This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 7145, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and the Conference Committee listing.

The occurrence of algal bloom has threatened the water quality of Taihu Lake that provides drinking water for millions of people in the eastern Chinese city of Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. Chlorophyll a presented in living phytoplankton is a very important ecological and environmental parameter of waters and it is usually used as indicator of the algal bloom. To assess changes in chlorophyll a concentration distributions before an algal bloom in Taihu Lake on May 29,2007, a linear model was established between the radio of band 1 (620-670nm) to band 2 (841-876nm) of the MODIS mediumresolution bands and the in situ measurements of chlorophyll a concentration. The distributions of chlorophyll a concentration are mapped. The phytoplankton patches are evenly distributed over the Taihu Lake during March 2007, while the patches are confined to north part of the lake along the bank during May 2007, including Meiliang Bay where the water supply of Wuxi city is. This study demonstrates that the moderately high resolution of MODIS/Terra 250-m data is useful for monitoring the chlorophyll a distribution in small inland water body such as Taihu Lake.

Based on GIS technology, this paper mainly focuses on the application of disaster assessment algorithm after forest fire and studies on the design and realization of disaster assessment based on GIS. After forest fire through the analysis and processing of multi-sources and heterogeneous data, this paper integrates the foundation that the domestic and foreign scholars laid of the research on assessment for forest fire loss with the related knowledge of assessment, accounting and forest resources appraisal so as to study and approach the theory framework and assessment index of the research on assessment for forest fire loss. The technologies of extracting boundary, overlay analysis, and division processing of multi-sources spatial data are available to realize the application of the investigation method of the burnt forest area and the computation of the fire area. The assessment provides evidence for fire cleaning in burnt areas and new policy making on restoration in terms of the direct and the indirect economic loss and ecological and environmental damage caused by forest fire under the condition of different fire danger classes and different amounts of forest accumulation, thus makes forest resources protection operated in a faster, more efficient and more economical way. Finally, this paper takes Lin'an city of Zhejiang province as a test area to confirm the method mentioned in the paper in terms of key technologies.

Through the geographic insemination test in installments on five phases of potato late blight in four areas of Mianning and Zhaojue with the altitude of 1,600m, 1,800m, 2,100m and 2,500m respectively, this paper researches the meteorological causes, leading factors and climatic indexes for potato late blight in mountain areas of southwest Sichuan in detail. Based on that, short-term section climatic inspection data of mountain areas, observation data from meteorological post and latest data from automatic weather station are extensively collected, organized and processed by extension, based on which the Spatial Distribution Model of climatic indexes for potato late blight in mountain areas of southwest Sichuan is established in association with the routine surface observation data, y=f(h,φ,l,β). With the geographic information data of 1:250000 and GIS technology, southwest Sichuan is divided into climatic liable region of potato blight, climatic secondary liable region and climatic non-liable region by factor setting and optimization method. Providing scientific basis for selection, distribution and prevention decision making for late blight resistant species of potato in southwest Sichuan, it has important value for production and application.

Various disasters have been a serious threat to human and are increasing over time. The reduction and prevention of hazard is the largest problem faced by local governments. The study of disasters has drawn more and more attention mainly due to increasing awareness of the socio-economic impact of disasters. Hubei province, one of the highest economic developing provinces in China, suffered big economic losses from geo-hazards in recent years due to frequent geo-hazard events with the estimated damage of approximately 3000 million RMB. It is therefore important to establish an efficient way to mitigate potential damage and reduce losses of property and life derived from disasters. This paper presents the procedure of setting up a regional geological hazard forecast and information releasing system of Hubei province with the combination of advanced techniques such as World Wide Web (WWW), database online and ASP based on WEBGIS platform (MAPGIS-IMS) and rainfall information. A Web-based interface was developed using a three-tiered architecture based on client-server technology in this system. The study focused on the upload of the rainfall data, the definition of rainfall threshold values, the creation of geological disaster warning map and the forecast of geohazard relating to the rainfall. Its purposes are to contribute to the management of mass individual and regional geological disaster spatial data, help to forecast the conditional probabilities of occurrence of various disasters that might be posed by the rainfall, and release forecasting information of Hubei province timely via the internet throughout all levels of government, the private and nonprofit sectors, and the academic community. This system has worked efficiently and stably in the internet environment which is strongly connected with meteorological observatory. Environment Station of Hubei Province are making increased use of our Web-tool to assist in the decision-making process to analyze geo-hazard in Hubei Province. It would be more helpful to present the geo-hazard information for Hubei administrator.

In this paper we discussed the development and research of the GIS-based landslide prediction system of the Three Gorges area. First of all, we systematically revisited the basic issues of the landslide prediction, including the principles of landslide prediction, the division of sliding-time and sliding-deformation stages, prediction parameters selection and monitoring sites selection. In addition to reviewing the landslide prediction models, this paper detailed discussed an improved model which makes an integration of the results of multiple prediction models. On the basis of those landslide prediction models, we developed a GIS-based landslide prediction system by using Visual C#.NET and ESRI ArcObjects components. Finally, this paper selected two typical landslide cases in the Three Gorges area: the Xintan landslide and the Lianzi Cliff dangerous rock body, and used the system to calculate and analyze. It validated the applicability and accuracy of the prediction models, made a test of the practicality of the system, and achieved good results.

According to the heterogeneous and spatial characteristic of environmental disaster events, this paper uses wetland information distributed in different administrative departments of Wuhan as research objects, attempts to construct an integrated and interoperation system based on semantic grid to tackle with the sudden environmental disaster. Through the conversion from domain (node) ontologies to universal ontologies in the spatial information semantic grids of environmental disaster, we can resolve the distribution and heterogeneity problem of the spatial information about environmental disaster, and logically provide users a virtual single spatial information view. With the management, registration and service mechanism of environmental disaster information and resource based on geographic ontology, all the operation are based on semantic. It can implement the grid calculation based on semantic and the integration and interoperation of environmental disaster spatial information and resources. As the instance shows that, the system can settle the heterogeneity problem of various GISs in a certain extent, and facilitate the semantic integration and interoperation among various systems.

In order to assess flood losses accurately and rapidly, the author has developed the assessment system of flood losses for Poyang Lake area based on GIS. Firstly, the author has established the assessment model of flood losses for Poyang Lake area, which contains building flood hazard database, selecting flood hazard factors, improving neural network training model, verifying analysis, etc. Secondly, the author has designed the system structure, which includes six sub-system, water regime acquisition, flood forecasting, information inquiry, assessment of flood losses, flood scheduling and system settings. Then the assessment system of flood losses has been developed by using Visual Basic 6.0 and MATLAB in Arc Engine. Finally, the system has been applied in the Poyang Lake area, and the application result shows that the assessment system of flood losses has good feasibility and practicality.

This paper presents an integrated model to model the effects of urbanization on infectious disease transmission by coupling a cellular automata (CA) land use development model, population projection matrix model and CA epidemic model. The improvement of this model lies in using an improved CA epidemic model that can divide individuals into three states (susceptible, infected and recovered) and combine connection factor, movement factor into the epidemic model to provide more helpful outcomes in infectious disease transmission. A population density surface model and a household density surface were used to bridge the gap between urbanization and infectious disease transmission. A case study is presented involving modelling infectious disease transmission in Changchun City, a rapidly urbanizing city in China. The simulation results for Changchun City over a 30-year period show that the average numbers of susceptible individuals, infected individuals and recovered individuals in the latter time are greater than those in the previous time during the process of urbanization. In addition, the average numbers of susceptible individuals, infected individuals and recovered individuals increase with higher population growth rate.

Mechanism of flood forecasting is a complex system, which involves precipitation, drainage characterizes, land use/cover types, ground water and runoff discharge. The application of flood forecasting model require the efficient management of large spatial and temporal datasets, which involves data acquisition, storage, pre-processing and manipulation, analysis and display of model results. The extensive datasets usually involve multiple organizations, but no single organization can collect and maintain all the multidisciplinary data. The possible usage of the available datasets remains limited primarily because of the difficulty associated with combining data from diverse and distributed data sources. Difficulty in linking data, analysis tools and model is one of the barriers to be overcome in developing real-time flood forecasting and risk prediction system. The current revolution in technology and online availability of spatial data, particularly, with the construction of Canadian Geospatial Data Infrastructure (CGDI), a lot of spatial data and information can be accessed in real-time from distributed sources over the Internet to facilitate Canadians' need for information sharing in support of decision-making. This has resulted in research studies demonstrating the suitability of the web as a medium for implementation of flood forecasting and flood risk prediction. Web-based hydrological modeling system can provide the framework within which spatially distributed real-time data accessed remotely to prepare model input files, model calculation and evaluate model results for flood forecasting and flood risk prediction. This paper will develop a prototype web-base hydrological modeling system for on-line flood forecasting and risk mapping in the Oak Ridges Moraine (ORM) area, southern Ontario, Canada, integrating information retrieval, analysis and model analysis for near real time river runoff prediction, flood frequency prediction, flood risk and flood inundation area prediction.

The study uses matter-element model to carry out the theory and practice research of land use suitability evaluation. First, the study sets up the matter-element model for the land use suitability evaluation. The Evaluation steps are the following: (1) select the various factors sets of land use suitability evaluation. (2) Identify the sutra fields and controlled fields of various factors. (3) Make sure the actual value of assessment unit. (4) Calculate the relating degree. (5) Evaluate the suitability levels of land use types. Using the group AHP method, the weights of the evaluation units are decided. Using the overlay space analysis method, the value of various factors is made certain. Then, the paper takes Sanhe city of Hebei province as an example to make the empirical study supported by ArcGIS. There are 153 evaluation unit in Sanhe city. The study results show that: the matter-element model can overcome the impact of human factors in the process of land use suitability evaluation to improve the assessment accuracy and operability. The agriculture and construction suitability evaluation results reflect the actual situation in Sanhe City.

Oil spills are seriously affecting marine ecosystem and cause political and scientific concern. In order to implement an emergency in case of oil spills, it is necessary to monitor oil spill using remote sensing. Techniques for monitoring oil spills includes optical, microwave, and radar approaches using aircraft or satellites. However, Satellites have wider coverage and lower price. Recent years, with more sensors launching, correctness and real time of oil spills monitoring using satellites are improved. Based on many successful experiences in oil spills monitoring, sensitivities of different bands to different oil types are analyzed using AVHRR and TM data, and methodologies to extract oil spills information, especial oil thickness, are presented. In addition, with regard to requirements of customers, position, area, drifting trajectory and velocity can be calculated, which supports marine oil spill fast emergency response effectively. It is believed that it is possible to establish an oil spill monitoring network using satellite covering main sea area in China.

Flood disaster is one of the most frequently and the biggest natural disasters in the world, and snowmelt floods which break out in spring often bring enormous social and economic loss, especially in arid and semi-arid areas, such as in Northern Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, China. Any effective prevention or mitigation of disasters is built on the basis of forecasting, so the real-time processing, snow information analysis, and weather forecasting, are combined into a system which can provide intelligent reports and prewarning information of snowmelt flood duly and accurately for the government departments or other organizations. So it is of great significance for flood prevention and disaster reduction. Furthermore, effective forecasting and prewarning can generate enormous social, economic and ecological benefits, so the establishment of a real-time, efficient and reliable Flood Forecasting/Prewarning DSS, is an important part of the building of non-engineering measures for flood prevention and disaster reduction. Now the integrated applications of remote sensing(RS), geographic information systems(GIS) and global positioning systems(GPS), named "3S" technologies, have been infiltrated through hydrology and water resource management, and there are rapid developments and extensive applications of Decision Support System (DSS) in recent years in many fields. But there is seldom appearance of mature applications of Snowmelt Flood Forecasting/Prewarning DSS, and a shortage of study on effective Snowmelt Flood Forecasting. In this paper, firstly, a Distributed Snowmelt Runoff Model had been built based on the "3S" technologies, and then a Snowmelt Flood Forecasting DSS based on the B/S (Browser server) and J2EE structure had been established, then introduced the T213 Numerical Forecasting Production from WRF mode and revised it with our synchronous field observation data. Various snow information and other basic geoinformation also had been extracted from RS imagines or other data with RS and GIS tools. At last, snowmelt flood based on "3S" technologies and DSS had been forested in the typical study area, Quergou River Basin, which is located in the middle of the Northern Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, China, and is contrasted with the latter measured runoff. Good forecasting results had been achieved, and the average accuracy was up to 0.90.

A harmonious society indicates the harmonious relationship between the person and the nature. People's notion is converted from changing the nature to understanding the nature. The research of the Regional Eco-environment becomes more and more important after long-term practice of human. The digital regional planning at this stage gradually places emphasis on ecological and environmental research in order to accomplish the regional sustainable development. Rs which is the quickly updated and information-rich data sources and GIS which is the effective tool for spatial data integrating and handling plays an increasingly important role in this processing. The paper proposes integrated geographical unit as the basic analysis unit, and delivers the method and the involving elements. Geographical Unit refers to the geographical factor compounding to a certain level, the intermediate structures below the highest level. Integrated relative to the special, two or more specialty can be combined into an integrated. We accomplished two cases study with effect. The one is the research area Beibu Gulf Economic Areas of Guangxi, which lies in the South of The Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China; the other is Zhangjiajie, which is located in the northwest of Hunan province.

Flood Risk Map is one of the important non-engineering measures for flood control and disaster reduction. On the basis of the flood risk analysis, and with the powerful spatial analysis and display functions of Arc GIS, the Flood Risk Map in flood detention area can be drawn automatically through the redevelopment of Arc GIS by Arc Engine. Firstly, a new layer can be created according to the boundary of the flood detention area. When simulating the inundate characteristics of specific flood regimes, the boundary of the flood detention area and the main water barriers within the flood detention area are used as the constraint boundaries. The computed grids layer can be created automatically for the 2-D hydraulic model. Meanwhile, after setting the time step in the flood simulation, some important hydrological elements such as water stage, velocity and flow direction can be computed for every grids at each time step; secondly, a series of fields which are corresponding to the hydrological elements can be created in the attribution table of the calculated grid layer, and importing the result of the flood simulation into the same attribution table, then, according to the values of the hydrological elements and the need of the visual effect, the fields in every calculation grids are colored automatically in classified levels by the corresponding color matching scenarios, thus obtaining the flood risk layer; finally, based on the classified results of the colored fields, do some operations such as merging and smoothing to the flood risk layer, and adding some other basic layers then forming a complete Flood Risk Map. As an example, the method was applied to mapping the Flood Risk Map for Mengwa flood detention area which is located on the left side of Huaihe River in Anhui province. It indicated that the procedure presented in this paper provides an alternative to draw the comprehensive Flood Risk Map by a quick and efficient way.

The paper is intended to analyze the temporal change and spatial distribution of flood and drought disasters during the period from 1950 to 2005 in China based on the GIS (Geographic Information System) spatial analysis methods. The data for the analysis includes statistical data of the flood and drought disasters which are suffering area and affected area and spatial geographical data of China which are 1:1000 000 province boundary vector map. The spatial data obtained from National Natural atlas published by Institute of Geographical sciences and Nature resources research, CAS. The flood disaster data are gathered from China Hazard Report in 1949-1995 and China Statistical Yearbook compiled by National Bureau of Statistics of China. By analysis of the temporal change and spatial distribution of flood and drought disasters, it can be seen that Flood and drought disasters increased in the research period. Before the middle of 1980s flood and drought disasters had lower and influenced area increased evidently after the middle of 1980s.The indicated that China flood and drought were expanded on the whole situation and stabilizing, this demonstrates China floods and droughts continued on the trend of expansion. China's major flood occurred in the South, the North and floods occurred in both the frequency or intensity was much smaller than the South, China's major drought occurred in the north. The affected rate and suffered rate for flood and drought disasters are positive correlative. This indicates the resistance capacity of agriculture system in China is faintish in general.

Based on the necessity analysis of GIS applications in earthquake disaster prevention, this paper has deeply discussed the spatial integration scheme of urban earthquake disaster loss evaluation models and visualization technologies by using the network development methods such as COM/DCOM, ActiveX and ASP, as well as the spatial database development methods such as OO4O and ArcSDE based on ArcGIS software packages. Meanwhile, according to Software Engineering principles, a solution of Urban Earthquake Emergency Response Decision Support Systems based on GIS technologies have also been proposed, which include the systems logical structures, the technical routes,the system realization methods and function structures etc. Finally, the testing systems user interfaces have also been offered in the paper.

Because vegetation affect several processes including water balance, absorption and reemission of solar radiation, latent and sensible heat fluxes, and carbon cycle, the variations in the composition and distribution of vegetation represents one of the most main source of systematic change on local, regional, or global scale. To monitor and better assess natural or man-made change in vegetation of the earth is desirable for modeling and predicting interactions between land surface and atmosphere. The temporal evolution of decadal NDVI composition is regarded as an effective time window able to show the natural seasonal variations. This paper investigates vegetation change between 1998 and 2006 in the west Liao River watershed, North China, which is the east fringe of agro-pasture transitional zone in northern China and highly sensitive to global change. Time series of SPOT-VEGETATION Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data are used to detect the vegetation cover change during last 9 years. Results show that the yearly maximum value composite mean NDVI over the study area increased slightly from 0.277 in 1998 to 0.287 in 2006, which indicated the increasing trend of vegetation activity. The annual average NDVI value in whole area was steady. Very slight improved and slight improved area reached 113442.32 km² and 27987.34 km², taking up 67.81% and 16.73% of the whole study area respectively. The degraded regions occupied about 15.16%. During 1998-2006, the landscape evolution in the western Liaohe River Basin was characterized by two opposite processes, namely vegetation restoration (returning cropland for farming to grassland and close grazing) and desertification (especially land salinization). The increasing amplitude is larger than the decreasing amplitude on the whole. There was obvious decrease of monthly MNDVI in spring months, while increasing tendency of monthly MNDVI in summer and autumn was found. Results will help to provide valuable information for environmental management policies involving biodiversity preservation and rational exploitation of natural and agricultural resources in this vulnerable ecotone.

This paper reports on the development and testing of a procedure for assessing large-scale patterns of vegetation Net Primary Productivity (NPP) in North Tibet Plateau. This work was based on Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) model, multi-temporal MODIS data and ground meteorological data. The research shows that: (1) for NPP, an estimated result of North Tibet Plateau approaches an actually tested value. A fast diagnosis and an accurate evaluation to temporal and spatial distribution of NPP can be fulfilled by CASA model; (2) spatial distribution of NPP appears a progressive decrease from SE to NW and this distribution is identical to hydrothermal conditions and vegetations zonal differentiation. A total NPP in study area is 46.434MtC/a, the largest occurring in high-cold meadow, making up 48.4 percent; the second in high-cold steppe, 39.24 percent, respectively; (3) NPP is featured by an obvious seasonal variation: extremely low in middle winter (from November to March), its cumulative value making up 3.2 percent of annual NPP; highest in summer (from June to September), its cumulative value covering 84 percent, respectively. This temporal variation of NPP is related to the seasonal variation of both temperature and moisture content in North Tibet Plateau

The contents of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg and As) in agricultural surface soils of Peri-Urban Area in Pudong of Shanghai were analyzed to investigate the heavy metal contents and spatial distribution. Different evaluation methods and assessment standards were also used for comparison. In addition, Kriging method based on GIS was also applied to study the spatial variability of heavy metal pollution. The result showed that mean concentrations of heavy metals were all higher than the natural-background values of them, respectively, except for Pb and As. Based on the national soil quality standard, Cu, Zn, Cd and Hg were determined in some regions, with the ratios of 3.8%, 2.1%, 9.2% and 0.8%, respectively. However, the contents of Pb, Cr and As were much lower than the values of national soil quality standard. The analysis of spatial distribution showed that the soil quality was influenced by different heavy metals at different levels. Cu, Zn, Cd and Hg were the dominant elements, causing soil heavy metal pollution in the area. Additionally, the regional differentiation of soil pollution was also obvious.

The article reports on the research work about applying remote sensing technology to conduct agricultural natural resources investigation and dynamic monitoring, and soil conservation information system management, and introduces major achievements at various stages. After 35 years of research in Shanxi Province agricultural natural resource investigation and dynamic monitoring have gone through the initial experimental stages of macro, micro and the combination of fixed location with its property and quantity, and have now developed into mature quantization research stages of fusion system of combing remote sensing, Geographical Information System and Geographical Information Science, so as to provide practical research technology for agricultural natural and environment management and decision making. With rapid development of science and technology, deepening of the remote sensing research, we will gradually set up Numeric Agriculture in Shanxi Province and decision making and information management system of resources and environment monitoring, improvement and exploration on county, prefecture and provincial scales, so as to put Shanxi agricultural natural resources and environment management on the scientific way. It has a great significance in a long term.

As useful indicators for land surface characteristics, Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Normal Different Vegetation Index (NDVI) can provide information on vegetation and moisture conditions at the surface. In this study, Qin's monowindow algorithm and Temperature-Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI) were employed to study LST and soil moisture conditions in Guangzhou. Landsat TM image dated on November 23, 2005 was used to retrieve the LST and TVDI. A geospatial model was designed and processed for getting LST and soil moisture status. The result images reveal that, the areas with high land surface temperatures mainly appeared in the centers of urban. On 23 November, 2005, areas with high land surface temperatures took up 26.15%, while urban heat island areas with higher land surface temperatures took up 11.6% in Guangzhou. Except water and urban or built-up land, humid and normal areas took up 22.05%, slight drought areas took up 60.75%, drought areas took up 17.01%, and heavy drought areas took up 0.16%.Compare to the real status of soil moisture, the result indicate that the TVDI index can provide a powerful tool to assess the soil moisture conditions for large scale areas in Guangzhou.

Red tides have been increasingly observed in the gulf of Haizhou and considered a serious environmental problem from the beginning of the new century. Eutrophication of water is an important reason of red tide occurrence. This paper used the observation data of the concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) in Haizhou Gulf from 2004 to 2006 and selected synchronous MODIS Terra 1B data with 500m spatial resolution in this period of time. We established factors with single band and multi-bands, and then calculated the correlation of each factor with DIN concentration, DIP concentration, and their logarithm respectively. The factors with stronger correlation were used to establish regression models of DIN and DIP's concentration. After comparing these models, we chose the linear model of DIN concentration established by factor ) 4, 3 ( 11 F and inverse model of the logarithm of DIP concentration established by factor ) 5, 6 ( 7 F as their final regression model. The relative accuracy of DIN concentration model achieved about 70%; the retrieving results of DIN concentration were consistent well with real conditions. The relative accuracy of the logarithm of DIP concentration achieved about 90%. The results prove the feasibility of monitoring DIN concentration and the exponential order of DIP concentration in offshore of Jiangsu Province.

Agricultural land gradation links land classification and land appraisal. It indicates the difference in agricultural productivity resulted from differences in land's natural characteristics and/or the effectiveness and efficiency of agricultural production at present and in the future. Technically, agricultural land is graded based on the sum of weighted indices and further classified by equal-distance, or axis, or sum frequency curve. It is critical to define the system of weights in this process. In practice, a single or mixed weight system has been widely applied in agricultural land gradation. However, few studies put efforts in comparing outcomes in applying different systems of weights for a specific area. This research applied several popular systems of weights, such as AHP, factor analysis, grey relation analysis, entropy method, and etc., in gradating agricultural land in Jintan, Jiangsu province. Outcomes resulted from different systems of weights were compared. The result did illustrate the obvious differences among these outcomes, which in turn stood for differences among systems of weights. Considering biases inherent in different systems of weights, a system of combined weights is highly recommended for the general practice in agricultural land gradation.

The issue of environmental pollution due to toxic heavy metals in agricultural land has caused worldwide growing concern in recent years. Being one of toxic heavy metals, the accumulation of Plumbum (Pb) may have negative effects on natural and agricultural vegetation growth, yield and quality. It can also constitute short-term and long-term health risks by entering the food chain. In this study, we analyze the relationships between physical and chemical characteristics, biological parameters of soil-vegetation system and hyperspectral spectrum responses systematically. The relation between hyperspectral data and the biological parameters of Pb polluted wheat canopy such as leaf pigments, leaf moisture, cell structure and leaf area index (LAI) are discussed. We detect the changes in the wheat biological parameters and spectral response associated with Pb concentration in soil. To reveal the impact mechanisms of Pb concentration on agricultural soil, six models including chlorophyll-leaf moisture model, chlorophyll-cell structure model, chlorophyll-LAI model, leaf moisture-cell structure model, leaf moisture-LAI model, cell structure- LAI model are explored. We find that changes in Pb concentration present various features in different models. Pb contamination in agricultural soil can be identified and assessed effectively while integrating the characteristics of those developed models.

Due to the poor condition of soil and micro-climate condition, the mudstone area in the southwestern Taiwan has been difficult for plants to grow. The area is always in such a bare condition that it is nicknamed "Moon World." Serious erosion and natural disasters in the mudstone area are the significant problems for soil and water conservation, and the area of bald mudstones is expanding. Statistical data show that bare area has increased 3 times during the past 10 years. The mudstone area in the southwestern Taiwan was hard to plant and then it always in bare condition which got a nickname of The Moon World. The distribution of each land-use type in mudstone area, and spatial information in years were integrated into GIS by ArcView. In the respect of ecosystem, ecological index in different periods were calculated based upon landscape ecological theory. To explain its meanings and the danger behind the bare mudstone area, the results indicated that mosaic gathering was caused by mudstone and thorn bamboo. The results illustrated that the ecological factor of landscape such as patch shape factor, and Shannon evenness factor that have significant canonical correlation with water qualities and erosion of the study area. In study area, there are many styles of fracture, variation, and mosaic distribution landscape.

As one of the significant ecological environment problems, heavy metal pollution associates closely with environment quality, human existence and security of food supplies. The remote sensing pollution mechanism in soil pollution-Cd is discussed by researching into the status of rice leaf polluted-Cd in this paper. The response relationships between remote sensing information parameters, which reflected the vegetation structure, physicochemical properties and biologic parameters of soil-vegetation system, and soil polluted degree by Cd element are analyzed based on Hyperion satellite data and a great number of ground experiment data. To extract remote sensing parameter to Cd pollution, multiple discriminant analysis (MDA) was applied over the data, which is sensitive to rice chlorophyll, rice leaf moisture, rice cell structure and rice LAI. The remote sensing mechanism models of Cd pollution in rice soil are established, including MCARI-NDWI model, MCARI-RVSI model, MCARI-RVI model, NDWI-RVSI model, NDWIRVI model and RVSI-RVI model. The research results indicated that the pollution monitoring of soil Cd element in large scale might carry on initially according to these models, because different Cd pollution degrees are in different positions of these models, however, the precision of pollution models need be further improved.

Gridding the land surface into coarse homogeneous pixels may cause important biases on ecosystem model estimations of carbon budget components at local, regional and global scales. These biases result from overlooking subpixel variability of land surface characteristics. Vegetation heterogeneity is an important factor introducing biases in regional ecological modeling, especially when the modeling is made on large grids. This study suggests a simple algorithm that uses subpixel information on the spatial variability of land cover type to correct net primary productivity (NPP) estimates, made at coarse spatial resolutions where the land surface is considered as homogeneous within each pixel. The algorithm operates in such a way that NPP obtained from calculations made at coarse spatial resolutions are multiplied by simple functions that attempt to reproduce the effects of subpixel variability of land cover type on NPP. Its application to a carbon-hydrology coupled model(BEPS-TerrainLab model) estimates made at a 1-km resolution over a watershed (named Baohe River Basin) located in the southwestern part of Qinling Mountains, Shaanxi Province, China, improved estimates of average NPP as well as its spatial variability.

Mining environmental problems becoming increasingly serious is a key factor that prevents sustainable development of mining industry. Destruction of surface vegetation that cause soil erosion and ecological environment deterioration are some of the main problems of geological environment in mines. This paper takes Fujian Province Makeng area as an example, using RS technique to extract the vegetation cover and land use/cover change, and GIS technique to extract elevation and soil information. This research adopted an integrated application of RS and GIS spatial analysis functions which can quickly, accurately and economically be used to make the range and the quantitative analysis of monitoring and evaluation soil erosion in 1998 and 2004. The research outcome is a basis for the renovating mining environment and protecting eco-geological environment.

Tobacco is one of important crops in our country, and brings the significant irreplaceable effect into playing in countrywide economic growth. So the monitoring and scientific management of tobacco fields show especially important to us. To monitor growing crops in a large scale is a complicated problem and a satisfied method to know what the way a crop is growing has been sought by the scientists in the field. At present, the study of tobacco remote sensing monitoring is less both at home and abroad. In this paper, we try to obtain tobacco field and area by remote sensing with Yunan Province Honghe State Tobacco County as example. We adopt rejecting interfering tobacco field information classification method of supervision while monitoring and get an ideal result. Simultaneity, we also offered the suggestion of further improving classification precision.

Naked cropland elimination is an important part of Beijing Olympic ecological project. In this paper, Multi-temporal satellite data were used to monitor and position the naked croplands. Three Landsat TM images and two "Beijing- 1"Micro-Satellite images were selected to calculate NDVI series according to crop phenological calendars and investigated information of agricultural cropping structures in Beijing suburb. Based on the phenological spectral characteristics of main agricultural land use types, a classification scheme was proposed to extract the naked croplands. Considering the structural characteristic hierarchical classification and various demands of feature selection in different periods, decision tree algorithm and a stepwise masking technology were employed to extract typical crops in each season, and hence the naked croplands were left. Accuracy assessment of the naked croplands in winter and spring were performed with comparison of the monitoring areas with statistical data. The results show that the area of the naked croplands in winter and spring was 170368.1ha in Beijing. The areas of the top five districts (Yanqing, Shunyi, Daxing, Miyun and Tongxian) were 17933.3ha, taking a percent of 69.2% of that of Beijing. The areas of the naked cropland were 25719.6 ha, 4485.4 ha and 3325 ha in summer, autumn and all the year round respectively. Experimental results demonstrated that our method would fast and simply monitor agricultural land use.

Based on the laboratory analysis result of heavy metals in geo-authentic productive area's soil of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort., this paper studied the spatial variability and the geographic distribution of the heavy metals in the soils of fifteen specimens by the GIS and BP-Kriging, such as Cu, Pb, As, Cr, Hg, Cd .The results showed that the way of BP-Kriging could carry out a relatively accurate spatial analysis to even a small group of data and manifest the structural or regional character and the randomicity of the elements in soil. By the research, it could provide a scientific way for the distribution and GAP production of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. growing in Sichuan province.

Regional land use change has been and will continue to be one of the hugest human impacts on the environment. Understanding the spatial configuration of urban areas will be important for quantifying dynamic change of land use. Arable land plays an important role in agricultural and economic development of China especially in Guangdong province. It is not only the basic material of crop production, but also the foundation and guarantee for implementing crop security. Based on the analysis of present situation of arable land, a land management policy for dynamic equilibrium of total arable land can be implemented. In order to understand the landscape pattern and the gradient characteristic of arable land along the middle-lower of Dongjiang River, we quantify the arable pattern with the combination of gradient analysis and landscape metrics. It is found that: (1) paddy land is the dominating land use type, the pattern of paddy land has strong effect on the whole landscape pattern, (2) The same metric value about different arable land use type has the obvious difference (3) Through out the gradient analysis, the metric chart of the arable land pattern has the inflexion near the borderline of the cities.

In order to monitor the wetland of the Poyang Lake national nature reserve zone, we selected three different seasons TM image data which were achieved individually in April 23th in 1988, Nov 2nd in 1994, and Jan 1st in 2000. Based on the band 5, band 4 and band 3of TM image, we divided the land coverage of Poyang Lake national nature reserve zone into three classes--water field, meadow field and the other land use by rule of maximum likelihood. Using the outcome data to make the statistical analysis, combining with the GIS overlay function operation, the land coverage changes of the Poyang Lake national nature reserve zone can be achieved. Clipped by the Poyang Lake national nature reserve zone boundary, the land coverage changes of Poyang Lake national nature reserve zone in three different years can be attained. Compared with the different wetland coverage data in year of 1988, 1994, 2000, the Poyang Lake national nature reserve zone eco-environment can be inferred from it. After analyzing the land coverage changes data, we draw the conclusion that the effort of Poyang Lake national nature reserve administration bureaucracy has worked well in certain sense.

MapInfo is current a popular GIS software. This paper introduces characters of MapInfo and GIS second development methods offered by MapInfo, which include three ones based on MapBasic, OLE automation, and MapX control usage respectively. Taking development of land management information system in mine area for example, in the paper, the method of developing GIS applications based on MapX has been discussed, as well as development of land management information system in mine area has been introduced in detail, including development environment, overall design, design and realization of every function module, and simple application of system, etc. The system uses MapX 5.0 and Visual Basic 6.0 as development platform, takes SQL Server 2005 as back-end database, and adopts Matlab 6.5 to calculate number in back-end. On the basis of integrated design, the system develops eight modules including start-up, layer control, spatial query, spatial analysis, data editing, application model, document management, results output. The system can be used in mine area for cadastral management, land use structure optimization, land reclamation, land evaluation, analysis and forecasting for land in mine area and environmental disruption, thematic mapping, and so on.

Ecological environment in the western Jilin Province is threatened by soil Stalinization. The study area is the west of Jilin Province in China. By using TM image in 1993 and ETM+ image in 2003 from LANDSAT satellite and integrating field survey, all kinds of maps and text datum, soil Stalinization information for the west of Jilin Province were extracted by man-computer interactive interpretation method in Arcinfo GIS software and land use type (including Stalinization soil) maps of 1993 and 2003 were finished. By the statistic analysis and spatial analysis, the primitive status matrix and the transition probability matrix of different land use types from 1993 to 2003 were calculated. On the basis of Markov model, the change trend of the Stalinization soil was forecast. The field data of 2001 was used to validate the model, showing that the model is efficient and suitable for prediction. The results of calculation using the Markov chain model showed that the Stalinization in study area is quite severe. If current policy is kept, the annual mean rate growth of Stalinization is 4.29%, the area proportion of the study area will rise from 6.19% in 1993 to 6.81% in 2013, and the area of Stalinization will rise to 322517.64 hm2 in 2013. Therefore, the question of Stalinization should not be ignored, and effective measures should be taken to maintain healthy development of environment. According to the results of the model, adjusting land-use / land cover pattern and providing scientific Basis for macroeconomic decision become available

Assessment of the change of farmland use is of great important. After comparing the different ways of the assessment of farmland use change, a spatial assessment of the change of mountain range farmland use based on RS and GIS technology was presented. Such spatial assessment way has the virtue of quantified and visual characters. It use the land change information fast gained ability of RS, the formidable spatial data processing and the analysis ability which GIS provides, and integrating the statistical analysis software package. After the analysis to the primary factors reflects the farmland use, a spatiotemporal change model of had been put forward to assess the farmland use change. A comprehensive factor for sustainable development model (CISD) is made to reflect the region development situation. Finally, based on the mountain range farmland use change spatial assessment method mentioned above, the change of mountain range farmland use of Shaoguan city in Guangdong province (China)was studied, and a good effect was obtained. Such application proves the validity and feasibility of the spatial assessment method of the change of mountain range farmland use mentioned in this paper.

The spatial distributions of soil lead concentration in three horizontal soils in Guangdong, China, were surveyed and analyzed using geostatisitic and GIS. A total of 260 soil profiles data followed an approximately lognormal distribution. The Pb geometric mean concentration of 23.3 mg/kg in surface soils is higher than that in global soils. From A- to C-horizon Pb geometric mean concentrations had an increasing tendency of 23.3, 27.2 to 28.6 mg/kg. The ordinary point kriging estimates of Pb concentration were mapped. It showed higher local concentration around big city and historical mining area. The soil lead distribution was mainly dependent on bedrock properties. The anthropogenic impact is distinguished in local areas such as some big cities and mine areas, where the lead concentration is higher than their guide value. The results showed a strong gradient of anthropogenic stock of Pb around the Guangzhou urban area.

The main problems, temporal and geometrical decorrelation, atmospheric signal, limited the analysis and interpretation of Differential SAR (D-InSAR) interferometric signal. The Permanent Scatterers (PS) Technique which can detect discrete and temporarily stable natural reflectors using at least 25 images was developed shortly after. However, for some regions, there are not enough available archived SAR images. The Stacking D-InSAR technique, using a stack of SAR images (<20scenes), with the generated a set of unwrapped differential interferograms, can estimate the linear differential phase rate. This research employs 6 ENVISAT ASAR images to study the ground deformation in The Pearl River Delta region with Stacking D-INSAR technique. Obvious ground subsidence trend is found around Guang Zhou, Fo Shan and Dong Guan where the urbanization process was very fast in the past 20 years. In order to validate the stacking result, Persistent Scatterer technique with limited images is also applied. From the deformation velocity map obtained by stacking technique, it is found the deformation velocity rate at some places seems higher. The main reason is probably the presence of atmospheric artifacts. The deformation trend shown in both Stacking technique and the Persistent Scatterer technique result are consistent in Haizhu district and Yuexiu district in Guangzhou.

The pollution of surface soils caused by heavy metals has been a focus problem discussed. Instead of the acquisition of the "best" estimation of unsampled points, the author paid much attention to the assessment of the spatial uncertainty about unsampled values. The simulation method of Geostatistics, aimed at the same statistics (histogram, Variogram), can generate a set of equally-probable realizations which is particularly useful for assessing the uncertainty in the spatial distribution of attribute values. The case study was from an Urban - Rural transition zone of Shanghai, China. Six kinds of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg and As) in agricultural surface soils were analyzed in the paper. Based on the study of spatial variation of different kind of heavy metal, the author got the different realization of the 6 kinds of heavy metals respectively based on the sequential simulation methods. At last, the author drew the conclusion that Cu, Cd and Cr were the dominant elements that influenced soil quality in the study area. At the end of the paper, the author gave the uncertainty map of the six heave metals respectively.

This paper describes designation of an integrated system for urban disasters monitoring and management. Multi sensor application for urban hazard monitoring, can be conducted with appropriate models in GIS and internet based communication infrastructure to provide a solution for real time urban hazards contingency and emergency response. The system architect includes a module called command and control system, designed for managing and coordinating urban accidents response. Command and control system coordinates all tasks related to accident emergency response through urban hazard administration office. The structure also includes web based accident data dissemination scheme through internet portal which act as a communication system to connect accident managers in administration office with accident relief operators on the ground. All components of the system including database, central repository system, command and control system, communication system, and urban disaster models are described. This new development in geomatics application can be used for other hazards monitoring and management in the environment.

By researching and analyzing the crop diseases and insect pests, we find the distribution and spread of crop diseases and insect pests have tight touch with the time and space information, which provides a premise of applying geography information system (GIS) and spatial interpolation technology especially. By considering the particularity of spatial interpolation on the plant diseases and insect pests in agriculture, the authors bring forward one new method: multifactors spatial interpolation model. It is made up of many factors, such as spatial orientation relationship, topological relationship, distance relationship and national weather conditions so on. Then, on the basis of building the multi-factors spatial interpolation model, the monitor and warning system of crop diseases and insect pests is constructed by using GIS technology and ArcIMS software. The basic functions, such as map visualization, information query, data input, data management, spatial interpolation, are implemented. What's more, by using the multi-factors spatial interpolation model, the effluence and spread speed of crop diseases and insect pests are showed and the monitoring and early-warning of crop diseases and insect pests is implemented.

Soil water content (SWC) is an important factor affecting photosynthesis, growth, and final yields of crops. The information on SWC is of importance for mitigating the reduction of crop yields caused by drought through proper agricultural water management. A variety of methodologies have been developed to estimate SWC at local and regional scales, including field sampling, remote sensing monitoring and model simulations. The reliability of regional SWC simulation depends largely on the accuracy of spatial input datasets, including vegetation parameters, soil and meteorological data. Remote sensing has been proved to be an effective technique for controlling uncertainties in vegetation parameters. In this study, the vegetation parameters (leaf area index and land cover type) derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) were assimilated into a process-based ecosystem model BEPS for simulating the variations of SWC in croplands of Jiangsu province, China. Validation shows that the BEPS model is able to capture 81% and 83% of across-site variations of SWC at 10 and 20 cm depths during the period from September to December, 2006 when a serous autumn drought occurred. The simulated SWC responded the events of rainfall well at regional scale, demonstrating the usefulness of our methodology for SWC and practical agricultural water management at large scales.

High Quality Prime Farmland (HQPF) is a new concept proposed by Zhejiang Province, China, for the purpose of farmland utilization and protection. High Quality Prime Farmland planning is one of land-use planning activities, which intends to decide reasonable scale, distribution and schedules of HQPF construction in planning period. On the basis of analyzing and investigating the business contents in practical work, HQPF planning business is divided as four tasks: evaluating land resource suitability for HQPF, compiling HQPF planning, partially adjusting HQPF planning, and dynamically monitoring HQPF changes. Then, decision-making process of each task is analyzed. In workflow modeling methods are used to depict the decision-making flow model of HQPF planning. Thus, planning decision support system base on decision flow model is designed. This system includes modules of data management, model management, decision-making flow management, and human-computer interface.

Landscape boundaries are the heterogeneous landscapes among the relatively homogeneous landscapes on the given temporal-spatial scale. Quality evaluation of landscape boundary is an important component of landscape boundary research. Moreover, it is a research hotspot of Landscape Ecology. The boundary characteristic of farmland landscape influences indirectly ecological process and farmland productivity. This research is aimed to explore the quality evaluation of the farmland landscape boundary on the basis of the original data, with Geographic Information System (GIS) combined with field investigation, and Fujian's Yongtai County is taken as the study area. The research covers four aspects. First, extract correlative thematic maps with the aid of ArcGIS and ENVI, put them under spatial analysis and define farmland landscape unit and acquire unit attribute data. Second, the major measure indexes of farmland landscape boundary are selected, such as patch shape index, patch acreage index and patch contagion index. Third, supported by Landscape Ecology methods, this research puts forward an integrated index reflecting the condition of farmland landscape boundary, and outputs the grade maps of farmland landscape boundary quality on the study area. Finally, a corresponding evaluation map is drawn up, and according to the show of the map, the regional character of farmland landscape boundary quality is analyzed. The results indicate that the farmland landscape boundary quality in the research region is medium and the integrated quality index of farmland landscape boundary could preferably reflect spatial variability of the farmland use landscape.

Every year city planners spend a large amount of money and time to monitor illegal buildings by officials on site. Due to such slowness, some city planners ask experts to look for illegal buildings by interpreting remote sensing image. Considering the high cost of human resource, some city planners start to use computer as an aid to the experts. In the way, still, the cost and the time can not satisfy the need for large-scale city monitoring. In order to realize automatic and fast building monitoring, we propose IBMDCH (Illegal Building Monitoring in Digital City based on HPC), in which all illegal buildings in a city can be found out much faster by comparing buildings-image or buildings change image with the official city planning graph of a digital city based on HPC (High Performance Computing).

Wetland is a special ecosystem between land and water . It can provide massive foods, raw material, water resources and habitat for human being, animals and plants, Wetlands are so important that wetlands' development, management and protection have become the focus of public attention ."3S" integration technology was applied to investigate wetland resources in Shandong Province ,the investigation is based on remote sensing(RS) information, combining wetlandrelated geographic information system(GIS) data concerning existing geology, hydrology, land, lakes, rivers, oceans and environmental protection, using the Global Positioning System (GPS) to determine location accurately and conveniently , as well as multi-source information to demonstrate each other based on "3S" integration technology. In addition, the remote sensing(RS) interpretation shall be perfected by combining house interpretation with field survey and combining interpretation results with known data.By contrasting various types of wetland resources with the TM, ETM, SPOT image and combining with the various types of information, remote sensing interpretation symbols of various types of wetland resources are established respectively. According to the interpretation symbols, we systematically interpret the wetland resources of Shandong Province. In accordance with the purpose of different work, we interpret the image of 1987, 1996 and 2000. Finally, various interpretation results are processed by computer scanning, Vectored, projection transformation and image mosaic, wetland resources distribution map is worked out and wetland resources database of Shandong Province is established in succession. Through the investigation, wetland resource in Shandong province can be divided into 4 major categories and 17 sub-categories. we have ascertained the range and area of each category as well as their present utilization status.. By investigating and calculating, the total area of wetland in Shandong Province is 1,712,200 hm2,which accounts for 7.58% of the total area of land in Shandong Province (not including the wetland in the shallow waters along the coast). Among them, area of river wetland is 286,746 hm2, area of lakes wetland is143,490 hm2, area of reservoir and pond wetland is 118,693 hm2, area of offshore and coastal wetland is 994,100 hm2, and area of other wetland is 169,171 hm2. On the basis of this, we can analyze the dynamic changes trend and the reasons: steady degenerating for natural wetlands, increasing year by year for artificial wetland, and the distribution pattern takes shape that the existing natural wetlands are being protected and the increase of new artificial wetlands is in conformity with the social development, so the situation of the wetland resources is developing towards a virtuous circle direction.

In recent years, application of InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture, Radar) to deformation monitoring has become a hotspot in research of geological hazards. This paper introduces the basic principles and data processing procedures of InSAR and summarizes main progresses made in InSAR technology and its application to deformation monitoring. Through actual examples of application and research at home and abroad, the article figures out existing problems and the future of application of InSAR.

Precision farming with Geoinformatics is a new paradigm for agricultural production, especially in a developing country as China. Precision agriculture is an integrated application referring to the advanced 3S (remote sensing, GIS and GPS) technology and spectroscopy, and the key of this technology is to obtain the spatial and temporal information of the environmental factors such as soil nutrients, which has an influence on the growth of the Lychee crop and agricultural environment protection, and then the appropriate measurement in standard prescription can be adopted to realize "prescription farming" with efficiency for agricultural resource saving and environment protecting. Considering the actual problems and deficiencies of the present technology in the quick information extraction of Lychee soil nutrient, we systematically analyzed the relationships between the intelligent soil Fourier NIR spectrum information and Lychee orchard soil nutrient components such as nitrate (N), total phosphorus (P), potassium (K), organic matter (OM), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). The content of these components in the 15 in-situ soil samples of Zhongluotan, Guangzhou South China was analyzed against near infrared spectroscopy. The NIR spectral data of soil was treated by partial least square (PLS) analysis, and then the best dimension of analysis was obtained with multivariate linear regression. Upon this, the calibration model was established. The content of some components in Lychee orchard soil was predicted using the calibration model. It is shown that the result of Fourier NIR spectroscopy method was highly related with those of chemical analysis method. The regression coefficients between measured and predicted values of N, OM and pH were 0.93, 0.92, and 0.93, respectively. The correlation coefficient between measured and predicted P, K, Ca, and Mg were satisfactorily acceptable at 0.65, 0.74, 0.61 and 0.69, respectively. It showed that the Fourier NIR spectroscopy method is a good tool for soil nutrient prediction of Lychee garden, especially for soil N, OM and pH. The accuracy of the FT-NIR based PLS models for predict soil nutrient concentration was adequate to be used as a quick evaluation of nutrient composition of Lychee orchard soil for the precision agriculture application.

This paper improved the traditional method of researching soil loss changes based on land-use dynamic changes, geoinformation Tupu theory was introduced in to study the heterogeneity of soil erosion caused by land-use changes. With the example of Zhujiang Delta, we investigated the land-use changes and soil erosion changes over the period from 1998 to 2006. The results showed: the soil erosion intension aggravated in recent years, the average amount of soil erosion in 2006 was as much as 1.5 times of that in 1998; the change of land-use was the main reason for the change of soil erosion, and the diversity of soil erosion varied obviously with the transformation of land-use patterns; especially, soil erosion changed sharply with the mutual transformation between developing area or sand land and other land-use types correspondingly.

The development of bio-energy intensive utilization of farmland is to solve China's emerging issues related to energy and environment in an important way. Given the spatial distribution of bio-energy is scattered, not continuous, the intensive utilization of farmland bio-energy is different from that of the traditional energy, i.e. coal, oil, natural gas, etc.. The estimation of biomass, the spatial distribution and the space optimization study are the key for practical applications to develop bio-energy intensive utilization. Based on a case study conducted in Guangdong province, China, this paper provides a framework that estimates available biomass and analyzes its distribution pattern in the established NPP model quickly; it also builds the primary collection ranges by Thiessen polygon in different scales. The application of Genetic Algorithms (GA) to the optimization and space decision of bio-energy intensive utilization is one of the key deliveries. The result shows that GA and GIS integration model for resolving domain-point supply and field demand has obvious advantages. A key finding presents that the model simulation results have enormous impact by the MUAP. When Thiessen polygon scale with 10 KM proximal threshold is established as the primary collecting scope of bioenergy, the fitness value can be maximized in the optimized process. In short, the optimized model can provide an effective solution to farmland bio-energy spatial optimization.

Landscape change and its eco-environmental effects have becoming one of the hottest issues of research on global environmental changes. In this paper, Tarim Populus Nature Reserve, located in the middle stream of Tarim River and eco-environment is fragile with relatively strong human activities, high evaporation and low rainfall, was selected as the target area, and applied remote sensing technology and geographic information systems (GIS) to obtain the basic data for landscape patterns change of the study area in 1973-1992 and 2001. Based on 3S technology and monitored data from field investigation, the characteristics of landscape patterns change, the drivers and its effects on the eco-environment of Tarim Populus Nature Reserve in recent 30 years were analyzed. According to the landscape transition matrix, the degree of land use change in the two different periods (1973-1992, 1992-2001) was analyzed, and a scientific basis for the eco-environment protection of Tarim Populus Nature Reserve was provided.

To extract accurately quantitative information from remote sensing image, Atmospheric Correction is a necessary step. The quantitative analysis of Atmospheric Correction is still one among the important issues in application of remote sensing images. Based on the characteristics of the MODTRAN(transfer model) and the dark-object method, they are combined to remove atmospheric effects of remote sensing image in this study. In order to improve the speed of Atmospheric Correction by MODTRAN model, the dark-object method is used to acquire Path Radiance, which is one of main parameters in MODTRAN model. The new method is applied to TM image in the working area of GuangZhou. The result of the above study shows that the atmospheric correction model combining MODTRAN with the dark-object method appears to be a very hopeful approach. Compared with the MODTRAN model, the new model advances surface-atmospheric coupled efficiency. But contrasted with the dark-object method, the precision of atmospheric correction is advanced.

Employing RS and GIS techniques, an assessment project on dynamic monitoring Zoigê marsh wetland indicates that the wetlands are encountering the degradation and the desertification, calculating the wetland changes accurately, and predicting the potential eco-environment impacts.

Making the best of the similarity and difference of Terra and Aqua satellites, the table for searching radiant temperature is established. The radiant temperature of Terra and Aqua are imitated. It's a fact that observing angle, solar zenith angle and water column of atmosphere affect radiant temperature and the transmission, and the affection is also analysed in the paper. Under the precondition that the similarity is found, the feasibility of retrieval of land surface temperature based on Terra/Aqua is researched. In addition, the field data of Qinghai Lake are selected to validate the retrieval algorithm and retrieve Land Surface Temperature.

Coastal zone, as the interactive area between ocean and land, is a very complex and fragile system. Coastal zone supports diverse and productive coastal ecosystems and provides significant ecological, cultural, and economic benefits to human beings. However, with the rapid growth in both population and economy, coastal ecosystems are being subjected to ever increasing pressure. Coastal zone that was formerly wisely used is being destroyed in the pursuit of economic wealth which has greatly threaded human's sustainable development. Beside excessive resource exploitation and environmental pollution, unreasonable land use is also another important fact which could cause great damages to the coastal ecosystems. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the degree of land exploitation and utilization in Zhuhai coastal zone which locates at the west of Pearl River Estuary. A new model named Multidimensional-Vectors Model which is suitable to coastal zone was established. Land-use data of Zhuhai coastal zone in 1995, 2000, and 2005 was used. The exploitative intensity of land-use between 1995 to 2000, and 2000 to 2005 was calculated by this model. Main characteristics of exploitative intensity of land in Zhuhai coastal zone can be generalized as follows: Areas with high exploitative intensity is mainly concentrated alone the coastal line except some small area scattered in the region far away from the sea. Area with high exploitative intensity from 1995 to 2000 is larger than that from 2000 to 2005, and the spatial distribution of high exploitative intensity during 1995 to 2000 period is more concentrative than that form 2000 to 2005.

In terms of the importance and challenge of accurate Chlorophyll-a (Chla) estimation in inland Case-II waters, many empirical or semi-empirical algorithms are established to extract information on Chla concentrations from remote sensing reflectance . However, the assumption that the optical parameter of Chla specific absorption coefficient a^*ph(λ) remains constant usually restrains their estimating accuracy, including the conceptual three-band model [Rrs^-1(λ₁)-(λ₂)]×Rrs(λ₃) developed originally for estimating Chla amounts in terrestrial vegetation recently. Therefore, in this paper, an improved conceptual three-band model with the correction of Chla specific absorption coefficient [Rrs^-1(λ₁)-Rrs^-1(λ₂)]×Rrs(λ₃×)×a^*ph^-1(λ₁) was presented to estimate Chla contents for Shitoukoumen Reservoir, as a typical example of inland Case-II waters. According to the optical characteristics of waters studied, spectral regions included in the model were tuned to eliminate other interferences such as the variability of Chla fluorescence quantum yield, which resulted in the optimal positions for , and at 668nm, 678nm and 717nm respectively. Compared with the previous three-band model, the improve model gave out a much better estimating performance with a high coefficient determination (0.92) and a low root mean squared error (0.88μgl^-1). Although the findings underline the rationale behind the improved model, an extensive database containing data in different water conditions and water types is required to test the accuracy of the model.

The research of coordinated development between land use and ecological building is a new problem with the development of country economy, whose intention is to improve economy development and protect eco-environment in order to realize regional sustainable development. Evaluating human effects on the ecosystem by a comprehensive, scientific and quantitative method is a critical issue in the process of general land use planning. At present, ecological footprint methodology, as an excellent educational tool applicable to global issues, is essential for quantifying humanity's consumption of natural capital, for overall assessments of human impact on earth as well as for general land use planning. However, quantitative studies on the development trends of ecological footprint (EF) time series and biological capacity (BC) time series in a given region are still rare. Taking Nanyang City as a case study, this paper presents two quantitative estimate indices over time scale called the change rate and scissors difference to quantitatively analyze the trends of EF and BC over the planning period in general land use planning form 1997-2004 and to evaluate the ecological effects of the land use general planning form 1997 to.2010. The results showed that: 1 In Nanyang city, trends of the per capita EF and BC were on the way round, and the ecological deficit enhanced from 1997 to 2010. 2 The difference between the two development trends of per capita EF and BC had been increasing rapidly and the conflict between the EF and BC was aggravated from 1997 to 2010. 3 The general land use planning (1997 - 2010) of Nanyang city had produced some positive effects on the local ecosystem, but the expected biological capacity in 2010 can hardly be realized following this trend. Therefore, this paper introduces a "trinity" land use model in the guidelines of environment- friendly land use pattern and based on the actual situation of Nanyang city, with the systemic synthesis of land utilization of the cities, the village and the suburb as a principal part and the land development reorganization and the ecological environment construction as the key point.

In this paper, we want to search for the hyperspectral remote sensing bands most sensitive to chlorophyll-a concentration in different trophic states. Through repeated measurements in Taihu Lake, a large quantity of hyperspectral reflectance data and chlorophyll-a concentration data of lake were obtained from June to September of 2004 and 2005. The eligible hyperspectral data were analyzed to calculate remote sensing reflectance of water in Taihu Lake, and the data of chlorophyll-a concentration obtained from laboratory analysis were used to calculate Trophic State Index. According to the actual condition of Taihu Lake, the hyperspectral data were divided into three groups: mesotropher, eutropher and hyper eutropher. In each trophic state, chlorophyll-a concentration was then regressed against to identify the most sensitive hyperspectral bands. From the established regression models, we can get the conclusion: chlorophyll-a concentration is correspondingly lower under mesotrophic state, badly influenced by suspended matter, the spectral feature of chlorophyll-a is not evident, and the accuracy of regression model in this trophic state is not so satisfactory; in eutrophic state, differential algorithm has better retrieval result, the linear model based on this algorithm has the best estimation result; under hyper eutrophic state, the estimation accuracy is higher than the other two states as a whole. The fitting precision is the highest using the band ratio R719/R670 as independent variable in the quadratic equation model.

Combining the basic theory of cloud model and the process of ecological impact evaluation for land consolidation, the author constructs the rule of ecological impact evaluation and the cloud models of the antecedent and the consequent, by translating the uncertain factor conditions into quantitative values with the uncertain illation based on cloud model, computes the evaluation factor scores and comprehensive scores of MiaoTan, and then, comparing the results with composite index computation method and fuzzy comprehensive assessment, a feasible method used in Ecological Impact Evaluation for Land Consolidation is proposed.

The landscape ecology approach is an important way to study ecological security. Mountainous area is ecologically an important green defense and water source in regional areas. The significance of studying mountainous landscape ecology and environmental security is beyond words and it will be vitally important to recover the integrality of ecosystem and to deal with ecological environment. This paper is based on the remote sensing image data of 1987 and 2000, from the perspective of protecting biodiversities and ecological environment to determine the source of the study focus, and then a Minimum Cumulative Resistance (MCR) surface model has been developed using ArcGIS 9.0 and ERDAS 8.6 to establish the Minimum Cumulative Resistance surface. By analyzing landscape minimum cumulative resistance surface and the relationship between resistance value and area, the buffer area used to study ecological security can be determined, and thus determining inter-source linkage, radiating channels and strategic point. Landscape ecology security pattern can be differentiated by spatial analysis and ecology security region can be divided into high security zone, moderate security zone and low security zone. Barycenter transfer model is applied to analyze the spatial and temporal change of landscape security pattern. The result statistics indicated three points: (1)The bound of high security zone has been reduced 381.9149 km2, with an average of 29.3781 km2 per year, and the barycenter transferred to north-west about 2.07 km; (2)The bound of moderate security zone has been increased 60.5418 km2, with an average of 4.6571 km2 per year, and the barycenter transferred to north-west about 3.99 km; (3)The bound of low security zone has increased 321.3731 km2, with an average of 24.7210 km2 per year, and the barycenter transferred to north-west about 2.07 km. The reasons are as followed: although the voice to protect ecological environment has been shouted up and up and the government indeed has made greater efforts to protect our environment, the rapid economic development is continuing making the plundering of resources and environmental pollution even seriously in the western mountainous area.

The northwestern Hebei mountains area is located in the transitional area from the subhumid and temperate zone to the semiarid zone, pertaining to the ecologically fragile area. Closing to Beijing and Tianjin, the area is in the windward and upriver area of the two cities. It is of great significance to study the climate change in this area for the purpose of understanding the law of local ecological development and constructing the Beijing-Tianjin ecological protective barrier. Based on the average monthly temperatures and precipitation data collected by three weather stations in the northwestern mountains area between 1956 and 2001, this paper studied the climate changes in this area over the past 46 years, by analyzing the average temperature anomaly and precipitation anomaly of yearly and quarterly, calculating the five years sliding average value of them, and applying the way of univariate linear regression to get linear regression equation of the five years sliding average value. Preliminary research was conducted on the average temperature anomaly and precipitation anomaly values and their development trends with the adoption of correlation analysis. Discussion on factors causing the climate change was carried out. The result shows that the average temperature was on an upward trend in the period 1956-2001 at a rate of 0.41 deg. Celcius /10a, with the highest growth rate seen in winter. In contrast, the annual precipitation was on decrease during the same period at a rate of 7.765mm/10a, with the highest rate seen in summer. The area under research is turning warmer and drier. The correlation analysis indicates no apparent correlation between the upward annual average temperature and the downward precipitation, which should be regarded as a process of independent change. This paper also explores the possible causes that have affected the climate in this area, including the global warming, the climate change in a larger area such as the circulation of water vapor in East Asia as well as the changes to local ecological environment such as pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, increased particulate matters in the atmosphere, ecological damages, etc.

Desertification is an alarming sign of land degradation in Henshan county of northwest china. Due to the considerable costs of detailed ground surveys of this phenomenon, remote sensing is an appropriate alternative for analyzing and evaluating the risks of the expansion of land degradation. Degradation features can be detected directly or indirectly by using image data. In this paper, based on the Hyperion images of Hengshan desertification region of northwest china, a new algorithm aimed at land degradation mapping, called Land Degradation Index (LDI), was put forward. This new algorithm is based on the classified process. We applied the linear spectral unmixing algorithm with the training samples derived from the formerly classified process so as to find out new endmembers in the RMS error imagine. After that, using neutral net mapping with new training samples, the classified result was gained. In addition, after applying mask processing, the soils were grouped to 3 types (Kappa =0.90): highly degraded soils, moderately degraded soils and slightly degraded soils. By analyzing 3 mapping methods: mixture-classification, the spectral angle mapper and mixturetuned matched filtering, the results suggest that the mixture-classification has the higher accuracy (Kappa=0.7075) than the spectral angle mapper (Kappa=0.5418) and the mixture-tuned matched filter (Kappa=0.6039). As a result, the mixture-classification is selected to carry out Land Degradation Index analysis.

In order to discuss the coastal geological hazard assessment method, the author chooses the typical hazards caused by the change of coastline as object of study. The fuzzy hierarchy comprehensive evaluation approach based on GIS is applied to study and demonstrate the main principle and process of coastal hazard assessment. then, taking Bao'an district of Shenzhen as example, we carried on hazard assessment on the change of coastline by using fuzzy hierarchy evaluation method based on GIS. And then conduct the regionalization research of coastal geological hazard. The data of three periods is selected to explain the coastline change. The result of remote sensing.s data indicate that apart from the west seacoast which has no basically change, the coastline change of Baoan district is quite obvious during the seventeen years form 1989 to 2006.

During the past fifty years, permafrost in source region of the Yangtze River (SRYR) has been degrading at a rapid rate due to the influence of increasing human activities and climatic changes. As we all know, the population density in SRYR is not more than one person per square kilometer, so impact of human activities on permafrost is far less than that of climatic changes. Increase of air temperature has resulted in an increase in ground temperature, deepening of permafrost table and shrinkage of permafrost area. In addition to air temperature, many other meteorological factors especially sunshine duration and annual snow cover also have a direct effect on permafrost temperature and can modify the effect of changes in air temperature. In this paper, we analyzed the status of permafrost degradation and the variations of air temperature, sunshine duration and snow cover, pointed out the relationship between permafrost degradation and climatic changes.

Coastal zones in Guangdong province are increasingly facing an ecological, economic and social pressure due to the increasing economic utilization and human activities in these regions worldwide, which is threatening the sustainable development of human being. How to take effective measurements and adopt integrated management to ensure sustainable development in these areas is ever becoming a focus that attracts close attentions to the governmental and academic sectors recently. It is important to resolve the problem to establish an advanced decision support system for the coastal zone sustainable development to help scientific decision-making and carry out integrated coastal zone management. This paper mainly introduces the general framework of Guangdong coastal zone sustainable development decision support system (GDCZSDDSS), including its requirements, general objectives, function and structure, and key technologies etc. After expounding the basic concept and requirements of GDCZSDDSS, the paper discusses generally the three-tier architecture and six kinds of functional modules, and lays a particular emphasis on the crucial role of such key technologies as GIS, RS and GPS (3S), spatial metadata and data warehouse etc., and discusses the methods of the GCZSDDSS integration, which aims at offering a whole solution for realization of the GCZSDDSS ultimately.

As one of three important ecosystems in the world ,wetland has complex, various and specific functions. With the change of its component, the wetland ecosystem function is changing . Analyzing the process of wetland landscape change can expose the mechanism and rules of wetland landscape change and provide academic supply for sustainable use of wetland resource. In this paper the landscape pattern change of Dongting Lake wetland was studied. Dongting Lake wetland is one of the most important wetland ecosystems in China and it has complex and various functions and values.From 1980 to 2000,Dongting Lake wetland changed gradually due to natural factor and human activities.In order to better understand physical and human effect on wetland, protect and use the wetland resources sustainably in Dongting Lake area, it is necessary tor study the change of wetland landscape in Dongting Lake area. Some indices of the landscape pattern, such as landscape diversity index, landscape dominance index, landscape fractal dimension index are adopted .This study was on the basis of Chinese Academy of Sciences resource and environment spatial-temporal database and the two-stage remote sensing data: Landsat MSS data captured in 1980 and Landsat TM/ETM data captured in 2000. The result showed that wetland area increased by 16307hm2, of which paddy field and riverwetland decreased largely, but pond wetland area increased obviously.Totally artificial wetland area increased, while natural wetland decreased. Accordingly the landscape pattern indices changed with the changes of area and perimeter of several wetland types in Dongting Lake. These changes are the result of interactions between human activities and natural factor.But the human impact on wetland is the most important causation in the past two decades. The changes of wetland landscape made environmental quality and ecological function decade in Dongting Lake area, especially the flood disaster aggravate.

According to the characteristic of eco-environment in the Middle of Jilin Province and the requirement of societal economic sustainable development and eco-environment protection and recovery, environmental quality evaluation index system is established by the use of different subjects spacial data obtained from multi-sources. Meanwhile, a model of synthetic evaluation of eco-environment is set up based on the grid data with RS and GIS technology. The result of synthetic evaluation is achieved by spatial overlay analysis method. Through the analysis of the result, the trend of eco-environment quality distribution is gained, as well as the quantificational numerical value of the ecoenvironmental synthetic evaluation on the unit of county and city regionalism. Ultimately, quantitative analysis of ecoenvironment quality in the region is achieved.

Using RS and GIS, based on the data of Landsat TM/ETM+, the paper analyzes land use/cover change and calculates their effects on ecosystem services value in the western of Jilin province from 1993 to 2003.The methods are based on ESV computing formula and ESV coefficients. The following results and conclusions could be obtained: From1993 to 2003,the area of rice paddy, woodland, unutilized and build-up land increased, among which the area of rice paddy increased most greatly and increased by 48782.72hm², while grassland, wetland, water area, dry farmland decreased, among which the area of dry farmland decreased most greatly and decreased by 34354.72hm² The total value of ecosystem services of the study area declined from ¥988.45×108 in 1993 to ¥ 921.12x108 in 2003,with the net decline of ¥ 67.33×108 during the 10-year time period; The contribution of various ecosystem functions to the overall value of the ecosystem services mainly comes from the increase in gas regulation, soil formation and disposition, food production and raw materials, while climate regulation, water conservation, recreation, waste treatment and bio-diversity conservation had a decreased effect. Raw materials increased most greatly and increased by 5.91%, while water conservation decreased most greatly and decreased by 9.60%. The sensitivity analysis suggested that these estimates are relatively robust.

On the basis of quantitative remote sensing theories, we measured the water samples of Pear River in the same zone during the flood season and the dry season synchronously by spectrum instrument and traditional way, and made sure the correlation of the data simultaneously, then worked out the remote sensing reflectance for TM imagery relevant to the spectrum instrument. The suspended sediment concentration was determined by hydrologic observation site. Eight kinds of experiment models are derived from the correlation of the reflectance and the concentration .It is concluded that the spectrum of TM3 measured during flood season correlates best with suspended sediment concentration; And the ratio of TM3 to TM2 has the best correlation with the concentration beyond the flood season. Based on the results, the results of models correspondingly with each season are better.

Remote sensing techniques are used widely to observe bodies of water. Among satellite sensors commonly used for water quality studies, the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) has potential in water quality monitoring, because of moderate spatial resolution and high temporal resolution. In this paper, the utility of MODIS satellite imagery for suspended sediment monitoring in the estuary and the middle Yangtze River is investigated. Using the Yangtze estuary, China as an example, we explored the potential for using MODIS 250 m bands for suspended sediment study. It is shown that suspended sediment concentration correlates well with reflectance values retrieved from MODIS 250 m image data (R2=0.85, n=25). In the middle Yangtze River, It is concluded that suspended sediment concentration correlates well with reflectance values (R1-R2)/(R1+R2) retrieved from MODIS 250m image data (R2=0.72, n=41). Based on this correlation, we obtain the empirical model of suspended sediment concentration in the middle Yangtze River from MODIS. It is shown that it is useful for MODIS data to monitor this parameter of water quality.

Based on the monitoring of Satellite Remote Sensing Images, a lot of big progresses have been made in environment analysis and researches about the schistosome snail breeding ground and the distribution of snails in marshland. This paper focuses on the identification of the Schistosome snail individual goals. Based on the image segmentation, the objects, including snails, are segmented from the background. Pattern features of the snails are extracted by calculating the invariant moments of typical snails. By calculating the invariant moments parameter of objects to be recognized and the Euclid distance of the feature parameters of swatches, the snail targets are identified. In the laboratory environment, the recognizing rate can reach over 90% and it has robust in rotation, scaling and translation. The steps can be described as follows: Step 1, by gray level modification, noise elimination, edge sharpening and binarization, the objects are segmented from the background. Step 2, typical snails' boundary is extracted by contour tracking and the central moments are calculated. Step 3, the central moments is normalized. The 7 invariant moments are calculated as the pattern features of the snails. Step 4, the boundaries of these objects are extracted by contour tracking and the central moments are calculated. Step 5, the central moments of the objects are normalized and the 7 invariant moments of the are calculated. Step 6, the Euclid distances of The 7 invariant moments between the objects and the typical snail are calculated. The objects with small distance will be judged as snails and the objects with large distance will not be judged as snails.

The changes of the coverage of vegetation and groundwater depth during the period of ecological construction and environmental protection are the most important two indicators of the level of success in ecological water transportation project in lower reaches of Tarim River.In this study, a new way to predict the groundwater depth in the arid regions has been presented. The spatial and temporal change of vegetation states in lower reaches of Tarim River under the ecological water transpiration have been discussed by using NDVI data derived from SPOT VEGETATION (VGT) NDVI S10 time sequence image data for the year 1999, 2003 and 2006. It is found that the groundwater depth played a dominant role in determining vegetation growth status in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. After the ecological water transportation, the vegetation has been restored in both sides of the watercourse stretching to Taitema Lake, which extend to 3 km in Akedun section, but decline along the stream flow as 1km in Kaogan section. However the area, which is 3km to 15km away from watercourse, has not been influenced obviously. And the area far away (excess 15km) has no influence. Statistic analysis shows that the groundwater depth has negative relationship with NDVI. And the groundwater depth in lower reaches of Tarim River has been successfully inversed through the statistic method; the simulation precision is 75%.

The developing and desertification process of Minqin oasis is representative in the whole arid area of northwest China. Combining Remote Sensing image with Digital Elevation Model (DEM) can produce the three-dimensional image of the research area which can give prominence to the spatial background of historical geography phenomenon's distribution, providing the conditions for extracting and analyzing historical geographical information thoroughly. This research rebuilds the ancient artificial Oasis based on the three-dimensional images produced by the TM digital Remote Sensing image and DEM created using 1:100000 topographic maps. The result indicates that the whole area of the ancient artificial oasis in Minqin Basin over the whole historical period reaches 321km², in the form of discontinuous sheet, separated on the two banks of ancient Shiyang River and its branches, namely, Xishawo area, west to modern Minqin Basin and Zhongshawo area, in the center of the oasis. Except for a little of the ancient oasis unceasingly used by later people, most of it became desert. The combination of digital Remote Sensing image and DEM can integrate the advantages of both in identifying ancient oasis and improve the interpreting accuracy greatly.

Based on the monthly temperature and rainfall data of 1961-2006, aridity is calculated and its multi-time scales characteristics in different divisions in the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains have been analyzed using Mexican Hat wavelet analysis in this article. The periodic oscillation of aridity variation and the points of abrupt change at different time scales along the time series are discovered. Also the trend of climate change is tested. Additionally, possible association of climate variation in this area with ENSO is explored using SOI date series. The research results indicate that there exist obvious regional characteristics of wet-dry climate variation in the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains. Wavelet analysis shows that there mainly exits two modes of scales (12-24 years and 4-8 years) in every division, while catastrophe point differs in different zones. To predict on the scale of 12-24 years, it will be relatively dry in mountain division and desert area in a period after 2006. In addition, the transition from warm-dry to warm-wet appears in oasis area. Correlation analysis indicted that aridity variation of the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains is affected by ENSO, while influence degree is different between areas; furthermore, this influence is one-year lagging behind ENSO in the whole area.

As littoral areas in possession of concentrated population, abundant resources, developed industry and active economy, the coastal areas are bound to become the forward positions and supported regions for marine exploitation. In the 21st century, the pressure that coastal zones are faced with is as follows: growth of population and urbanization, rise of sea level and coastal erosion, shortage of freshwater resource and deterioration of water resource, and degradation of fishery resource and so on. So the resources of coastal zones should be programmed and used reasonably for the sustainable development of economy and environment. This paper proposes a design research on the construction of coastal zone planning and management information system based on GIS and database technologies. According to this system, the planning results of coastal zones could be queried and displayed expediently through the system interface. It is concluded that the integrated application of GIS and database technologies provides a new modern method for the management of coastal zone resources, and makes it possible to ensure the rational development and utilization of the coastal zone resources, along with the sustainable development of economy and environment.

Space borne LIDAR is a fire-new method for aerosol observations, it help us to acquire the global data on the structures and optical properties of aerosols. In this paper, a lidar ratio selection algorithm is introduced, since lidar ratio (the aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio, a S ) is an important parameter for aerosol retrieval. Then we use an appropriate retrieval algorithm for signals which is observed by a space borne backscatter lidar, after inversion the distribution state of aerosol optical depth can be obtained. The distribution of aerosol optical depth is not only related to the earth's surface and the geographic location of the aerosol emission, but also related to other meteorological factor. Such as turbulent, wind gusts, hurricanes, tornadoes, and land clearing and development activities, all of these cause aerosol drift from initial geographic location.From summer to autumn, the changing characteristic of aerosol optical depth in Central Southern China is analyzed by retrieving the space borne lidar signal. On a short term, through analyze the aerosol distribution, whether or how atmospheric motion influences on aerosol particle diffusion is available.

The output of nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural activities is the main source for water eutrophication. The fully developed agriculture in vegetables, fruits and flowers in Pearl River Delta gives rise to excessive use of chemical matter such as fertilizer and pesticide and thus bring about the serious water pollution because of the loss of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from the farmland in the region. Based on Geographic Information System (GIS) and soil pollution data, Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and source type method are used to estimate the loads of particulate N and P from the soil of different land use types in the drainage area of Liuxi River in Guangzhou, China. So the key regions those the NPS pollution occurred can be confirmed and the technical support for the pollution control target and the capital flow concentration can be provided by the results. The study shows that, (1) The total loss of particulate N and P in the drainage area is 582.49 t/a and 424.74 t/a respectively. Among them the loss of particulate N from paddy soil occupies 40.02% and that of forest 6.31%, while the loss of particulate P from the soil of dry-land accounts for 28.75% and that of paddy soil 26.31%. (2) There are significantly different losses of particulate N and P per unit area from the soils of different source land use types in the drainage area. The losses of particulate N and P per unit area are both the highest from the soil of dry-land, which is 7.72 kg/hm2 and 9.50 kg/hm2 respectively, followed by those of orchard, which is 7.20 kg/hm2 and 6.56 kg/hm2 respectively. The causes are excessive use of chemical matter, unreasonable cultivation pattern, and the soil erosion of different land use. (3) The excessive N and P come from the loss of particulate N and P from the fertilization in agricultural production, and they are the main source of the pollutants in Liuxi River water.

Ecological security can be investigated in both broad sense and narrow sense. Because of the wide area and regional discrepancy in influencing factors and ecological background, the investigation on regional environment hasn't been done systematically. Assessment on regional security in fragile region is important content of sustainable development. The western Jilin Province lines in the semi-arid agro-pastoral interweaving belt (APIB),within which agriculture and animal husbandry interplay or frequently alternate with each other. Study on the regional ecological security of this region offer the scientific support for protecting the regional environment and sustainability. This article set up the Pressure-State-Response model according to the interaction between human and environmental system, and assessed the ecological safety degree in the western part of Jilin Province in year 2000, using compound model and Grid method based on GIS and RS. The Ecological Security Index (ESI) was calculated by multilayer synthesis with liner weighting function method, which divided the area into the following five different conditions: highly damaged, moderately damaged, early stages of damage, relative safely, and safety, regarding change of environmental key point as the threshold value that varied under the stress of human activity. The results show that eco-environment in study area is at medial level. The early stage of damage and relative safely level occupies the largest area proportion accounting for 68.61%. Furthermore, the condition in the eastern part is better than that of the western part and the most serious degradation is found in the middle part of the study area. When talking about the ten counties in the region, highly damaged area accounts for a very small percentage. The county that has the widest area of relatively secured area is Qian'an, and that of the smallest is Da'an. The areas of highly damaged area in Tongyu, Zhenlai and Da'an have exceeded 10% and they become the region requiring urgent treatment. Regarding average security condition, sequence of the regions from the best to the worest is as follows: Qian'an, Qianguo, Zhenglai, Songyuan City, Changling, Baicheng City, Fuyu, Taonan, Da'an and Tongyu. In this study we also analysis the relationship between ESI and landuse change from 1980 to 2000 in order to find an improving method from landscape. The studying shows that decreasing of grassland is most import factor influencing the condition of the western Jilin province.

Many achievements in studies of extracting water have been made in the past ten years.According to the foundation of remote sensing and spectrum theory, the general extracting principal of remote sensing information is introduced. Zengcheng was rich in water resources, and it is an idel back garden of Guangzhou city. Therefore, it is important to use the water resources rationally in Zengcheng.TM image dated 10 November 2006 was elected in this paper.Both interpreted maps were analyzed and managed by ENVI and ArcGIS software. Single-band threshold method, the relationship between spectrum, vegetation index and water index method were used in this paper. At last, Water index method was considered to be the most suitable one after a comparative analysis.In this paper landscape types within the study area were classified into (1) farmland, (2)forest land, (3)urban Inhabitant land and other land,(4)orchard land, (5)unused land, (6)water, with the help of Land cover map 2006 of Zengcheng. A reconnaissance survey of the study area was made to correlate the image characteristics and ground features by the standard technique of human-computer 'dialogue' interpretation.According to the foundation of remote sensing and spectrum theory, a model of water body extraction is set up in this paper.

The area of seagrass distribution in Sanya bay reduced greatly in recent years. In order to make clear the reason of seagrass decline, the relationship between seagrass distribution and land use change in Sanya Bay was retrieved in the paper, Landsat TM and ETM+ data of 1991, 1999, in situ observation of seagrass distribution and water chemical indexes were used to retrieve the information of land use change, seagrass distribution and water quality status in Sanya bay. From the satellite images, area of eastern and western Sanya Rivers reduced in 1999 compared with that in 1991. Seashore land use change detection showed that the shape of costal line at the northeast of Lu Huitou peninsular changed greatly. Corresponding to land use change, the area of seagrass distribution in Sanya bay decreased, from distributed in the great part of south coast in 1991 to less than 1 hectare in southwest coast of Sanya bay in 1999. The effect of land use change on seagrass distribution can be concluded as following: seagrass distribution in Sanya area conversely correlated with land use change, the more area of land use change the less coverage of seagrass distribution. Mainly because of land use change changed the water quality and sediment type.

Land use is an important field in the global environment change. This paper, taking Luocun town of NanHai District of Foshan city as an example, with the help of GIS technology, mathematics model and landscape-ecology theory, analyses the landscape pattern's changes of land-use from different region scales and different levels(the whole luocun Town and every village in luocun Town). The study shows that the fragmentation level increased. The edge degree and the PD are increased, and the landscape contagion indexes increased, but the LPI decreased. It suggests that the fragment degree and the separate degree are increased constantly. The landscape evenness index is increased, which suggests that the area of land-use patch class approach to equality. The change of the landscape pattern takes on district diversity, in the mainly, which can be cured up two different area (the eastern area and the western area). The villages in the east have a high land-use index all the time, and they have a low extent during 1987-2002; but the villages in the west have a high extent during1987-2002, the landscape diversity index and landscape evenness index are increased, the land-use develop to the diversity and at the same time, the land-use develop to the evenness, also.

Sanjiang Plain was chosen as the study area in this paper, based on the relationship between species and their habitats, using principles of landscape ecology and protection biology, "3S" technique, GAP analysis of biodiversity protection on a regional scale, same surface areas of hexagons as forecasting and evaluating units to analyze protection status of wetlands birds and diversity of their habitats, to find the unprotected biodiversity hotspots there and then analyze the priority protection. As expressed from the research, some birds under second class state protection as Bubo bubo, Falco peregrinus, Accipiter gentilis, Falco tinnunculu, and Strix uralensis have not been well protected, ecological systems of forest hummocks, reed swamps and river wetlands gets worse protection. Thirteen hotspots have been discovered in this area, which are mainly distributed in surroundings near nature reserve and coast of some great rivers. GAP analysis for regions lacking data proposed in this paper not only put forward scientific evidence for the protection and management of wetland biodiversity in Sanjiang Plain, but also enriched theories and methods for China biodiversity protection.

Arid and semi-arid ecosystems exhibit a spatially complex biogeophysical structure. According to arid western special climate-vegetation characters, using the remote sensing spectral mixture analysis. The study developed a modified production efficiency model Net Primary Productivity-Geography Processing Ecology Model (NPP-GPEM) appropriate for the arid area at regional scale based on the concept of radiation use efficiency. Combined with recent historical period climate data and two periods of land use data sets from remote sensing data, we test the net primary productivity (NPP) data sets over last 20 years in XinJiang of the North China modelled by the NPP-GPEM with the satellite data-driven for detecting the wide spread spatial temporal characteristics of the impacts of climate and land use change impact with the regional NPP. Our results shows that over past 20 years, the average annual temperature in the research region has remarkably increased by more than 0.056°C, but over the same period, there has been a 0.635mm increase in annual precipitation and increase in NPP by an annual rate of 0.142TgC. Taking use of 16 land covers of Xinjiang which was carried on the calculation of the matrix transfer, the study got the matrix of the NPP changes over past 20 years. The result found that the quicker trend increasing is the others woodlands (the 5.51gC/m2/yr) and the oasis farmland (4.32 gC/m2/yr). The pasture area is the biggest to about 29.3% of total area, the pasture growth is smaller than others, but its increase to the contribution rate of the annual NPP in the whole land ecosystem system biggest is pasture and agricultures to land use covers, that had the total annual NPP increase with 52.2% and 19.9% of the quantity respectively, the plant cover is only the shrub pant which has a absolute decrease ecosystem system in the type (- 14.39gC/m2); In fine, the paper mainly reveals the dissimilarities and conversion among the pasture, farmland, woodland and different covered pasture and other types. The correlation analysis between annual NPP and annual precipitation was highly consistent with plant cover spatially (R2=0.64, P<0.01) in the overall XinJiang, and the northern of XingJiang is better than the southern of it, and the correlation coefficient changes with the changes of vegetation types and different regions. The analysis revealed that the climate changes dominate the impacts on the NPP in the whole study region. However, land use plays a dominative role in the areas with land cover changes. Over past 20 years, the NPP in the whole study region remarkably increased due to obvious precipitation decrease and temperature rise. Between two periods of land use (about 10 years), the changes in climate are predicted to cause increases in NPP, and combined impacts of climate changes and land use to cause to increase in NPP.

In the remote sensing detection of the ocean color factors near seacoast, the spectral signal of water includes other spectral information, such as suspended matter, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), chlorophyll and so on. Each component has its specific spectrogram, and they are overlapped and hard to separate, which affect the precision of remote sensing retrieval model obviously. Considering the high correlation between chlorophyll and suspended matter, we proposed a new method based on the interactive iteration to estimate concentration of chlorophyll and suspended matter. Compared with single-factor-retrieval models, the precision of chlorophyll-iterative model increases from 68.312% to 77.47%, the precision of suspended matter-iterative model increases from 86.60% to 92.04%. Finally, the proposed method is applied to the SeaWiFS images for obtaining the chlorophyll and suspended matter distribution map of Pearl River. Compared with the investigation and study of other scholars, they have the same trend of distribution. All of results showed that this iterative model could be used to estimate the concentration of chlorophyll and suspended matter in the Pearl River effectively.

The key problem for implementation of the sustainable development is to design the strategy and policy which incorporates the environmental impacts. This paper puts forward a new model about decision making of ecological environment protection and sustainable development based on estimating and assessment. The environmental carrying capacity and developing intensity of studied area are analyzed, the ecological security and the level of sustainable development are evaluated, and also the constraints are discussed. According to this analysis, the range of Lichuan is divided into four regions. On the foundation of distinctive characteristics of each area, the designation of the industrial development and environment protection have been ensured; after that, the environmental impact of the given strategies has been identified and predicted; finally, several mitigation measures are suggested.

To some extent, the estimations of regional evapotranspiration using remotely sensed data could help researchers and decision makers to analyze regional crop water stress information, to estimate drought extent and water supply situation, and to make decisions on crop water management, especially for irrigation farming systems. In this paper, the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) is applied to retrieve land surface evapotranspiration in Guanzhong Plain and Weibei Tablelands by using Landsat TM data. After the preprocessing of the remotely sensed data and weather observation data, some algorithms of inversing the parameters under the SEBAL are developed locally. By using energy balance equation, latent heat flux during satellite overpass and the integrated daily fluxes in Guanzhong Plain and Weibei Tablelands are estimated. On the basis of the study area, some locally retrieved land surface parameters are used as inputs for the SEBAL. Spatial distributions of surface albedo, land surface temperature, as well as various energy fluxes are drawn. After parameter improvement, statistical analysis indicates that the operating results in Guanzhong Plain and Weibei Tablelands are simple and reasonable, also shows good application prospect of SEBAL.

At present the remote sensing technology has become one of the most essential tools in the landscape ecology research. This paper is based on RS images from Landsat TM (1990), ETM (1999) and Aster (2004) imagery, with the support of RS and GIS technology and utilization of landscape ecology principle. Selected suitable image processing system, classification approaches and techniques and made a quantitative analysis of the study area's grassland landscape pattern change. RS image processing software (PCI) and landscape pattern analyzing software (Fragstats) is used in this article. The result shows that: in 1990, 1999 and 2004 the land use landscape pattern in study area experienced the considerable change. As far as the dynamic change of grassland landscape in the study area is concerned, natural factor takes certain driving action but human activities are the main driving force.

The objective of this article is to represent spatial patterns of seaweed distribution in Malaysia. Seaweeds have been collected since 1984 along coastlines of 4675 km of peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, and Sarawak. However, there is no seaweed database and they cannot be displayed in a geographic view. Therefore, a database with 805 georeferenced observations was setup and GIS is used to analyze seaweed diversity based on this database. The highest number of observations is 94 which occur along east coastline of peninsular Malaysia. The highest number of species richness is 82 which are also along east coastline of peninsular Malaysia. Rhodophyta has the highest species richness while Chlorophyta has the least species richness.

Ecological sensitivity in Fengshun County was analyzed by using GIS technology. Several factors were considered, which included sensitivity to acid rain, soil erosion, flood and geological disaster. Meanwhile, nature reserve and economic indicator were also considered. After single sensitivity assessment, the general ecological sensitivity was computed through GIS software. Ranging from low to extreme the ecological sensitivity was divided into five levels: not sensitive, low sensitive, moderately sensitive, highly sensitive and extremely sensitive. The results showed there was highly sensitivity in the south-east Fengshun. With the sensitivity and environment characters, the ecological function zone was also worked out, which included three big ecological function zones and ten sub-ecological zones. The three big ecological function zones were hill eco-environmental function zone, platform and plain ecological construction zone, ecological restoration and control zone. Based on the analyzed results, some strategies on environmental protection to each zone were brought forward, which provided the gist for making urban planning and environmental protection planning to Fengshun.

Dike-pond system is one of the most tradition agriculture with local characteristics in the Pearl River Delta. This study selects Foshan city in the Pearl River Delta as study area. Three temporal Landsat TM images are used to monitoring the area changes of dike-pond system with Remote Sensing techniques in the last two decades. Discussing the spatial landscape evolution characteristics of dike-pond system integrated GIS techniques and statistics analysis method.

Water pollution on the Delta of Pearl River is increasingly serious and to command the fact of pollution is the key of the control. A remote sensing model for water pollution base on single scattering is deduced in this paper. To avoid the effect by turbidity of water, by analysis the characteristics of the energy composition of multiple scattering, a factor of second scattering is deduced to build a double scattering model, and the practical arithmetic for the calculation of the model is put forwarded and then used to the pollution remote sensing over the Pearl River Delta. The precision of the result is validated by the synchronous measured data on water surface. The result of remote sensing showed that all of the North River, East River and West River are polluted in Pearl River Delta, and the most serious pollution is take place around Guang Zhou City and Dong Guan City.

ARCE (Ambiguity Resolution Using Constraint Equation) is a new fast method to resolve the integer ambiguities based on LSE (Least-Squares Estimate) and null space, which is suitable for single frequency GPS receivers and whose necessary observation time span of fixing the integer ambiguities correctly is relatively long (say, at least one minute). In this paper, ARCE is improved for deformation monitoring when there is only one epoch phase observation. In this instance, the normal matrix is rank-deficient and it is impossible to fix the integer ambiguities correctly using ARCE if LSE is employed. In allusion to the above case, based on Tikhonov regularization theorem, a new regularizer is designed to transform the rank-deficient normal matrix to a full rank one. The accurate float ambiguity solutions are obtained and the corresponding search range of the integer ambiguities diminishes. So, the integer ambiguities can be fixed using ARCE. The effect of the single epoch algorithm is tested utilizing a baseline whose length over 3KM and the results show that the success rate of fixing the integer ambiguities using the new algorithm can achieve to over 90 percent.

When the Anti-Spoofing (A-S) is active, the civilian users have some difficulties in using the P(Y) code for precise navigation and positioning. Z-tracking technique is one of the effective methods to acquire the P(Y) code. In this paper, the accuracy of pseudoranges from C/A code and P(Y) code for dual frequency GPS receiver is discussed. The principle of measuring the encrypted P(Y) code is described firstly, then a large data set from IGS tracking stations is utilized for analysis and verification with the help of a precise point positioning software developed by authors. Especially, P(Y) code pseudoranges of civilian GPS receivers allow eliminating/reducing the effect of ionospheric delay and improve the precision of positioning. The point positioning experiments for this are made in the end.

The polarization feature of the target could be expressed by both the scattering matrix and the Stokes matrix. In the Back Scattering Alignment (BSA) system, scattering matrix meets the principle of reciprocity and every element of it is a complex number. Stokes matrix is a transformed format of scattering matrix and reflects the relationship between SAR received power and transceiver antenna polarization status. For a deterministic target, there is a one-to-one correspondence between the scattering matrix and the Stokes matrix. Since the Stokes matrix is always a real symmetric matrix and has the nature of normal matrix. It is usually used to save polarized scattering data. With the development of polarization technology, polarization synthesis has already become one of the most important tools for polarization data analysis. An optimal polarization status and the maximum reception power must exist through different parameters combinations. That means target's optimal polarization. Traditional target's optimal polarization theory was based on the scattering matrix. But the scattering matrix is usually obtained difficultly, so the calculating process always be much complex. In this paper, we deduce the formulae optimal receive power based on Stokes matrix and polarization synthesis. The algorithm could be carried out easily and the programming process is much directly. Some experiments proof that ideal results could received by proposed algorithm.

Due to the heavy withdrawal of underground water for cultivating fishery and industrial factories, the land subsidence occurred in southwestern Taiwan has resulted in environmental hazard and potential risk. In order to fully realise the subsidence characteristics and establish a subsidence prediction function for any possible application in the study area, the height variation was estimated and tested for the representative site of Pei-Kang (PKGM), using some selected models, i.e. the linear regression, grey theory and artificial neural network. Since different estimation models associate with different time spans of the data, a series of GPS-based vertical coordinates was categorised into two groups of data set, namely a long-term (52 weeks) data set and a short-term (5 weeks) data set, both collected at PKGM for around 10 years (from 1996 to 2005). Using short-term data set, the prediction errors showed that a linear regression model works slightly better than grey theory. Since the land subsidence is possibly related to various natural factors, such as time, stream flow rate, ground water elevation or underground water level, etc., this paper also investigates the factor identification based on the height predictions using a multi-variant type of regression model and artificial neural network model. It was found that the prediction models can present a 1 cm level of height prediction error. Moreover, the most dominating influence factor was tested to be the variable of time. An artificial neural network operated with the main factor of time is capable of working with the long-term GPS data set to effectively predicate a 1 cm level of height variation in a significant land subsidence area.

This paper presents a novel simulator to obtain single-look complex (SLC) image pair from the distributed target for interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). From conventional works, two simulation levels are derived: one is raw signal level (RSL) which means using raw signal to obtain SLC image pairs, the other is SLC image level (SIL) which means obtaining the SLC image pairs directly from existing SAR images. Conventional simulators only work on one simulation level, use complicated backscattering models, have high computational load on RSL and mismatch the real data on SIL. The novel simulator can robustly work on both RSL and SIL. It not only simplified the backscattering model, but also reduces the computational load on RSL. Moreover, the novel simulator creatively uses complex backscattering coefficient (CBC) pair to generate SLC image pair on SIL, which makes the result more accurately match real data. Finally, the improvements of this novel simulator are demonstrated by experimental results.

The space-born and airborne platforms are major means to acquire the earth surface information. However, the airborne and spaceborne are sometime limited in some special cases such as military area, federal agencies. For this reason, this paper presents study on a blimp-based low altitude remote sensing platform, which has the characters of stability and safety and is easy to operate and control. The details of the hardware configuration and work flow are first described, and some key techniques including calibration, synchronization and aerial triangulation bundle adjustment are emphasized. In this system, low accuracy digital compass is used due to the limitation of blimp payload and cost. With the simulated study and real data analysis demonstrates that under the current hardware specification, the accuracy of 3D object coordinates can reach better than 0.5 m. Moreover, this system can reach equality with the airborne platform with less or without ground control points (GCPs).

Aerosol particles are important components of the earth-atmosphere system, not only affecting atmospheric visibility of the earth's surface from space, but also be an important element to the occurrence of cloud that aerosol particles serve as the primary source of cloud condensation nuclei(CCN). Remote sensing of aerosol properties from space/satellite can reveal the tendency of temporal-spatial distribution in global scale, however, whose precision can't satisfy the request of quantitative remote sensing. Thus, in this paper proposes the method combined sunphotometer (passive measurements) and Lidar (active remote sensing measurements) developed by Wuhan University to retrieve the aerosol optical depth. The primary results show that the proposed method improved the precision of aerosol optical depth effectively. Furthermore, long-term atmospheric and aerosol data could be obtained by consecutive Lidar and sunphotometer observations. Also these data will be used for emending the existing atmospheric model and aerosol type, and make them more compliant for China area application.

This paper presents an improved map-matching algorithm for GPS-based vehicle navigation systems. The proposed approach attempts to correct the GPS error and the Map error simultaneously through a unique combined Kalman filter and virtual differential error correction approach. An advanced Kalman filter algorithm was developed, which, in conjunction with the virtual differential algorithm, handles the biased error and the random error of GPS as well as the map error. Both the along-track and cross-track errors are considered in the error correction process. The performance of the algorithm is thoroughly examined by sample applications and the results are reasonably well.

Rational Function Model (RFM) is introduced and RFM-based ground positioning algorithm is derived. Experiments of geo-positioning are conducted based on the Rational Polynomial Coefficients (RPCs) provided in the image support data using QuickBird separate-orbit stereo imagery pair in Shanghai district, China. Positioning errors are then analyzed. According to the error varying characteristics, several compensation models are introduced and used to refine the positioning accuracy. The experimental results show that with only one control point (CP), the positioning accuracy can be largely improved from 23m to 3m using Offset Model. The Offset plus X-scale Model with 2 well distributed CPs can improve the accuracy further to sub meter in planimetry and 1-2m in elevation. Overall, the Affine Model works best for the experimental area. The accuracy turns to be steady and closes towards 0.6m in planimetry and 1m in elevation when more than 4 well distributed control points are available using Affine Model either in image space or in object space.