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7 September 2006MODIS solar diffuser Earthshine modeling and analysis
MODIS's solar diffuser is one of the key calibration sources for its reflective bands. Geometric optical modeling
shows that Earthshine illuminating the solar diffuser contaminates measurements of the direct solar irradiance.
Before launch, a simple model was used that did not consider the non-diffuse component and the atmospheric
transfer of the Earthshine contamination. Recently, a more detailed Earthshine model has been recently developed to
better determine the magnitude and characteristics of Earthshine contamination. The model includes a geometric
optical model of the instrument, a model of the Earth/Sun/instrument geometry during the calibration interval, an
atmospheric model, and various bi-directional models of Earth surface types. Several types of vegetation and open-ocean
with different wind speeds are modeled. Analysis was performed of the solar diffuser data with particular
emphasis on the surface type at the Earth locations where specular reflections (glint) might occur, i.e., where the
solar and view zenith angles are almost the same and the relative azimuth angle is near 180°. The new model
compares well with detailed analysis of the solar diffuser data, both over open-ocean with glint, and over vegetation.
Both the modeling and analysis show a spectral dependence in the non-diffuse radiation that increases with
wavelength. The modeling and analysis give lower and upper bounds on the Earthshine contamination and suggest
approaches for minimizing its impact on the MODIS calibration.
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R. E. Wolfe, W. Esaias, A. Lyapustin, X. Xiong, "MODIS solar diffuser Earthshine modeling and analysis," Proc. SPIE 6296, Earth Observing Systems XI, 629606 (7 September 2006); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.681100