensing and topography. In the paper, we discussed the fundamental principle and schemes of the 3D camera system based on sample cumulation and presented the feasible experiment result with a photo multiplier tube with binary character to simulate one pixel of the 3D camera system. Then we discussed the factors which influence the quality of 3D image according to the experiment result.

Description of a new K010X soft X-ray camera and the first results of it tests carried out in Russia and China are presented. In a streak mode the full sweep time for a 2 cm sweep route length on the image converter screen is from 2 ns up to 600 microseconds. In a single-frame mode the corresponding frame duration is from ~10 ns up to ~ 660 microseconds. Spatial resolution in a single frame mode was not less than 5 l.p./mm for soft X-ray radiation and not less 10 l.p./mm for UV radiation. Spatial resolution in a streak mode for soft X-ray radiation was from 5 up to 10 l.p./mm and for UV radiation on all the sweep ranges was not less than 10 l.p./mm, except for the range of 1 ns/cm where it was 5 l.p./mm. Limiting temporal resolution for UV radiation was near 10 ps and a dynamic range was 200 when full sweep time was 60 ns. The camera has small 430×115×200 mm dimensions, 5.0 kg weight and 10 VA power consumption.

For high speed flows with a short duration of test time, one has to construct an optical system without having an image of it, which can be obtained only after running an experiment. In order to solve this problem, we propose a technique to simulate the shadowgraph method together with the flow field by computer in this paper, so that one can optimize the optical system on a computer before experiment. In the technique, the experiment is represented by the solution given by computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and the image is obtained by tracing rays through the numerical solution as well as the optical setup. The effects of optical components, such as the location of lens, the size of pinhole, the location of image plane, are analyzed. Having this technique, even a beginner can construct an optimized shadowgraph system at a negligible cost. The technique proposed can be used for analyzing schlieren system as well.

In order to evaluate the influence of each component of the Schlieren optical setup, this work tries to simulate the whole setup by a computer, so that one can get an immediate computer image after adjusting the component. The analysis is based on the ray tracing method. All rays are traced from the light source to the recording plane, so that all components in the light path can be investigated. In our analysis, Schlieren optical setup is decomposed to two main modules, illuminating and recording optical setups. Each module contains typical optical arrangements that are commonly used. The numerical models devised for the optical arrangements are proposed, and a few results indicating the effect of the shape and the orientation of a cutoff are shown.

Surface defection inspection methods based on machine vision have lots of advantages over many other automatic inspection methods, such as higher flexibility, lower overall cost, etc. However, the robustness of these methods is still unsatisfactory. Inspection of magnetic rings which are rich in texture and have various defections is a typical machinevision- based inspection task with high difficulty. Therefore, conclusions of the research on this problem are representative. In this paper, factors which lead to the variation of the inspection results are classified, and then a quantitative analysis for inspection systems introducing a new concept of robustness index is proposed. As an approach for enhancing robustness, the effect of the algorithm rule is focused on. The author extracts defection features on three levels in designing the rule and come to a conclusion that a complete extraction on higher level can enhance the robustness of the system after theory analysis and experiments.

In this paper we presented a method for whole-field three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement and vibration analysis of a vibrating woofer's cone based on Fourier transform profilometry (FTP). A sequence of dynamic deformed fringe images can be grabbed by high-speed CCD camera and saved on disk rapidly. By Fourier transform, filtering, inverse Fourier transform and unwrapping these phase maps in 3D phase space, we can obtain the shape of the rapid vibrating woofer's cone at different time. The results of our experiment indicate that the method, presented in this paper, can efficiently deal with the surface shape measurement for rapid motion object and will be a promising one with the development of high-speed frame grabber.

Recent FPGA chips, with their large capacity memory and reconfigurability potential, have opened new frontiers for rapid prototyping of embedded systems. With the advent of high density FPGAs it is now feasible to implement a high-performance VLIW processor core in an FPGA. We describe research results of enabling the DSP TMS320 C6201 model for real-time image processing applications, by exploiting FPGA technology. The goals are, firstly, to keep the flexibility of DSP in order to shorten the development cycle, and secondly, to use powerful available resources on FPGA to a maximum in order to increase real-time performance. We present a modular DSP C6201 VHDL model which contains only the bare minimum number of instruction sets, or modules, necessary for each target application. This allows an optimal implementation on the FPGA. Some common algorithms of image processing were created and validated on an FPGA VirtexII-2000 multimedia board using the proposed application development cycle. Our results demonstrate that an algorithm can easily be, in an optimal manner, specified and then automatically converted to VHDL language and implemented on an FPGA device with system level software.

The edge detector operator of image intensifier is a key problem for fluorescent image processing. This paper is intended to serve for three purposes: (1). To present the general problem of Fluorescent image in a sufficient depth and extent, (2) to present a complete algorithm for image processing including image sharpening and gradient operator. (3). to search for a edge detector optimal for fluorescent image processing of image intensifier. It is expected that a edge detector operator could provide a generic and robust solution to the reticle fluorescent noise images matching problem, which could be an important breakthrough in computer vision, photogrammetry, and pattern recognition.

This paper presents an automatic robust system which relies only on the information contained within the original images for the construction of massive composite mosaic images from close-range and high-resolution originals, such as those obtained when imaging architectural and heritage structures. We first apply the Harris Corner Detector to extract a selection of corners and, then, employ both the intensity correlation and the spatial correlation between the corresponding corners for matching them. We estimate the lens distortion parameter and the eight-parameter planar projective transformation matrix via the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. After the pairwise registration stage, we used a global optimization strategy, solving a linear system of equations to produce a globally consistent alignment of the entire set of original images. Lastly, image fusion using a weighted blending function together with intensity compensation produces an effective seamless mosaic image. Comparisons with current commercial image-mosaic software are favourable.

Motion estimation and compensation play important roles in video coding. The most commonly used motion estimation technique is block matching. In recent years, the global motion compensation (GMC) is paid great attentions because it is an important tool for a variety of video processing applications including for instance registration, segmentation and video coding. The phase correlation is a typical global motion estimation (GME) method in frequency domain. In this paper, a new 4-parameter GME method is proposed based on the Fourier transform properties of the tow images before and after global motion. At first, the scale and rotation parameters of the affine transform are estimated according to the formulas derived in this paper. Then the effect of scale and rotation of the affine transform are corrected with the estimated parameters. After that, the well-known phase correlation technique is used to determine the two shift parameters. An algorithm according to this principle is proposed in this paper, and simulation results show that the 4 affine parameters can be exactly estimated with our new method.

Noise reduction is one of the largest problems and biggest difficulties involved in electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI). Although the second-order PDEs denoising method is a useful tool of noise reduction for the ESPI fringe patterns, its main drawback is that the second-order PDE model does not remove impulse noise, a 3×3 mean window filter is generally needed to improve the fringes. For overcome this main drawback, in this paper we apply the fourth-order PDE denoising model to the computer-simulated and experimentally obtained ESPI fringe, respectively. In both tests, the fourth-order PDE denoising model clearly outperforms the second-order PDE denoising model. Experimental results have confirmed that the fourth-order PDE denoising model is capable of removing noise in ESPI fringe images effectively.

The graduator is a very important standard device in the optical angular measuring instrument, which determines the measure precision of the measuring instrument. A new graduator test method is discussed in this paper. This test method is a dual dynamic imaging measurement method with dual digital microscope system, which acquires the images of the graduator rotated by a rotating motor. Here is the introduction of this method with more detail. At first, fix a graduator to be measured on a rotary stage, this stage will be driven by a high precision programmable motor. Make the stage rotate with a constant angular velocity ω. Then place the digital microscope system upon the graduator. The digital microscope system includes two digital microscopes, which placed in the opposite diameter direction. Each digital microscope is made up of optical lens and a CMOS electro-ocular. The sampling frequency f can be set in the control software of the elector-ocular. The two digital microscopes make up a dual dynamic image acquire system. This system can acquire two images of the moving graduator at the same time with the sampling frequency f. Then, a serial of the graduator images can be acquired after a period of rotation, and there is a constant angular difference ω/f between every adjacent image. Each image of the graduator includes several graduation lines, identify these lines and get the position of the lines with image processing method. The measuring value of the rotate angle can be calculated from the adjacent line positions. Use the angular difference ω/f as a standard value of the rotate angle. Compare the measuring value and the standard value with the "comparing method of graduator measurement" formula. A compare result will be given to judge the graduator is good or not at last. The whole system is divided into four functional units: 1,the motion control unit;2,the dual dynamic imaging unit; 3, the image processing unit; 4,the data analysis unit. The measurement principle is introduced in the first part of the paper. In this part, the background of graduator measurement and the theories of graduator measurement are referred. According to the measurement principle a system design is made in the second part of the paper. In this part, the whole measure system is described: the structure of the system, the function of each component and the specifications for the key components. An experiment system is build up under the design, and some measurement data is obtained, the error analyses of the measure data is given at the last of the paper.

The femtosecond electron diffraction (FED) is a unique method for the study of the changes of complex molecular structures, and has been specifically applied in the investigations of transient-optics, opto-physics, crystallography, and other fields. The FED system designed by the present group, consists of a 35nm Ag photocathode evaporated on an ultraviolet glass, an anode with a 0.1mm aperture, two pairs of deflection plate for the deflection of electron beams in X and Y directions, and the Y deflection plate can be used as a scanning plate while measuring the pulse width of electron beams, the double MCPs detector for the enhancing and detecting of electron image. The magnetic lens was used for the focusing of the electron beams, and the focal length is 125mm. The distance between the object(the photocathode) and the image(the sample) is 503mm, and the size of electron beams is smaller than 17microns after focusing, the convergence angle is of -0.075~0.075°, and the temporal resolution is better than 350fs.

Approximate formulas of transient temperature and stress distributions in the slab of a two-sided pumped heat capacity laser (HCL) were attained by solving the heat diffusion equation. The thermal effects in the slab HCL were taken into consideration. By finite element analysis, the transient temperature and stress distributions in the slab medium were simulated with various boundary conditions, and the ANSYS simulations showed that when the pumping beam aperture was less than the pumping area, the peak thermal stress of the slab would increase to 80MPa. Then a new method for reducing thermal gradients between the outer surface of the slab and the internal portions in the slab was proposed, that was the temperature of the outer surfaces of the slab to be adjusted during the lasing stage for a HCL. This method is helpful to reduce the thermal peak stress to 40MPa. It not only provided a compensation for thermal gradients resulting from the limitation of the beam aperture during the pumping stage, but also further improved the output power and the beam quality. Our simulations are meaningful for designing a SSHCL especially the thermal management system in a SSHCL.

A specially designed-Proximity-focused-MCP-Image Intensifier (MCP-II) has been widely used for a high speed diagnosis system as a ns-level-electronic shutter. Its temporal-spatial (dynamic) MTF or resolution are much concerned in the engineering for single exposure conditions of various shutter times, and input illuminations as well. On basis of the theory of Fourier spectrum and signal-to-noise, it has been analyzed in present paper that dynamic-MTF (or resolution) of the MCP-II system is always deteriorated by its limited temporal frequency bandwidth, as well as S/N performance. Several expressions are given to relate the device's dynamic MTF (or resolution) to its static MTF, input illumination and S/N performances. The theoretical analysis is very useful in evaluating and designing some high speed diagnosis systems with a proximity-focused-image intensifier as a electronic shutter.

Femtosecond-laser-induced shock waves in aluminum film deposited on alpha-quartz were generated at a repetition of up to ten shocks per second. Using ultrafast time-resolved microscopy of shock waves in different thickness of aluminum films, the shock velocity propagated in aluminum was measured to be 9.0±0.7 km/s. With shock wave equations of state, shock pressures in aluminum and α-quartz were calculated to be 66(±15) GPa and 56(±15) GPa respectively, and final temperatures in aluminum and alpha-quartz were calculated to be 281 °C and 104 °C respectively.

The paper will review some of the latest developments in flash radiography. A series of multi anode tubes has been developed. These are tubes with several x-ray sources within the same vacuum enclosure. The x-ray sources are closely spaced, to come as close as possible to a single source. The x-ray sources are sequentially pulsed, at times that can be independently chosen. Tubes for voltages in the range 150 - 500 kV, with up to eight x-ray sources, will be described. Combining a multi anode tube with an intensified CCD camera, will make it possible to generate short "x-ray movies". A new flash x-ray control system has been developed. The system is operated from a PC or Laptop. All parameters of a multi channel flash x-ray system can be remotely set and monitored. The system will automatically store important operation parameters.

Conventional x-ray imaging relies on the differences in the absorption of the sample to provide image contrast. With the small source sizes and large source-sample distances at synchrotrons, an additional mechanism, phase contrast, can come into play. Phase effects, which include refraction and diffraction, can greatly enhance the image contrast. Phase contrast is particularly useful in cases where the absorption contrast is weak. Added to this, the high x-ray flux available at synchrotrons allows for unprecedented high-speed and high-resolution x-ray imaging. We demonstrate that high quality time resolved images with sub-microsecond temporal and micrometer spatial resolutions are feasible. The range of energy spectrum (5-150 keV) available at the Advanced Photon Source allows us to study a wide range of samples, from soft tissues to high-Z materials. We will present preliminary results from the steel automobile fuel injectors and liquidair sprays

The gadolinium plasma flash x-ray generator is useful for performing high-speed enhanced K-edge angiography using cone beams because K-series characteristic x-rays from the gadolinium target are absorbed effectively by iodine-based contrast media. In the flash x-ray generator, a 150 nF condenser is charged up to 80 kV by a power supply, and flash x-rays are produced by the discharging. The x-ray tube is a demountable cold-cathode diode, and the turbomolecular pump evacuates air from the tube with a pressure of approximately 1 mPa. Since the electric circuit of the high-voltage pulse generator employs a cable transmission line, the high-voltage pulse generator produces twice the potential of the condenser charging voltage. At a charging voltage of 80 kV, the estimated maximum tube voltage and current are approximately 160 kV and 40 kA, respectively. When the charging voltage was increased, the K-series characteristic x-ray intensities of gadolinium increased. Bremsstrahlung x-ray intensity rate decreased with increasing the charging voltage, and clean K lines were produced with a charging voltage of 80 kV. The x-ray pulse widths were approximately 100 ns, and the time-integrated x-ray intensity had a value of approximately 500 μGy at 1.0 m from the x-ray source with a charging voltage of 80 kV. Angiography was performed using a filmless computed radiography (CR) system and iodine-based contrast media. In the angiography of nonliving animals, we observed fine blood vessels of approximately 100 μm with high contrasts.

Fast neutron radiography offers means to inspect thick hydrogenous materials because of high penetration depth of fast neutrons. Further more, quasi monoenergetic neutrons is relatively easy to obtain by neutron generators and it is helpful for density inversion of targets, which has many difficulties in flash radiography. In order to investigate dynamic processes, an intense repetitive pulsed neutron source will be used. Efficient detection of fast neutrons is one of the hardest problems for fast neutron imaging detectors. In the system, a scintillating fiber array is employed to obtain a detection efficiency of about 20% for DT neutrons. High-performance ICCDs and large aperture lens are taken into account to increase the conversion efficiency and the collective efficiency. The properties of the detector are charaterized in this paper.

The work on lasing in Ne-like Ar at 46.9nm by using a Blumlein transmission line is reported. The discharge system consists of a Marx generator with maximum charging voltage of 300kV, a Blumlein transmission line and a pre-pulse circuit. Both results of theory and experiment illustrate that the inherent high-amplitude pre-pulse (~5kA) causes serious wall ablation, low homogeneity of plasma column and there would be no lasing. While the pre-pulse with an amplitude of ~20A greatly reduces ablation, engenders uniform plasma column, and provides necessary condition for lasing. The soft x-ray amplification in Ne-like Ar at 46.9nm has been achieved. The plasma columns are pumped by a 28~36kA current pulse with 80ns half-cycle duration in a 3.1mm-diameter and 12cm-length capillary channels filled with Ar gas. The full width at half-maximum of the laser spike is determined to be ~2ns and the output energy of the laser is estimated to be 3μJ.

A sort of pulsed microfocus x-ray source has been theoretically and experimentally studied. The portable x-ray source is composed of three portions: LaB6 crystal cathode electron gun emitting system, electrostatic focusing system, and metal target system. The electrons are emitted form the hot crystal cathode, and controlled by modulated Wehnelt grid bias value and the ratio Dw/H, and concentrated by two-equal-radius-cylinder-electrodes focusing system. The x-ray photons are irradiated by high energy electron beam bombarding metal target. The new x-ray source's general-purpose capabilities such as pulsed radiation, focal spot size and luminance were preliminary tested. When the temperature of LaB6 cathode is about 1900K and partial pressures being kept below 10-7 torr, the minimal focus diameter is merely about 10 microns with the pulse width 65ms.

This paper describes the implementation of a remote control system, where a PC and a single chip microprocessor are used in a dedicated application to remote control an X-ray framing camera. It can implement some programmable functions, such as driving pulse width adjustment, delay time adjustment between drivin8g pulses, MCP and phosphor screen bias voltage control. These parameters can be selected with the key board in front panel or with the host computer. A very simple communication link is presented using the ordinary communication protocol RS-232.

This invited paper is presented to discuss the application of high speed photography in z-pinch high temperature plasma diagnostics in recent years in Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology in concentrative mode. The developments and applications of soft x-ray framing camera, soft x-ray curved crystal spectrometer, optical framing camera, ultraviolet four-frame framing camera and ultraviolet-visible spectrometer are introduced.

The study is intended to the investigation of melt removal process during gas laser cutting of sheet metal. Model setup, revealing visual access into the cutting kerf is developed. High speed photography technique is applied for the process recording. Explanation of the melt removal process is given. Interpretation is based on the model cutting shooting analysis and gas flow inside channel visualization data. Mechanisms of striated roughness generation are studied. Gas flow separation is discovered to be the reason for elevated roughness of the cutting surfaces at the lower part. Flow separation leads to vortex formation and reflux motion of the molten film, adjacent to the cutting front. Cutting regimes that are free of these phenomena are also considered. Adequacy of the model experiment to the real case is demonstrated.

By the recent development in electronics, including new solid-state image sensors such as area CCD and C-MOS sensors and the progress of image processing techniques, new imaging radiometers have been developed which two-dimensionally acquire image data of objects moving at a high speed and under high temperature, and (graphically) present the temperature distribution over the object immediately. We successfully measured the temperature distribution and the term KL distribution, which is the absorption strength of combustion in diesel engine cylinders or other luminous flames taking place at a high speed, using single-sensor color high-speed cameras and applying two-color pyrometry introduced by H. C. Hottel and F. P. Btoughton. The measurement accuracy depends on the accuracy of color reproducibility of the high-speed camera being used which is considered a brightness pyrometer, because two-color pyrometry for measuring luminous flames is based on the brightness temperature at two wavelength bands such as red and green. In this paper, we present a method of maintaining the accuracy of measurement using a high-speed camera as a brightness pyrometer and of two-color pyrometry that was developed based on it.

A novel nonzero-order joint transform correlator system with the Mach-Zehnder configuration for polychromatic pattern recognition is presented. To remove zero order term is a very important thing for optical pattern recognition. We cleverly utilize the Stokes relations to remove the large zero order term directly in only one step in this structure. In the proposed technique, we investigate color pattern recognition with YIQ channels involving in-plane distortion such as rotations. Furthermore, the utilization of minimum average correlation energy to generate the composite reference image for enhancing the correlation output is also studied. The computer simulation results are presented to show the validity of the proposed technique.

This paper describes characteristics of a short pulse doped rare earth fiber laser and amplifier. We have obtained very stable pico-second and femto-second laser pulses from fiber laser. An all-fiber laser and amplifier of a double-clad fiber are researched in detail. The pulse of 177fs at wavelength of ~1.50um has been got from fiber laser. The energy of single pulse of 153μJ has been obtained after an amplifier of a double-clad fiber at repetition-rate of 30 KHz.

To our best knowledge, the most supercontinuum sources generated by use of cw pump lasers were obtained with fiber interaction lengths of the order of 100 m to a few kilometers to enhance the optical nonlinearity. However, the material loss was accumulated and the price cost was boosted in the long fibers. In this paper, CW supercontinuum generation by use of a 1480-nm fiber-Raman laser (FRL) in a 100-m high-nonlinear photonic crystal fiber (PCF) together with a 76-km single mode fiber (SMF) was demonstrated. The broadband supercontinuum was obtained with 10-dB bandwidth of 124 nm spanning from 1476 to 1600 nm. It was shown that the principal mechanism of the broadening could be assigned to stimulated Raman scattering, four-wave mixing (FWM) and modulation instability (MI).

We report a high-power diode-double-end-pumped Q-switched Nd:YVO₄ red laser through intracavity frequency-doubling with a type-I critical phase-matched LBO crystal. At the repetition frequency of 26 kHz, the maximum quasi-continuous-wave (QCW) output power at 671 nm was measured to be 9.2 W at the incident pump power of 62.4 W with the corresponding optical conversion efficiency of 14.7%; the pulse width of about 106 ns; the pulse energy of 353.8μJ; the peak power of 3.34 kW, respectively. The perfect performance indicated that the double-end-pumped technique could effectively diminish the thermal lens effect, extend the range of the stable resonator region and achieve a high optical conversion efficiency to obtain a high output power.

A Novel Imaging Interferometer (NII) based on modified Michelson interferometer for surveying the physical properties of upper high speed atmospheric wind filed is presented. Taking the natural airglow and auroral visible emission lines in the upper atmosphere as surveyed source, NII can be used to retrieve the velocity and temperature of the upper high speed atmospheric wind field through the interference imaging spectroscopy coupled with the Doppler effect of electromagnetic wave. The optics system, survey principle, model and surveying method of four intensities are described. Simulated experimental of velocity and temperature of wind field is shown. NII has the advantages of wide field of view, bigger OPD, high resolution, achromatic, thermally stable, and is suitable for measuring upper atmospheric wind field.

We report on pulsed digital micro holographic systems recording ultra-fast process of the femto-second order, by spatially angular division multiplexing (SADM) and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), respectively. Both intensity and phase images of the digitally reconstructed images are obtained through Fourier transformation and digital filtering, which show clearly the plasma forming and propagating dynamic process of laser induced ionization of ambient air at the wavelength of 800 nm, with a time resolution of 50 fs and frame intervals of 300 to 550 fs.

A coupled pair of high-speed photomultiplier tube (PMT) based detector in series with the ultra-broadband amplifier has been presented here. This combined device is intended for accurate measurements of high-speed low-luminous processes in various fields of investigations. Their practical applications and parameters have been illustrated in many details. Successful application of the device to studying the short gap streamer corona discharge in very fast transient stage of primary streamer propagation has been illustrated. The device is able to be a very competitive product as compared to new generation of the PMT-based detectors produced by the Hamamatsu Company who is the world leader in this field.

The modified super-wide-angle Sagnac interferometer (SASI) is designed for upper atmospheric wind measurement. The formula of SASI's optical path difference (OPD) is derived, in which the OPD versus the sine series of incidence angle in order of 4. The SASI's fully compensations of super-wide-angle, achromatic, thermal, wavelength-independent thermal conditions have been investigated. The SASI configuration for the above compensations was successfully setup by selecting correct glasses from the 113 kinds of glasses. The optimized SASI is made of ZBaF17 and QF14 glasses, and the arm lengths are accurately configured. Based on the configuration of glass types and arm lengths of SASI, it shows that SASI achromatic condition is satisfied synchronously for three aurora's emission lines, which are 557.7nm, 630.0nm and 732.0nm respectively. The relative error of SASI's lengths does not exceed 1%. The full field of view (FOV) of the SASI is 6°. It is about 5° in full angle from SASI optical axis to CCD farthest corner. The first order fringe occupies about 67% of the CCD area.

A unsymmetrical photochromic diarylethene, 1-(2-methyl-5-phenylthien-3-yl)-2-[2-methyl-5-(3-fluorophenyl)thien- 3- yl]perfluorocyclopentene (1a), was synthesized and its structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The compound showed good photochromism in solution, in PMMA amorphous film and in the singlecrystalline phase upon photo-irradiation. Using the diarylethene 1b/PMMA film as recording medium and a nonpolarized He-Ne laser (633 nm, 4 mW) for recording and readout, three types of polarization holographic optical recording were carried out successfully. The results showed that different patterns can be displayed with differently polarized readout lights, which can be applied in camouflage technology.

The feasibility of utilizing Bi₄Gi₃O₁₂ (BGO) crystals as sensing element for optical fiber current sensors (OCSs) with enhanced sensitivity is demonstrated. Based on the theoretical analyses of the magneto-optical properties of BGO crystal, the Verdet constants of the crystal at different wavelengths are measured by employing the double frequency method. By combining the measured absorption coefficients with the relations between the Verdet constants and wavelengths, the magneto-optical figure of merit of BGO crystal is obtained. After that an OCS based on a BGO crystal with a magnetic field concentrator and enhanced Faraday rotation by critical angle reflections is designed and experimentally demonstrated. Finally, the influences of the phase shift caused by reflection, which is the main resource of the deviation between the measured and the real values, are theoretically analyzed and numerically simulated. It is demonstrated that an OCS based on BGO crystals with enhanced Faraday rotation could be developed into a practical OCS with a good linearity and a large dynamic range.

Based on Fresnel diffraction formula, the spatial frequency distribution of the holograms recorded with plane and spherical reference wave are analyzed. Using the sampling theorem and the condition of spectrum separation, the general recording conditions of the digital hologram are deduced. The minimum recording distances and the offsets of the reference wave for some practical recording configurations are given. The deduced recording conditions about off-axis Fresnel hologram are different from others, which are different each other. The separating condition of the frequency spectrum for Fourier transform holography is applied directly in their derivation. Moreover, they have applied different other approximations in their derivation. No approximation is applied to our deduction. Therefore, the results derived from our proposed method are accurate. The recording conditions of digital holography with general spherical reference wave are presented firstly on our knowledge. The recording conditions of in-line and off-axis lensless Fourier can be gotten directly as special case. The simulations and the experiments demonstrate that the method and the results are valid. The results also show that only the sampling and separation conditions are met simultaneously, the reconstructed image with high quality can be obtained.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lincoln Laboratory (MIT LL) has been developing both continuous and burst solid-state focal-plane-array technology for a variety of high-speed imaging applications. For continuous imaging, a 128 × 128-pixel charge coupled device (CCD) has been fabricated with multiple output ports for operating rates greater than 10,000 frames per second with readout noise of less than 10 e- rms. An electronic shutter has been integrated into the pixels of the back-illuminated (BI) CCD imagers that give snapshot exposure times of less than 10 ns. For burst imaging, a 5 cm × 5 cm, 512 × 512-element, multi-frame CCD imager that collects four sequential image frames at megahertz rates has been developed for the Los Alamos National Laboratory Dual Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test (DARHT) facility. To operate at fast frame rates with high sensitivity, the imager uses the same electronic shutter technology as the continuously framing 128 × 128 CCD imager. The design concept and test results are described for the burst-frame-rate imager. Also discussed is an evolving solid-state imager technology that has interesting characteristics for creating large-format x-ray detectors with ultra-short exposure times (100 to 300 ps). The detector will consist of CMOS readouts for high speed sampling (tens of picoseconds transistor switching times) that are bump bonded to deep-depletion silicon photodiodes. A 64 × 64-pixel CMOS test chip has been designed, fabricated and characterized to investigate the feasibility of making large-format detectors with short, simultaneous exposure times.

We have developed an ultrahigh-speed, high-sensitivity portable color camera with a new 300,000-pixel single CCD. The 300,000-pixel CCD, which has four times the number of pixels of our initial model, was developed by seamlessly joining two 150,000-pixel CCDs. A green-red-green-blue (GRGB) Bayer filter is used to realize a color camera with the single-chip CCD. The camera is capable of ultrahigh-speed video recording at up to 1,000,000 frames/sec, and small enough to be handheld. We also developed a technology for dividing the CCD output signal to enable parallel, highspeed readout and recording in external memory; this makes possible long, continuous shots up to 1,000 frames/second. As a result of an experiment, video footage was imaged at an athletics meet. Because of high-speed shooting, even detailed movements of athletes' muscles were captured. This camera can capture clear slow-motion videos, so it enables previously impossible live footage to be imaged for various TV broadcasting programs.

In CCD detecting system of dynamic target, the design of high speed CCD driving circuit is a key technique in its application. This paper, taking CCD IL-P3 produced by DALSA Company recently for example, according to the demands of CCD driving timing, introduces a designing method of high speed CCD driving circuit. A CPLD device of ALTERA Company's MAX7000S series is chosen as a hardware carrier to design the driving timing generator with adjustable exposure time. After compiled and simulated in MAX+PLUSII, the program is fitted into the CPLD device by using JTAG interface. And experimental results show that the expected CCD driving plus signals can be get.

A method of video coding rate control by joint picture-layer and macroblock-layer is proposed in this paper. In picturelayer, the number of bits in each frame is pre-allocated on the whole, and a reference quantization parameter is determined. Then, according to rate-distortion principle, when each frame is encoded, the optimized quantization parameter is selected for intra-frame different macroblocks with the minimal distortion. The result of simulation shows that the proposed method of video coding rate control can reduce or avoid buffer from overflow or underflow efficiently, stabilify the output bit-steam and improve the peak signal-noise-ratio (PSNR) of re-constructed video signal.

This article discusses an advanced deformation method based on digital speckle correlation method, which is substantially more robust and has greater dynamic range than other full-field imaging technologies such as ESPI and moiré. The system tracks the stochastic pattern applied to the measurement surface with sub-pixel accuracy. The object under test is viewed by a pair of high resolution, digital CCD cameras. Two cameras having been mounted the locations and attitudes were calibrated prior to measurement by combining nonlinear optimization with accurate calibration points. The calibration points were formed by an infrared LED, which moved with 3-D coordinate measurement machine. By using bilinear interpolation square-gray weighted centroid location algorithm, the imaging centers of the calibration points can be accurate. The speckle images of the same measured zone from different directions for the specimen are recorded by two cameras before and after deformation. Then the deformation displacement and strain of the specimen is calculated by these images using digital speckle correlation method and geometrical relation of stereography. The performance was demonstrated with real translation test.

This paper deals with the approaching surveying principle and data processing for launching and taking-off of a large means of delivery; moreover, the special requirements of the drift magnitude surveying optical system, the intermittent performance of the synchronous high speed camera, the high speed tracing and accurate measurement of angles, and the synchronous controlling, are also described. The approching survey means here the surveying range from the surveying facility to the launching tower is about 100m~200m.

The dynamic behavior of aggregated spherical particles subjected to the impact of a steel spherical projectile was simultaneously recorded using two high-speed video cameras at different angles. The post-impact effects of a steel projectile with an impact velocity of 1-20 m/s and an impact angle of 0-65° on the dynamic behavior of aggregated particles were examined. The movement of the projectile after impact can be classified into four different types. In addition, the effects of the particle's diameter of aggregated particles and the depth of the container on the four different types of the projectile's movement were also examined. The use of small particles resulted in clear boundaries demarcating between the penetration and the horizontal movement or the rebound of the projectile.

The liquefied-petroleum gas tank in some failure situations may release its contents, and then a series of hazards with different degrees of severity may occur. The most dangerous accident is the boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE). In this paper, a small-scale experiment was established to experimentally investigate the possible processes that could lead to a BLEVE. As there is some danger in using LPG in the experiments, water was used as the test fluid. The change of pressure and temperature was measured during the experiment. The ejection of the vapor and the sequent two-phase flow were recorded by a high-speed video camera. It was observed that two pressure peaks result after the pressure is released. The vapor was first ejected at a high speed; there was a sudden pressure drop which made the liquid superheated. The superheated liquid then boiled violently causing the liquid contents to swell, and also, the vapor pressure in the tank increased rapidly. The second pressure peak was possibly due to the swell of this two-phase flow which was likely to violently impact the wall of the tank with high speed. The whole evolution of the two-phase flow was recorded through photos captured by the high-speed video camera, and the "two step" BLEVE process was confirmed.

Microwave absorption and dielectric spectrum detection technology, with high time resolution (less than 1ns), was used for non-contact measurement of electron property in solid materials. In this paper, the photoelectron decay time-resolved spectrums of silver halide, which adsorbed the green-sensitive cyanine dyes J-aggregate, are measured by microwave absorption and dielectric spectrum detection technology. From the experiment, we find that the photoelectron decay time and the photoelectron lifetime of silver halide, which adsorbed the dye, is shorter than that of the pure silver halide; the photoelectron decay time of silver bromide is faster than the photoelectron decay time of silver chloride, the free photoelectron lifetime of silver chloride and silver bromide is 51.66ns and 13.84ns respectively; the variety extent of silver bromide is bigger than that of the silver chloride after sensitized. The effect of the dye concentration on photoelectron decay of silver halide is obvious, for silver bromide and silver chloride, the photoelectron decay become faster while the concentration increases.

The influence of water backscattering on detecting ability should be considered emphatically when optical methods were used to detect underwater object. The water backscattering light can be decreased by using a short pulsed laser in the system and the precise distance of the detected object can be obtained easily. An experimental system made up of short pulsed laser, received optical system, narrowband light filter, high speed detector, high speed data acquisition and process system and so on was established. To validate its detection ability, this system was set into a large water pond to detect several kinds of objects with different reflection index. We processed mass of experimental data get from above experiment with simple method, and the processing result proved that this system had the ability of detecting objects whose distance is about sixty meters. Because of its precise ranging ability, this system can be used with the combination of a right scan device in three dimensional underwater imaging system.

Rotating mirror cameras have been the mainstay of mega-frame per second imaging for decades. There is still no electronic camera that can match a film based rotary mirror camera for the combination of frame count, speed, resolution and dynamic range. The rotary mirror cameras are predominantly used in the range of 0.1 to 100 micro-seconds per frame, for 25 to more than a hundred frames. Electron tube gated cameras dominate the sub microsecond regime but are frame count limited. Video cameras are pushing into the microsecond regime but are resolution limited by the high data rates. An all solid state architecture, dubbed 'In-situ Storage Image Sensor' or 'ISIS', by Prof. Goji Etoh has made its first appearance into the market and its evaluation is discussed. Recent work at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has concentrated both on evaluation of the presently available technologies and exploring the capabilities of the ISIS architecture. It is clear though there is presently no single chip camera that can simultaneously match the rotary mirror cameras, the ISIS architecture has the potential to approach their performance.

A 111-Mega pixel, 92x92 mm², full-frame CCD imager with 9x9 um² pixel size has been developed for use in scientific applications. Recent interest for ultra-high resolution imagers for electronic imaging OEM customers in various scientific markets, including biotechnology, microscopy, crystallography, astronomy, spectroscopy, and digital photography markets has lead to the development of the STA1600A 111-Mega pixel monochromatic charge-coupled device. Innovative design techniques were utilized in the early development of this device, yielding low RMS noise and high MTF for readout speeds ranging from 1 Mpixel/s to 10 Mpixel/sec. This paper will provide detailed information on the design and performance capabilities of the STA1600A, as well as background information on the commercial uses of this device.

This paper presents a very simple circuit of balanced two-stage current amplifier and regulated cascode (RGC) amplifier to realize a linear current-to-voltage conversion. It can accept very low currents in the nA range. The noise model and strategies for noise reduction are discussed. The circuit is designed for 0.18μm CMOS technology and verified by simulations.

This paper presents further results of an ongoing experimental and numerical investigation into the unsteady process of blast wave reflection from straight smooth surfaces. It is shown that basic blast wave phenomena such as the transition from regular to irregular wave reflection can be adequately and conveniently studied in a laboratory environment by using small charges with masses in the milligram range. While the laboratory scale generally provides greater accessibility, it also imposes more stringent conditions on the diagnostics than the large-scale environment. The paper reviews the previously found considerable discrepancies between numerical and experimental results for the location x_tr of the transition from regular to irregular wave reflection. These are caused by the initially minuscule size and gradual growth of the Mach stem and the limited resolution of the recording material. Different techniques are used to improve the accuracy of the experimental determination of the transition point, and a new combination of modern high-speed photography with the traditional soot technique is shown to be the most promising tool for this purpose.

A new technique for the dynamic measurement of detonation pressures by use of a Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor is reported. A variation in pressure changes the wavelength of the FBG reflected light. In a detonation, the shock wave passes the explosive with a velocity of ca. 7 km/s and the pressure builds up to ca. 20 GPa within 100 ns, so huge differences in pressure exist in a small area. To prevent measuring the average pressure in a few mm, short FBG with a length of about 0.5mm is developed by Hongkong PolyU and is inserted in the explosive. The light reflected by the FBG is sent to a fibre optic Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a 3x3 beam combiner. Pressure induced wavelength shift will cause a phase change of the interferometric signal. Using the 3 output signals of the interferometer, the phase can be calculated. Interaction between the FBG and the ionization light generated by the shockwave is also demonstrated.

The time when the bomb explodes is one of the most important indexes to appraise the test. According to the principles concerned with explosion radiation, the principle of measuring the time of remote explosion point and composition of measuring system is introduced. Use CCD to record the explosion radiation, DSP to process and record the highcapacity, high-speed video signals, and convert the exploding process examined by floating amplifier into digital signals. Besides, the article analyzes the composing and structural design of the log's optical system, principle of electric control and floating amplifier, dynamic range of the system, power analysis of the incident light, and how to improve the accuracy of measurement in great detail.

Photon cannot keep itself unchanged from emission to absorption. The information encoded on the photon is also changed due to interaction with environment. There has no definitely demonstration that the photon being absorbed is the original one from ideal light source since the quantum mechanics itself is an indeterminate theory that the physical measurement is only the probability. We divide the change of the photon state into two parts that one can be compensated and the other cannot be compensated. A concept of photon reconstruction is introduced to explain every optical phenomena including Raman scattering, multi-photon absorption, nonlinear phenomena, free electron lasing, quantum entanglement, high order coherence, ghost imaging and the de-phase which result in error bits or information loss in the quantum information process. An experimental result is explained to show that the signal photon can modify the background even the energy of the photon is not enough for absorption in the wide-band gap semiconductor material. The photon-current-voltage curve and dark-current-voltage curve of an absorption, grating, and multiplication InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiode is analyzed to show that 1550nm input light modified the dark background even the applied reverse bias voltage is far below the punch-through voltage. This increase of the dark count directly relates to the input photons at the 1550nm wavelength but is not due to absorption in the absorption layer and insensitive to the applied voltage.

Starting from threshold characteristics and night visual theory of the human eye the new quanta detector and linear filter integrated performance model, universal threshold detecting theory and synthesis detecting equations for LLL (low light level) TV imaging systems have been put foreword and established, which set up together active regularity and connection between photon noise fluctuation theory and linear filter theory. By using the new performance model and apparent distance detecting equations many specific properties of LLL TV imaging system, such as brightness intensified, visual angle enlarged, signal to noise ratio and contrast transferred and attenuated, can be correctly expressed, calculated and evaluated. The characteristics of the human eye can also be correctly reflected and described.

High-speed photography is being considered as an effective technique to record the transient phenomena in medical field. This presentation summarizes our previous work of using high-speed photography in the observation of cavitation bubble clouds generated in high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) field, aiming at the better understanding of the cavitation mechanism during the medical application of HIFU. A high-speed photography system synchronized with HIFU emission facilities was built up, and using this system we have investigated the dynamics of cavitation bubble clouds (i) in the whole HIFU free field; (ii) in the focal region of HIFU free field; and (iii) near the tissue surface in HIFU field. The spatial-temporal evolution of the bubble cloud and the characteristics of bubble cloud structures as well as the possible explanations to the recorded phenomena are reviewed. All the results we got elucidated that the highspeed camera is a potent tool to detect the cavitation phenomena in HIFU field.

Firstly, the possibility of yielding soliton self-trapping in the photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is analyzed, and it is found that, due to the high modal birefringence of PCF, the femtosecond-order initial pulse must be considered in order to realize the soliton self-trapping, so the effects of higher-order nonlinearity and higher-order dispersion need to be taken into account. Secondly, based on the coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equations, the influences of higher-order nonlinear and dispersive effects on the threshold value and the quality of soliton self-trapping are studied in detail with the slip-step Fourier method. The numerical results show that, the higher-order nonlinearity doesn't affect the threshold value but induces both the attenuation and red shift of the two polarized components, and the higher-order dispersion not only influence the pulse shape and width of two polarized components, but also change the threshold value under appropriate conditions. In conclusion, the PCF can also yield the soliton self-trapping with the interactions of all effects above.

Historically diazoquinone/novolak- the two-component photosensitive material (photoresist) was efficiently used in various industries. In the semiconductor industry it is used for the high contrast, high resolution binary image formation for the integrated circuitry. Comparing with the silver halide photosensitive system which has Ag₄ + cluster or T-grain sensitizing center that generates detailed gray scale (photographic density) black & white images, the diazoquinone / novolak resist for the gray scale image formation has not been investigated thoroughly in the past. Diazoquinone/novolak could be used in the photography field as one of the non-silver photosensitive materials and this passive photosensitive material also has its broad exposure-energy response towards the image formation. Here in this paper we provide this silver-halide supplement material to transfer our semiconductor photolithography binary process experience of that resist to its photography application. We also reported the TEM figures and the measurement data of the resist particle diameter after the photolithography development process. The thick photoresist was coated on the aluminum substrate. Using critical dimension, CD = 2μm photomask to process several lots of wafers, the resist particles were collected and the particle size and its distribution after the development process was obtained. Their size distribution mainly has dual separate distribution peaks: 85% of particles have the diameter distributed around 23±3 nm and the rest 15% of bigger particles around 220±50 nm. Here in the experiment we use the standard-equivalent projection reticle to substitute the standard contact mask to obtain 2μm CD latent images thereafter the corresponding particles throughout several lots. Because of the unique role of DNQ, which is both the photo-sensitizer and the development inhibitor before its exposure, the correlation of the resist particle size with respect to the developer concentration, the size of the radius of gyration, the "photosensitizing center" and the "development center" is speculated. Generally the particle size distribution is mainly correlated to the developer concentration, possibly also to the polymer resin molecular weight and the polymer / PAC ratio etc. We added our study of its photochemistry property (here specifically the UV-vis absorbance or optical density), provided its spectroscopic response figures with respect to the sequentially increased exposure of the resist on quartz (250 - 550 nm and 300 - 450 nm). The relationship of the photographic contrast and its photochemistry property of the resist was briefed.

Here we theoretically investigate a new laser device structure model based on a single semiconductor quantum dot (QD) gain emitter, where the lasing occurs through discrete conduction states. A single QD is selectively placed in a high quality microcavity, called a microdisk, which is resonant with an intersublevel QD transition. The quantitative results of fully quantum-mechanical treatment here show that, when adjusting the QD-cavity coupling parameters to be appropriate values, the microcavity coupling mode would lead to a very high photon intensity of the single QD microcavity laser. The QD-cavity coupling interaction is modeled in the strong-coupling regime, and we conclude that the present QD microcavity system itself can serve as a new novel terahertz laser with low threshold.

We propose a technique for measuring the pulse width jitter of high repetition rate optical pulse trains. The technique is based on spectral measurement of three different harmonics of the detected pulse train. The simulation results show that the pulse width jitter would contribute a great amount of noise power to the total noise power when the product of pulse width and angular frequency is larger than 1. We apply the proposed technique to characterize noise of a Fabry-Perot Laser Diode. The pulse width jitter is estimated to be 2.3ps. Compared with the calculated 1.8% amplitude noise and 5.1ps timing jitter, the pulse width jitter is found not to be negligible.

A new background estimation and suppression algorithm was presented. In the algorithm, targets and observing noises were considered as mixed interferences of the image background. With this situation, image background was estimated adaptively and then background suppression was done in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of targets. In this algorithm, firstly, a Zernike-facet model of image background was built up. Secondly, the total least squares (TLS) method was used to solve parameters of the model. Finally, background estimation and suppression were done using the model and its parameters. Simulations and several experiments demonstrating the effectiveness of this proposed algorithm were reported. And results show that this algorithm can be effective to estimate background in mixed noise environment and can preserve detail information of targets and improve SNR of targets. As a result, detecting probability and false probability will be improved in next process for automatic target detection and tracking.

Scientists and Engineers still require to record essential parameters during the design and testing of new (or refined) munitions. This essential data, such as velocities, spin, pitch and yaw angles, sabot discards, impact angles, target penetrations, behind target effects and post impact delays, need to be recorded during dynamic, high velocity, and dangerous firings. Traditionally these parameters have been recorded on high-speed film cameras. With the demise of film as a recording media a new generation of electronic digital recording cameras has come to be accepted method of allowing these parameters to be recorded and analysed. Their obvious advantage over film is their instant access to records and their ability for almost instant analysis of records. This paper will detail results obtained using a new specially designed Ballistic Range Camera manufactured by Specialised Imaging Ltd.

Solid obstacles close to (but not in) the flight path of supersonic projectiles influence the flow field and thus possibly the projectile trajectory, even if no contact between projectile and obstacle occurs. In order to qualitatively clarify the basic characteristics of such projectile/obstacle interactions, an initial investigation comprised of two different sets of experiments has been conducted: live rounds were fired from a rifle so that they passed over a flat plate at distances between 0.8 and 2.5 projectile diameters in the first set of tests, followed by a second set where a stationary projectile model was placed in a supersonic wind tunnel to replicate the flow fields of the live range experiments. Time-resolved monochrome schlieren visualization was used as the primary diagnostic tool in the first set of experiments, while singleshot color schlieren images were obtained in the wind tunnel tests.

High-speed photography plays a major role in a Test Range where the direct access is possible through imaging in order to understand a dynamic process thoroughly and both qualitative and quantitative data are obtained thereafter through image processing and analysis. In one of the trials it was difficult to understand the performance of HESH ammunitions on rolled homogeneous armour. There was no consistency in scab formation even though all other parameters like propellant charge mass, charge temperature, impact velocity etc are maintained constant. To understand the event thoroughly high-speed photography was deployed to have a frontal view of the total process. Clear information of shell impact, embedding of HE propellant on armour and base fuze initiation are obtained. In case of scab forming rounds these three processes are clearly observed in sequence. However in non-scab ones base fuze is initiated before the completion of the embedding process resulting non-availability of threshold thrust on to the armour to cause scab. This has been revealed in two rounds where there was a failure of scab formation. As a quantitative measure, fuze delay was calculated for each round and there after premature functioning of base fuze was ascertained in case of non-scab rounds. Such potency of high-speed photography has been depicted in details in this paper.

The theories and technologies of the optomechanical high speed photography, which has basically met the requirements in investigations of high speed, ultrahigh speed and other top scientific phenomena, have been developed and improved these years in China. Compared with the high speed photography with converter tube, the optomechanical high speed photography has a higher spacial resolution, larger image, and more frames since it only need one transfer from optical image to chemical image or charge image. Optomechanical high speed photographic techniques include high speed optics and mechanics, high speed optoelectronics, high speed electrooptical shutter, and high speed opto-optical technique. In this paper, we will introduce the technologies of high speed transporting film photography, ultrahigh speed rotating mirror photography, multiframe high speed photography with solid imaging unit, microscopy high speed photography, raster principle and Cranz-Schardin principle in high speed photography, and extreme high speed photography based on optical principles.

High speed imaging technology has been applied on biomedical research for a long history. Suspension array technology is a new generation of biochip, which was widely used in fields of life science and analytical chemistry, and was developed quickly. This study present a detecting system based on framing camera for suspension array. In suspension array microspheres were used as the carrier of bio-probes and microchannels were used as analyzing platform. By pre-dyeing of fluorophores in microbeads, the addressing of microbeads was implemented by optical coden. Bio-probes attached to microbeads were distinguished by intensity of fluorescence. Suspension array was usually detected with flow cytometry serially, which was slow relatively. Then a 2D parallel measurement system based on framing camera for suspension array was established in order to increase the measurement speed. Liquid sample containing microsphere was injected into microchannel by a 100ul syringe connected by a capillary. Microspheres flowing in the microchannel form a 2D layer, which was illuminated freezingly by a pulsed Xenon lamp and imaged by a microscopy objective in parallel. The microfluidic channel was designed and fabricated, which was a rectangle microchannel of 1mm×50um in cross-section. The image was captured by CCD and transmitted into computer by frame grabber. Image was processed to distinguish microspheres extract information from the background. Thus area measurement of suspension array in microchannel was realized. Compared with flow cytometry, this technology increased analyzing rate greatly, which could be thousands of microspheres per second.

The results of K004M camera tests when recording a trigger lightning are presented in paper [1] at this Congress. This report is a continuation of paper [1] and gives the results of demonstration of the camera functioning when recording a short spark in laboratory of the University of Florida (Gainesville, USA) and then a natural lightning in the University and at the International Center for Lightning Research & Testing (ICLRT) in Camp Blanding that belongs to this University. In so doing it has been shown that, except for luck, important conditions of successful record of a natural lightning are exact synchronization of the moment of camera start with a required discharge stage as well as automatic measurement of a distance to lightning and determination of its polarity.

A copper vacuum arc cathode spot at current 10-100 A was imaged by three-frame camera K 0011 (BIFO Company, Russia) with frame exposures 30 ns and 6 ns and spatial resolution up to 7 μm. It was found that spot splitting into separate fragments occurs at currents higher than 50 A. The average fragment size was found to be 20 μm at current about 10 A (cathode spot consists of a single fragment). With the rise of the arc current the average fragment size rises too and reaches 50 μm at current 100 A (cathode spot consists of two or three fragments). The overall dimension of region occupied by cathode spot fragments rises from 20 μm at current 12 A to 120 μm at current 100 A. Observations with high temporal resolution (exposure time 6 ns) reveal the significant changes of cathode spot brightness occurring within about 10 ns time interval.

The three elements of photoelectrical cathode, microchannel plate and fluorescence screen are important parts to imaging quality of low light and ultraviolet Image intensifier. To do research and analysis work on the Fluorescence screen parameter testing have practical significance to the understanding of the performance of fluorescence screen and then can help to know where improvement should be made and then achieve a best performance entire tube, This article mainly introduce the testing theory of the brightness uniformity of fluorescence screen of Image Intensifier and how to build a mathematic model.

HLS (Hefei Light Source) is an 800MeV electron storage ring in National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory. To measure electron bunch for Synchrotron Radiation and to understand the machine behavior during the operation, the streak camera system has been built in HLS storage ring on April 2006. The streak camera system mainly consists of the synchrotron light extracting optics setup and OPTOSCOPE the streak camera. The light extracting optics setup consists of the light extracting path and the optics imaging system. The OPTOSCOPE the streak camera consists of a camera main unit with input optics, a remote control unit, a CCD camera readout unit, a power supply unit, a Personal Computer with a frame grabber interface card and ARP-Optoscope software package. The streak camera system operates with synchroscan sweep mode or dual time base sweep mode. Controlling the streak camera and image acquisition is made by the ARP-Optoscope software. At present, the system is used to measure the bunch length and the bunch interval in HLS storage ring. Some typical results of the measurement are given.

Taking advantage of the framing camera, the performances of the laser pumping source were studied. The framing photographs of XeF₂ photodissociation wave (PDW) under different experimental conditions had been taken, which showed the forming process of the PDW. The variations of the radius, thickness and developing velocity of the PDW with time had been obtained under different XeF₂ initial concentrations. The temporal and spatial characteristics of the PDW had been analyzed. The irradiative intensity of pumping source could be diagnosed by calculating the time evolution of XeF₂ photodissociation wave which was photographed by framing camera. The framing photographs of the discharge plasma channel under different conditions had been obtained. The effect of the discharge plasma extension on the efficiency resistance of the discharge circuit had been analyzed.

During the last few years, The time resolution of X-ray streak cameras have been improved to near 300-fs. Due to the relative slower sweeping speed and initial energy distribution of electrons, It is hard to breakthrough the 100 fs time resolution barrier. In this letter, time focus and time amplifier system is proposed. The time focus system is used to compensate the time dispersion between photocathode and anode. The using of a time amplifier improves the technical time resolution. The time focus and time amplifier system is designed to a compact fast electrons cavity structure.

The high-speed photography is essential diagnostic tool in research on the ultra fast process. Usually, such process has the duration of hundreds nanoseconds to dozens microseconds. The image diagnostic instrumentation is required to obtain high speed framing images, which should be in fixed time in the duration with short exposure time and suitable gap. A kind of nanosecond framing camera has been developed, which uses octagonal pyramid mirror to split one image to eight. One image is split to eight in the space and each split image has equal optical energy. A nearly-pasted image intensifier with gate selection is also developed to enhance the weak optical image. Each channel uses independent image intensifier with gate and CCD camera. This system can capture eight images one time in the minimum interval time of 10ns while the exposure time is 3ns The framing speed achieves 100 million/second. The dynamic spatial resolution achieves 15 lp/mm. Many experiments, such as beam diagnose of electron pulse, plasma luminescence process have adopted this camera and many useful results have been obtained.

It is convenient to apply three-dimensional (3D) detecting instruments to automatic drive, virtual reality modeling, terrain reconnaissance, etc. It is presented that a new high-speed camera which achieves one three-dimensions image by only one light pulse in this paper. It has a measurement range of one kilometer and a distance resolution of five meters. This camera is composed with a pulse laser and three receivers which are made up with a Micro Channel Plate (MCP) and a Charge Coupled Device (CCD) each. These parts are mature commercial productions that provide low cost and high reliable to the 3D camera. As soon as the pulse laser emits a light pulse, the three receivers are modulated with synchronistical control circuits. A 3D picture can be calculated by three different density images which are obtained by that. The one-light-pulse-one-picture mode gives a flexible way to work with a gate signal. A 3D camera working with high-speed gate signal can achieve high-speed photography easily. A mathematic model is established to describe measurement range, distance detection precision and space resolving of the camera. The best modulation functions of the receivers are given with consideration of white noise by Euler-Lagrange equation. Due to the best modulation function we give a scheme is follows: The first receiver is modulated by a const gain, the second one is modulated by a linearly increasing gain and the last one is modulated by a linear decreasing gain. This combination achieve both low noise and simple structure. Because of the simple structure, several fibers which we named amending fibers can be used to amend error of receiver modulation and synchronistical error. Analysis of the detection precisions of the camera and continuous wave detection systems are carried out both in time domain and frequency domain. The results indicate pulse laser can increase the detection range by suppressing background light greatly and decreasing imaging time. But it achieves lower precision if the background light is faintness. Simulation experiment results are presented in this paper. A 1.4 kilometers fiber was used in this experiment to simulate a 700 meters distant, a Laser Diode (LD) is employed to simulate the pulse laser. A high voltage modulation circuit was designed to modulate the gain of MCP to implement the modulation function. The experiment results with and without amending fibers indicated that the primary noises come from CCD and the high voltage modulation circuit. The amending fibers can weaken the circuit errors in some degree. Future improvement is described in the end of the paper also.

The basic fractal theory and the fractal interpolation are studied, and the fractal property of remote sensing images is refered in this paper. As to LIDAR points data, due to its difficulty of being handled by the traditional arithmetics, a arithmetic of rapid regularization of LIDAR point cloud based on fractal interpolation with enhancement of edge features is proposed on the analysis of the organizing forms of the point cloud. The arithmetic regularizes the points cloud into a "rough image" by direct resample, and the edge pixels are differentiated from it, which are given new value by fractal interpolation. And the non-edge ones retain their original value. The experiment proves that it can reduce the computation, and enhance the main features effectively.

It is important for medicine cell image to detect edge and trace contour In the process of recognition. The method of equilibrium is used to improve the contrast between the target and the background for giving prominence to the target at the beginning in this paper. Then edges in the image are detected with Canny operator, followed by edge figures processing that utilizes fundamental transform processing in mathematical morphology. Finally, it makes use of eightdirection chain code searching algorithm to trace contour, and carry on vectorization to the traced contour by using improved variable-step-length algorithm in order to keep and recognize cells further. Better experimental results are obtained by utilizing this method on edge detection and contour tracing of cell images.

Aiming at the influence of geometrical deformation on image matching, the method based on gray-level difference between the nearby pixels detecting multi-pixels edge of image is put forward. To a 256 by 256 image, it needs only 0.14 second to detect edge which is 40% and 35% faster respectively than that of the Prewitt and Robert arithmetic. Applying the method based on multi-pixels edge character to image matching, the influences of edge excursion can be improved obviously: when excursion exists in single pixel point, the relative probability of image matching is improved to 67%; when it exits in edge, it is improved to 50%. Research shows that this method is of simple model, high real-time quality and anti-geometrical-deformation. Most importantly, it is simply conducted.

Image distortions during the propagation of optical beam in the turbulent atmosphere are provoked. Exposure time has effect on the space distribution characteristics of light image in the focal-plane CCD or CMOS sensor. The effect of exposure time on the spot size and shape is analyzed both theoretically and experimentally. The expression of spot size variable with exposure time has been developed from the angle-of-arrival fluctuation by the longitudinal and transverse components. In an optical free-space laser transmission experiment over a three-month period, measurements of spot size at variable exposure times are shown. Theoretical and experimental results illuminate the important point that the effect of exposure time must be considered for the optical design. The results show that the spot size decreases with exposure time increasing. A rapid decrease is showed in the spot size for short exposure times up to about 20msec.

This paper proposes a general rigid motion model for estimating the multi-object 3D relative motion parameters and the centers of rotation based on stereo sequences images. It is assumed that the correct establishing correspondence between the matching points has been accomplished. For arbitrary two objects of these motion objects, firstly we set up three space reference frames respectively on the two objects and the left camera, and their space relation is described according to the coordinates of the correspondence points that lie on the two objects. Then, we design the two objects' 3D motion model through analyzing the rigid motion objects' character under the three reference frames. Thirdly, using these points' 3D space coordinates acquired by high speed stereo photography, we can linearly figure out the instantaneous relative 3D motion parameter and center of rotation through long sequence images after eliminating the motion affection of the other motion object. For heightening the motion estimation method's robust, RANSAC algorithm is applied to delete the outliers. Finally, simulation experiments are conducted using synthesized stereo sequence images corrupted by noise and the experiment results prove the model's correction and the algorithm's validity.

According to Sampling Theorem and image processing, structured light system has some limits, such as the measurement resolution is restricted, some little gaps can not be measured and there are some errors or lost data on the border of surface. A novel rotatable interlaced coding in real-time system of 3D information acquisition using structuredlight imaging is proposed. It is consisting of two free directions of three-frame space-time light pattern, which can acquire the denser 3D data from a single viewpoint. It can decrease the error from range image registration and advance the system accuracy. The paper builds a real-time system of 3D profile measurement using structured-light. It allows a hand-held object to rotate freely in the space-time coded light field, which is projected by the projector.

In this paper, an algorithm of LIDAR intensity image noise removal based on orientation gradient and weighted threshold is proposed on the analysis of LIDAR imaging mechanism. It detects and removes the noise in LIDAR intensity image based on the orientation gradient of the ground got from LIDAR distance information, during which weighted threshold is adopted to calculate the threshold automatically. Experiments prove that this filter can detect and remove the noise effectively and preserve the edge information of Intensity Image better.