This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 7297, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and the Conference Committee listing.

Experimental interference modeling of the effects of coloring of a beam traversing a light-scattering medium is presented. It is shown that the result of coloring of the beam at the output of the medium depends on the magnitudes of the phase delays of the singly forward scattered partial signals. Spectral investigation of the effects of coloring has been carried out using the solution of liquid crystal in polymer matrix. The amplitude ratio of the non-scattered and the singly forward scattered interfering components also affects the color intensity significantly. It has further been established that the spectral content of the illuminating beam strongly influences the color of the resulting radiation.

The problem of obtaining low cost but efficient luminescent materials is still actually. Data concerning fabrication and luminescent properties of new composite materials on the base of thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) of Europium(III) (Eu(TTA)3) and chalcogenide glasses doped with rare earth ions and polymers are presented. The visible emission spectra of the composites on the base of Eu(TTA)3 structured with phenantroline (Eu(TTA)3Phen) and copolymer from styrene and butylmethacrylate (1:1)(SBMA) under the excitation with N2-laser (λ=337 nm) contain sharp emission bands located at 354, 415, 580, 587, 590, 596, 611.4, 616.5, 621, 652, 690, 700, 713 nm. The nature of the observed emission bands and the possible mechanisms of the radiative electron transition in the investigated composite materials are discussed.

A spatial light modulator is a matrix-shaped device able to modify the amplitude or the phase of the reflected or transmitted light, which can be operated pixel by pixel independently. This opens new possibilities for rapid and efficient manipulation of the light diffraction but also brings us close to the ambiguous boundary between physical and digital optics, or more precisely between the continuous and the discrete mathematical approaches of diffraction. In this article we show a series of diffraction experiments in which we use the modulator to simulate various optical elements, physically real or not, recorded real or computed holograms, experiments in which due to the discrete nature of the modulator we are liable to use alternately the discrete and the continuous approach. To avoid ambiguities we have to keep track of the approaches we use, and also, more importantly, to be able to switch from discrete to continuous terms and vice-versa.

In this paper it is examined the coherence properties among the emitted pairs of entanglement photons and its application in Communication. It is proposed novel two-photon entangled sources which take into account the coherence and collective phenomena between the photon pairs. The quantum propriety of realistic sources of powerful coherent biphoton radiation (coherent entanglement photon pairs) is analysed. The possibility of experimental applications of coherence between the entangled photons obtained in super-radiance and lasing effects in quantum communications and cryptography is proposed.

The impact of temperature, incident light polarization and a weak external magnetic field upon the conditions of optical bistability (OB) realization in the exciton absorption region of layer semiconductors has been investigated. With the 2Hpolytype PbI2 used as an example, the possibility of obtaining the OB realization region by changing the external factors has been shown. It has been also demonstrated that the change of these parameters can control the position and values of the absorption hysteresis loop of corresponding layer crystal excitation exciton zones.

We simulated several structures of dilute nitride quantum well InGaAsN semiconductor lasers that work at the wavelength of 1047 nm. InGaAsN is a new semiconductor alloy system having the remarkable property that the inclusion of only 2% of nitrogen reduces the bandgap by more than 30%. This alloy system can be successfully used for long wavelength laser systems and high-efficiency multi-junction solar cells. In this paper we compared several structures of dilute nitride quantum well InGaAsN semiconductor lasers in terms of the electrical properties such as the threshold current and the slope. By also comparing the optical properties of these structures, and taking into account the results obtained for the electrical properties, one can choose the structure with the best overall performances for being used in practical applications.

Gold colloidal aqueous solutions were synthesized and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy and TEM. Gold films were prepared on silanized glass slides at room temperature and with thermal treatment. The interaction of gold nanoparticles with biomolecules (amino acids, protein) was studied using UV-Vis spectroscopy, AFM, TEM and X-ray diffraction.

This paper normally reflects on the research regarding the preoccupations and results of the research activities and the production experience which the authors have been working in, in the area of series production of the planetary reduction gears. This paper meets the optimization necessities of the mechanic transmissions and first of all of making products of superior performances and a technical, consumption of materials and energy. In this direction we aimed at a great change of a hint in their construction axial washer which plays a great functional part linked to tribological aspects.

It was shown that C -points are associated with the singularities of the azimuth of the transversal component of the averaged the Poynting vector. It is established that Poynting singularity shifts relatively C -point position in depending of relation between amplitude and phase gradients and absolute values of amplitudes associated with orthogonally polarized field components. The mean magnitude of such shift is defined by the level of polarization homogeneity of a field. The dynamic of Poynting singularities and polarization ones changes is considered The results of the computer simulation and experimental results are presented.

Bainite transitory formation, during the heating of a martensitic copper base SMA, was predicted by DSC and DTA and confirmed by XRD, OM and TEM only in hot pressed air cooled state homogenized and tempered at 573 K. In this heat treatment state, due to the pre-existence of α-phase, bainite amount is expected to be too low, therefore non-distinguishable, for higher tempering temperatures, where it is suggested that transitory α1 bainite turned to equilibrium α-phase. The results suggest that bainite formation could be considered as a precursory of α-phase phase during the heating of Cu-Zn-Al martensitic alloys, with no pre-existing α.

By means of DSC, three transformations occurring on heating up to 873 K, of a martensitic Cu₆₃Al₂₆Mn₁₁ Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) in hot pressed and homogenized state, were revealed. The assumed precipitation of α-phase, accompanied by an exothermic reaction, was ascertained by SEM mapping. SEM micrographs revealed preferred orientation tendencies for the α-phase precipitates, inside the grains which became more prominent along grain boundaries.

Metamaterials have negative refractive index and EM waves bend negatively. This negative bending allows a variety of applications from microwaves to optical frequencies. Negative refraction can be exploited to make novel lenses having flat surfaces and focus electromagnetic waves as well as produce a real 3-D image. These flat lenses do not have unique optical axes and the aperture sizes are smaller than a square wavelength. The electromagnetic field propagation on a multilayer structure: normal-metamaterial-normal is investigated and compared with homogenous media. The numerical method, FDTD, was used for a Gaussian source and for more sinusoidal sources. The point focusing analysis of a flat lens is presented.

A method for measuring the timing jitter in a 1550 nm mode-locked fiber laser, with the help of an autocorrelator, has been developed and the error in measuring the value of the jitter has been evaluated. The preliminary results have shown that the fluctuations of the jitter are higher than the medium value of the jitter itself, so we decided to use some amplifiers in the circuit in order to eliminate this problem. The setup was changed by adding a laser diode, with the wavelength of 980 nm, and an erbium fiber. The medium value of the jitter we obtained (from eight measurements) for our setup was 78.8 fs. In order to still improve the measurements, we changed the time constant of the autocorrelator from 1.1 ps to 10 fs. The new medium value we obtained for the timing jitter was 78.33 fs. Finally, we calculated the error in measuring the timing jitter in our setup. We can say that the optical cross correlations present a powerful tool for characterizing the timing jitter in mode-locked fiber lasers.

III-nitride semiconductor materials have received much attention in the past few years, due mainly to their relatively wide band gap and high emission efficiency. We simulated a 462 nm InGaN quantum well semiconductor laser, with different properties (different layer thicknesses, layer dopings and In composition in different layers of the structure) and we compared the results for the fourteen situations that we analyzed. Thus we can choose the best structure, in terms of the laser power and threshold current, to be used in applications.

Laccase - based biosensors are important for the selective determination of the phenolic compounds in the environmental matrices. The features of the enzyme immobilisation process and the characteristics of the inorganic porous matrix adsorbed on the electrode surface are both important for establishing the biosensor performances. This work presents the synthesis and physical-chemical characteristics of new hybrid materials based on iron containing layered double hydroxides / laccase. XRD and TGA-DTA analyses give information about the structural characteristics and thermal behaviour of the tested hybrids. The SEM images show the presence of a well crystallized texture of organized ensembles of platelets-like particles stacking on top of one another. The presence of iron in the substituted clay matrix is able to give rise to the specific redox properties that can be further used to tailor not only the laccase immobilisation process but also the biological sensing response of the biohybrid-transducer device.

Nanotechnology is the manufacture and science of materials with at least one dimension in the nanometer scale [1]. Many nanomaterials have novel chemical and biological properties and most of them are not naturally occurring. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are an example of a carbon-based nanomaterial which has won enormous popularity in nanotechnology for its unique properties and applications [2]. CNTs have highly desirable physicochemical properties for use in commercial, environmental and medical sectors. The inclusion of CNTs to improve the quality and performance of many widely used products, as well as potentially in medicine, will dramatically affect occupational and public exposure to CNT based nanomaterials in the near future [3].

In this work, we have dispersed SAPO-5 zeolite particles in polyurethane matrix for preparation of porous mixed matrix membranes. The goal of work is the determination of the cohesive energy density for unfilled- and zeolite - filled polyurethane membranes. Experimental determination of cohesive energy density values for the prepared membranes is obtained by measuring the swelling coefficients in water and several alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol). The solubility parameters of the membranes are also calculated. For the unfilled membranes the corresponded values of cohesive energy density and solubility parameter increase in comparison to those of the filled membranes. All the tested membranes show a tendency to swell with ethanol.

The topical trends in the field of electronic equipments developing are a large integration on pcb support for different types of components and devices, including optoelectronic type, from small to medium power, in condition of reducing physical dimensions, in order to create new electronic products in short time at lower manufacturing cost. The condition for economical success for a product is to assure the product, even from the conception stage, with a high level of quality by reducing the product cost; to conclude, designing according with production possibilities by using Design For Manufacturing (DFM) concept. This desideratum depends on the conception and design of the product. According to DFM concept, a successful project assures design requirements for the system and finally for printed circuit boards (PCB), accomplishes the assembling technology constraints defined by international standards in the field of electronic packaging, such as IPC or Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive. Active from July 1, 2006, the RoHS Directive 2002/95/EC adopted in February 2003 by the European Union, and adopted in Romania by HG - 992/2005, completed by HG - 816/2006, call forth important consequences in assembling technologies. In order to minimize manufacturing cost, Pin-In-Paste offers solutions for complete assembling of high complexity PCBs in Vapor Phase Technology using only one reflow machine avoiding overheating of the assemblies relatively to infrared reflow oven. Starting from RoHS consequences analysis, especially thermal profile, the paper presents the applied research performed in the assembling lines on VPS machine in order to define the design requirements for Pin-In-Paste dedicated stencils and PCBs, experiments result and conclusions regarding DFM requirements for lead-free assembling technologies of optoelectronic components. Finally, scientific and practical conclusions shall be drawn to configure the optimum implementation way for Pin-In-Paste in Vapor Phase Technology. The authors emphasizes that Vapor Phase Technology has all the conditions to become the disruptive technology of the moment.

Spectroscopy is one of the most important tools for studying the structures of atoms and molecules. Paper underlines the procedures required for the determination of metal contents in tobacco samples. Sampling procedures, sample preparation, and atomic absorption instrumentation requirements are presented. Particular attention is given to the determination of metals as Pb, Cr, Li, Cu, Au, Co using atomic absorption spectroscopy. A dual-beam Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer was used for the measurements. The concentration of these metals in five different tobacco samples is given.

The interest presented by the nanostructured aluminium alloys is due first to of all the impressive resistance characteristics achieved by these alloys in comparison with the conventional aluminium alloys. From the category of these nanostructured aluminium alloys, spectacular results regarding the increase of the resistance characteristics were obtained with the nanocrystalline alloys from Al-TM-RE systems. Significant results regarding the processing of nanocrystalline aluminum based alloys were obtained by the controlled devitrification process of the amorphous alloy, which is realized by an annealing heat treatment at temperatures of about the temperature of primary crystallization of the amorphous phase. Consequently, the present paper establishes the kinetic of the crystallization process and the crystallization energy of Al₈₅Ni₉Nd₄Co₂ alloy for the optimization of the nanocrystallization process in order to obtain the desired mechanical resistance characteristics.

Semiconductor oxides such as SnO₂, TiO₂, WO₃, ZnO₂ etc. have been shown to be useful as gas sensor materials for monitoring various pollutant gases like H₂S, NO_x, NH₃ etc. In this work, we would like to present the preparation of titanium dioxide films for gas sensor application, via the sol-gel technique. The coating solution was prepared by using titanium isopropoxide precursor, which was hydrolyzed with distilled water under the catalytic effect of different acids (HNO₃, HCl or CH₃COOH). Titanium dioxide films have been deposited using spin coating method and then synthesized at different temperatures. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy observation has been used to analyze the sol-gel process. The morphology and the structure of the thin films were analyzed.

The effective frequency-temperature curve of a crystal resonator operated with series load capacitance differs from that of the crystal alone. Since the principal method of compensating for the crystal frequency-temperature behavior in a crystal oscillator employs series varactors and a temperature sensitive compensation network, it is of major importance to be able to understand and deal with this effect in the design of crystal oscillators and crystal resonators assigned in the manufacture of these parts. The necessary formulas and discussions are given in this paper. Mass-loading effects are included and sample charts are provided.

Interaction between polymers and nanoparticles are known to influence structure and properties of polymer materials containing dispersed nanomaterials. Titanium oxide was prepared by sol-gel method and used as inorganic materials; polyvinyl alcohol was used as polymer matrix. The objectives of this paper are to synthesize and characterized TiO₂ - polymer composite. TiO₂ nanoparticles were dispersed in polymer solution with the aid of ultrasonic vibration to obtained polymer composite materials. The properties of TiO₂ - polymer composite films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy. FT-IR showed that there existed a strong interaction at the interface of TiO₂ and polymer, which implied that the polymer chains were grafted onto the surface of TiO₂ nanoparticles. It can be also be seen from SEM images that the TiO₂ nanoparticles were perfect dispersed in polymer matrix.

The shape memory alloys possess attractive characteristics as actuation elements. They are capable of transforming thermal energy into mechanical work. This paper presents our results in developing a modular linear and rotary family of shape memory alloy actuators, designed in several dimensions, in order to actuate high performance precision engineering and mechatronic systems.

The reversible photoisomerization and thermal isomerization of azobenzene-based groups covalently bound to the polymers systems were investigated in the solution. The thermal Z-E isomerization rate could be obtained by varying the substituent of azobenzene or copolymer composition. This change of orientation of azobenzene groups may be suitable for optical storage. In principle the orientation change is permanent, but it can be easily erased by heating, on which the original random orientation is largely restored.

In the case of the electrical discharge machining, the obtained surface is a concatenation of craters generated by the electrical discharges. The dimensions of the crater generated by a single electrical discharge could offer an image concerning the material behavior during the electrical discharge machining and the phenomena corresponding to this machining technique. To ensure better conditions for the experiments development, a research schema based on the initiation of the single electrical discharge between the rectilinear edges of two parallelipiedic bars placed in plans perpendicular each other was applied. A factorial experiment with two independent variables at two levels was used to establish an empirical relation type power; the relation emphasizes the influence exerted by the voltage and by the capacity of the relaxation circuit on the dimensions of the crater. The sizes of the exponents proves the bigger influence exerted by the input factors on the crater width.

Some new coordination compounds of Cr(III) using as ligand N-hydroxy - succinimide, were obtained and studied. The combination ratio, central atom: ligand were 1:1; 1:2 and 1:3. The new complex compounds were studied using UV-Vis spectroscopy, conductance and pH measurements. The studies of obtaining and of stability of the new compounds were accomplished in aqueous solutions using methods characteristic for coordination compounds: conductance and pH measurements. The combination ratios and the stability constants were determined with methods characteristic for studies in solutions.

In this paper, the study of obtaining new coordination compounds of Ti(IV) and Zr(IV) using as ligand: D,L-β-iso-butyric acid, is presented. Also, the stability of these compounds in aqueous medium is studied. The studies of obtaining and of stability of the new compounds were accomplished in aqueous solutions using methods characteristic for coordination compounds: conductance and pH measurements. The combination ratios and the stability were determined with methods characteristic for studies in solutions. From experimental data resulted that the combination ratio of central metallic atoms with the ligand derived from D,L-β-iso-butyric acid was 1:2. From experimental data resulted that in strong acid and strong basic mediums, the coordination compounds could not be obtained. The optimal stability of the studied compounds is limited between 3-6, pH - values. This fact is in accordance with the conditions of using these compounds in ecological leather tanning. Of great importance is that these compounds were used with very good results in tanning processes of different types of leather. This fact evidenced that the ecological alternative of tanning is better than non-ecological tanning using chrome compounds. The importance of this paper consists in obtaining new coordination compounds that can be used in ecological leather tanning.

The paper is a new approach of Ti-6Al-7Nb bioalloy biocompatibility improvement by surface treatment which ensure corrosion resistance and which could be a base for biological reactions leading to improvements in the tissue bond with the implant. The roughness evaluation was examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in contact mode. Corrosion resistance tests were carried out by potentiodynamic curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) with pH values characterized for neutral, inflammatory and stagnation state. The thermal treatments guarantee a high value of roughness and high corrosion resistance.

Results of researches on technology of deposition of thin layers of mixed composition As₂(SxSe_1-x)₃ (0 <x <1), obtained from chemical solutions of separate components As₂S3 and As₂Se₃ are given, and some optical properties (transmittance and recording of holographic information) were studied. The photodarkening of layers and shift of edge of absorption in infra-red (IR) area were found at ultra-violet (UV) and actinic irradiations. The maximum efficiency of holographic writing of diffraction gratings (with Ar laser recording (λ=488 nm)) on thin layers is 2.5 % and after additional processing in the negative etching is 36 %.

The be-quanta generation and the coherent process of the light at two-photon emission it's a new type of the coherence which can be realized between pairs of the particles [14]. This possibility of the emission can be realized in the two-photon laser and maser. The first experiments demonstrate this realization [10]. In this paper it is propose a new system of the kinetic equations which describes the non-coherent and be-quanta coherent emission which take into account emissions and the transition from spontaneous to induced emissions in the system. It is studied the rate of the emission as function of this parameters [17]. It is demonstrate mono-photonics losses from the resonator drastically destroy the coherence between the be-photons.

The feasibility of hot wire anemometer in to a new measurement configuration is demonstrated in this work and we validate our results by a numerical model. We have created an anemometer probe with hot wire using a new scheme, in alternate current and synchronic detection (3ω method). We use this instrument to register the velocity magnitude in boundary layer for a forced convection flow. The probe and its alimentation also the measuring support and bridge Wheatstone, have been created by us. The physical parameter was recorded is an exchange heat quantity between hot wire and fluid flow. In steady state, experimental data verify the numerical results with an average error of 3%.

In this paper we focus on a less-studied system La-Pb-Ca-Mn-O perovskite like manganite. Ca was introduced as partial substituent for Pb or as additive to the parent composition La_0.6 Pb _0.4MnO₃. The structure and magnetotransport properties of the polycrystalline manganites La_0.6Pb_0.4MnO₃, La_0.6Pb_0.2Ca_0.2MnO₃ and La_0.6Pb_0.4Ca_0.2MnO₃ prepared by sol-gel self-combustion and heat treatment at 1000^oC for 40 and 320 min were investigated. Measurements have been carried out in the temperature range 87 - 393 K on bulk samples. All manganites exhibit a peak in the resistivity around 175 - 225 K, well below TC (310 - 330 K). Magnetoresistance MR is negative, increases with decreasing temperature and exhibits a maximum at low temperature, 92 - 130 K, below the electrical transition temperature. Magnitude of MR at the peaks can attain 35% for Ca addition sample, La_0.6 Pb_0.4 Ca_0.2MnO₃, which has the largest resistivity. At room temperature, a smaller MR effect, of about 10%, is obtained. A longer heat treatment does not enhance the magnetoresistance at room temperature.

This paper presents an expert-system for the design process of injection molding for improving the quality of the injection molding process, named "Polymeric Material Adviser". This computer program has been developed to search for the properly polymeric material, a database with many and more used polymeric materials, total flexibility of dates visualization, information about material properties and producer. PMA has many and different polymeric materials on hand from several different suppliers, so using this new technology we can choose easily which plastic is best suited for each application.

The possibility of realization of collective resonance fluorescence of extended systems of atoms in the strong travel and standing laser waves it is demonstrated. The influence of regular arrangement of the atoms in interaction with the laser pulls on the fluorescence intensity is analyzed. Taking in to account that such interference can be realize in two distant atomic ensembles we analyzed the collective interference phenomena between the fluorescent fields in the farther field detection region. These effects depend on the exchange integrals between systems of atoms through vacuum fluorescence field. The fluorescence spectrum of these atoms is found. About similar coherence interference experiment of spontaneous emission of light from two distant solid-state ensembles of atoms that are coherently excited by a short laser pulse it is reported in the papers [1,2]. For example, in paper [1] it is observed the entanglement between two distant atomic ensembles located in distinct apparatuses on different tables. Quantum interference in the detection of a photon emitted by one of the samples projects the otherwise independent ensembles into an entangled state with one joint excitation stored remotely in 105 atoms at each site. The experiment [2] relate about the ensembles of erbium ions doped into two LiNbO₃ crystals with channel wave guides, which are placed in the two arms of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The light that is spontaneously emitted after the excitation pulse shows first-order interference. By a strong collective enhancement of the emission, the atoms behave as ideal two-level quantum systems and no which-path information is left in the atomic ensembles after emission of a photon. Influence of geometry of the sample on the coherent phenomena between two distant systems of atoms in this report is presented.

The optical and photoelectrical characteristics of amorphous As₂Se₃:Sn and Sb₂Se₃:Sn prepared by vacuum evaporation on glass substrates are investigated. From the transmission spectra the changes of the refractive index under the light irradiation and heat treatment are calculated. The band gap for amorphous Sb₂Se₃ was found to be E_g=1.30 eV and decrease with increasing of the tin concentration up to E_g=1.0 eV for Sb₂Se₃:Sn_10.0. The kinetics of photoinduced absorption in the investigated thin films was studied. The relaxation of the photocurrent has been recorded in the wide times scale (from 0.05 up to 25 s) and was determined by capture on the deep acceptor-like traps. The photoconductivity spectra of amorphous Sb₂Se₃ and Sb₂Se₃:Sn films in the photon energy range 1.0÷2.5 eV show the band connected with the presence of the defect states with the maximum located at 1.46 eV. The intensity of this band increases in the samples with tin impurity. The experimental data are discussed in framework of the model of the charged defects and non-equilibrium dielectric polarization in amorphous semiconductors.

The connection between vortex network and network of stationary points of intensity is considered. It is stated that most of current gradient lines of intensity with the origin in saddle points are positioned in the areas where phase changes quickly. The results of computer simulation are presented. The technique for determining the vortex sign in the scalar fields (including the statistical ones) under conditions when the use of the regular reference beam is impossible is described. The elaborated approach is based on the shift-interferometry technique. The conditions of the optimal vortices identification are formulated. The results of the computer simulation and experimental confirmation are presented.

Humans and animals in general, are usually in a thermal steady state with respect to their surroundings. The tissues heat, generated at normal or diseases states, is lost to environment though several mechanisms: radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation, etc. Skin temperature is not the same on the entire body and a thermal body signature can be got. The temperature at skin level was measured by a thermistor, conduction component and by an IR camera, radiation component. A theoretical analysis using Weinhaum and JIJI model was done. The three images are investigated in order to get a cheap method for the early cancer diagnosis.

The statement is substantiated that the experimental estimation of the degree of correlation of statistical vector optical fields must include not only the measurement of the visibility of the interference pattern, but also the deepness of the polarization modulation (degree of polarization) in the resulting spatial distribution of a field.

The goal of this paper is to enhance the colors of a digital image. We use a spectral image and CIE (International Commission of Illumination) standards to illuminate the image. We chose the xenon flash standard and we change the luminosity by changing the CCD's (charge coupled device) integration time. We obtain several images that have different luminosity, we blend all the images together in order to obtain a HDR (high dynamic range) image and finally we correct the image. The analysis presented in this paper permit us to choose the light type and to enhance the luminosity, the color saturation and the contrast in a digital image.

The goal of this paper is to analyses the numerical color processing aspects, present in a digital camera pipeline. We simulate the colors transformation of an image that passes from the Bayer CFA (color filter array) to the XYZ color processing blocks; this part is know as numerical color processing pipeline. The analysis covers the part related to next color processing blocks: Bayer CFA, interpolation, color balancing, color correction, gamma correction and conversion from RGB to XYZ. The simulation results address the image quality and color processing part of a digital camera pipeline.

CdS- Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) thin films 2.5-10 µm thick, were obtained by chemical synthesis at 100ºC in 1-60 min from appropriate chemical solutions. The photoluminescence spectra were analyzed for temperatures between 78 and 293 K. The spectra were interpreted using luminescence center model. The luminescence centers number and concentration depends on reaction duration.

Stationary Fizeau fringes, phase shift interferometric fringes, fringes obtained in Murty lateral shear interferometry, vibration interference pattern as seen by digital speckle pattern interferometer all are digitally captured in specific interferometer set- ups. IntelliWave software produced by Engineering Synthesis Design, Inc. (ESDI) is used to process the fringe patterns. For all these fringe patterns the physical principle and set up for obtaining them are described. This could be a resume for student and young researcher guiding in experimental interferometry.

The goal of this paper is to present the analyses of an image that passes through the optical part of an image capture system from a digital camera pipeline. The analysis covers the part related to the optical sensors. We compute the PSF (point spread function) and MTF (modulation transfer function) for an inverse telephoto lens, the low pass filter and light fall off for the optical part, and MTF for the CCD image sensor. We consider the image captures system to be LSI (liner shift invariant) and axial and, the light is orthogonal to system. The analysis can be useful to assist engineers in image quality evaluation and imaging system design.

In this paper the authors present, from theoretical point of view combinational logical circuits achieved with optical devices that work using a ternary logic. Those three levels are clearly distinct and the danger of confusion does not exist. These models can be implemented not only in the integrated optics but also in the classic optics where the laser beam is propagated through air. The speed of the information transfer is very higher because it is limited only by the speed of light through the respective medium. These models are immune to electromagnetic fields and any type of radiation.

Three mixtures of collagen (COL) solution and nano-β-tricalcium phosphate (n-β-TCP) powder, with dry weight ratios of 1:1; 1:2.6 and 1:5, respectively were prepared. After freeze-drying, porous three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds were obtained. COL/β-n-TCP scaffolds were chemically crosslinked by treatment with carbodiimide. The crosslinking degree, assessed by quantification of free amine groups, decreased with increasing n-β-TCP quantities. In vitro degradation test showed a better biostability of the chemically cross-linked scaffolds over non-treated ones. All crosslinked scaffolds presented a good cytocompatibility and supported cell proliferation at 48 h and 72 h after cell seeding. These results indicated that EDC cross-linked COL/n-β-TCP scaffolds are potential candidates for bone substitutes with enhanced biostability and good biocompatibility.

The study presents the generating procedure of random optical signals by means of parallel beam modulation. The beam transverses a complex transmission mask. It is also presented the measuring method to determine the bi-dimensional energetic intensity distribution of the signal. By means of data got experimentally and processed on computer, some specific characteristics of optical processes can be established: mean value, dispersion and correlation function. The correlation function experimentally obtained is approximated through two known analytical functions, depending on one parameter. Finally, Fourier integrals and adjusted analytical functions allow determination of signal's spectral density.

In this paper the authors present a model of binary neuron, a model of McCulloch-Pitts neuron with optical devices. This model of neuron can be implemented not only in the optic integrated circuits but also in the classic optical circuits it being cheap and immune not only into electromagnetic fields but also into any kind of radiation. The transfer speed of information through the neuron is very higher, it being limited only by the light speed from the received medium.

Several theoretical results concerning the modelling of the Bragg gratings fabricated on Er³⁺-doped Ti:LiNbO₃ optical waveguides operating at 1531 nm, 1300 nm and 980 nm, which corespond to the optical windows used in telecommunications are reported in this paper. The coupling coefficient and the reflectivity of the above mentioned device were evaluated for some modulation parameters: diffraction orders, crenel type periodic modulation of the refractive index differences and grating interaction lengths. These results can be used for the improvement of the fabrication processes of the above mentioned devices and other optical integrated circuits.

The SnO₂-CdS type structures with SnO₂ film deposited by thermal pirolize in SnCl₄-etanol solution were obtained. The CdS film with submicron thickness was obtained in cvasiclosed volume. The transversal section of the SnO₂-CdS junction as well as the outer surface of the CdS film was analyzed using the electronic microscope. The density of the crystallization germs in the CdS film was about 10¹³cm^-2. The luminescence spectrum of CdS has been examined. The existence of exciton line (n=1) in reflection and emission spectrum serves as a criteria of crystalline perfection of surface film.

In this paper, a small scale laboratory strainmeter for measuring relative strains is presented. The instrument is a high resolution homodyne interferometer with polarizing optics and special designed electronics for analyzing the output signal of the interferometer. Resolution of the order of λ/8 is obtained in the first instance, with the possibility of improvement by electronic means. Measurement range could vary from microns in the case of earth strains to meters in the case of industrial applications.

Precise three-dimensional (3D) information is demanded by many new industries such as: semiconductor, photonics, MEMS, communications, microprocessing etc. [1, 2]. The problem is to select the proper measurement methods for material characteristics in the measurement field, from the point of view of the measurement accuracy and errors that can appear [1, 4, 3, 5]. There are several optical 3D measurements approaches, e.g.: triangulation, grating projection with phase shift, moiré with phase shift, confocal and (white light) interferometry (WLI) [2, 3]. They can measures: surface profile, roughness, step height, microstructure, and other surface parameters. The white light interferometers allows generally surface profiling with high accuracy with no phase ambiguity errors, making them more suitable for profiling stepped or discontinuous surfaces. WLI technique to determine the thickness of thin coating on reflective materials is very effective. One of the first techniques to utilize the short coherence of the white light source was the scanning interference microscope. There are on the market a variety of scanning white light interferometers. Measurement calibration is done using the short coherence feature of white light. Some of the presented applications in nanometrology are thin films thickness measurements of: carbons films on glass, metallic films on Silicon, ablated small holes diameter, and profiles of micro / nanostructure.

Regarding nano-sciences and nano-technologies there is a permanent confusion between resolution and accuracy. Many sophisticated devices (APM, AFM, SNOM, confocal microscopes) characterized by their resolution, are used to observe at the nano-scale but they are far from being metrological devices, i.e. they do not measure. A metrological instrument must be traceable to the internationally accepted unit: meter in our case. We present an optical setup able to measure in micrometer range with nanometer resolution and ten nanometers accuracy. Its utility for MEMS geometrical parameter is obvious. The setup is working on a passive vibration-isolated table and contains a SIOS laser interferometer which assures the traceability of the measurement, a high resolution translation table, and a long working distance microscope. Few hundred measurements were done to a linear grating to measure the micrometric range pitch with nanometer accuracy. A 2 10^-4 relative error was obtained.

We analyze an optical system consisting of a number of basically elements (BE) arranged in a quasi-periodic structure (QPS) of phyllotaxis type, which offers the best packing in many natural bodies. In our simulations, we change the parameters which generate this QPS to find its diffractive optical properties. This structure is then made on glass using e-beam lithography. To characterize this QPS, we use the digital holography (DH) method to reconstruct the amplitude and also the phase in object plane (QPS plane). Using different parameters of the spherical reference wave for holograms recording we change the contrast in holograms to improve the reconstruction of the object.

This paper first addresses the Direction of Arrival (DOA) ambiguity problem in Uniform Linear Arrays (ULAs) and then proposes a wideband implementation through narrowband operation for an aliased array. It is shown that by an appropriate design e.g., frequency band selection and separation, signal spectrum support, and multiples access, one can resolve the aliasing, while maintaining larger array element spacing. A frequency invariant beamformer is used to control a contact bandwidth among the frequency subbands. The algorithm takes an all-angle approach for DOA and transmitted data signal estimation. Finally, the stability of the methodology is justified and the collaborated by simulation results.

The thermal regime had to meet two needs: to be big enough for a fast polishing and small enough not to influence the support or piece. The dilatation coefficient is different for pieces and support make a modification of outside topography which influence the final shape of surface, consequently ΔN. The present study propose to establish a link between temperature uniformity in the same time on piece or polishing device surface, respectively, final quality of topography polished surface.

Guided and leaky modes in asymmetric, hexagon-type, silicon-on-insulator (SOI) slabs are analyzed. Guided modes are obtained through the plane-wave expansion method (PWEM) in 3D with a vertical supercell. Leaky modes are obtained through the scattering matrix method (SMM) applied for the configuration known as "variable angle reflectance spectroscopy". The analysis is carried out along different symmetry directions (Γ-K and Γ-M) for TE and TM polarization of the incident plane wave. A complete picture of the modes in hexagon-type SOI slabs is obtained. This is useful in identifying the possible low-loss spectral windows that can be used for functional devices e.g. cavities and line defect waveguides.

A CPU functioning is extremely complex and it was experimentally revealed that a direct dependence between working speed and cooling degree exists. When the contact between two surfaces is imperfect, the specific thermal resistance of interface layer suddenly increases, so it became of frequent use to apply diverse materials between the CPU and radiator. These materials should both fill the gaps occurred due to surfaces roughness, material's fatigue, loading pressure etc. and transfer as much heat as possible during a short period of time. In order to ensure an appropriate cooling, other complementary methods are used, such as coolers, water or other liquids cooling, Peltier effect and even freon micro-refrigerating systems. In either situation, there are micro or nano channels through which fluids flow and thermal exchange takes place. The present paper aims to analyze the heat transfer under the mentioned conditions, considering the micro or nano scale dimensions of the channels. The thermal calculus can differ with respect to Kn number and for this case for thermal modelling diverse mathematical models can be realized. The model used is validated by comparing the results to numerical results obtained by authors from literature.

By measuring and observing the different behaviors of the solitonic pulse we can obtain the main characteristics of the ring elements related to the solitons. We report on the experimental observation of passive harmonic mode locking stability for solitonic pulses with the wavelength between 1535 nm and 1565 nm for different setups of the ring containing different elements. We will also have in view the necessities of pulse synchronizing for optical communications.

The paper presents a few graphical modalities for constructing the double helical braid, which is the basis for the braided artificial pneumatic muscles, by using specialized software applications. This represents the first stage in achieving the method of finite element analysis of this type of linear pneumatic actuator.

The conduction current for an ion channel, in a quantum model, is derived. For some particular ion concentrations, the channel is a quasi 1D or a 1D system. We assumed that the ion channel is 1D and we calculated the density of states and the current. If the number of different vacant states is much larger than the number of ions, the ensemble is described by Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics. When the number of states is of same order of magnitude as the number of particles, the ensemble is degenerate and must be described with the quantum statistics. The effect of a barrier on the ions is presented in the last section.

The nanoscopic scale can be considered as a lower bound to the mesoscopic scale, for which the nonlocal elasticity and the lattice dynamics yield to the same motion equations and the total potential energy expressions. Nonlocal elasticity takes better into account the long-range effects of all points of the body on one point of the body. This paper presents a nonlocal approach of the elastic nanoindentation problem. Starting to the local representation, the nonlocal solution for contact pressures is developed, obtaining finite values in all points near the contact boundary, which accords better with the experimental results.

In this paper we have studied comparatively the effects of the high-frequency laser field and impurity position on the transition energy associated with a simple neutral acceptor and with a singly ionized, double acceptor in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells. A blue shift of the transition energies when the laser field intensity increases is predicted.

We prove the possibility to make superficial measurements in the nano or micro range by Mossbauer spectroscopy using 119Sn Mossbauer isotope. Measurements were made with a new flow gas detector in a backscattering geometry. With this detector was possibly to detect conversion electron or low energy X-ray. A β-Sn metallic foil sample was used. These measurements were performed for the first time in Romania. After our knowledge the detection of low energy X-ray for 119Sn is realized for the first time in the world.

The binding energy of a shallow donor in a parabolic quantum well subjected to a longitudinal electric field and an intense laser field radiation is calculated with use of a variational method. It is shown that the electric field effect on the "dressed" impurity states depends on the position of the donor within a quantum well of finite depth. The laser field can essentially change single-electron spectra in the structure. This may be useful for understanding physical phenomena and designing optoelectronic devices.

Mode-locked fiber lasers present many behaviors which are perfectly adapted to the laser cavity components. In this paper we will present some experimental data for the pulse resulted through its splitting and recombining after traveling through two different fibers. We will also check and discuss its stability in different cases, explicate the behavior and the possible benefits in optical communications.

In this work is presented the modern instrumentation used for monitoring and controlling the main parameters for one regenerative drive system, used to recovering the kinetic energy of motor vehicles, lost in the braking phase, storing and using this energy in the starting or accelerating phases. Is presented a Romanian technical solution for a regenerative driving system, based on a hybrid solution containing a hydro-mechanic module and an existing thermal motor drive, all conceived as a mechatronics system. In order to monitoring and controlling the evolution of the main parameters, the system contains a series of sensors and transducers that provide the moment, rotation, temperature, flow and pressure values. The main sensors and transducers of the regenerative drive system, their principal features and tehnical conecting solutions are presented in this paper, both with the menaging electronic and informational subsystems.

This paper is an overview on the next generation web which allows students to experience virtual experiments on nano science, physics devices, processes and processing equipment. Virtual reality is used to support a real university lab in which a student can experiment real lab sessions. The web material is presented in an intuitive and highly visual 3D form that is accessible to a diverse group of students. Such type of laboratory provides opportunities for professional and practical education for a wide range of users. The expensive equipment and apparatuses that build the experimental stage in a particular standard laboratory is used to create virtual educational research laboratories. Students learn how to prepare the apparatuses and facilities for the experiment. The online experiments metadata schema is the format for describing online experiments, much like the schema behind a library catalogue used to describe the books in a library. As an online experiment is a special kind of learning object, one specifies its schema as an extension to an established metadata schema for learning objects. The content of the courses, metainformation as well as readings and user data are saved on the server in a database as XML objects.

Nanorobotics is the one of the most advanced topics today. The first useful applications of nanomachines, if such are ever built, might be in medical technology and new materials fields. The advantages seems to be tremendous due to level of interactions and implications. Due to their be microscopic sizes, it would probably be necessary for very large numbers of them to work together to perform microscopic and macroscopic tasks. Nanofactories is the possible solution to increased number or nanomachines needed for such tasks.

Atomic force microscopes and scanning tunneling microscopes can be used to look at surfaces and to move atoms around. By designing different tips for these microscopes, they can be used for carving out structures on surfaces and to help guide self-assembling structures. The top-down approach anticipates nanodevices that must be built piece by piece in stages, much as manufactured items are made. The properties such as non-linearity, oversensitivity to environmental parameters, geometrical/material-dependence, etc. result in the particular design of each nanomanipulation task according to specific conditions and disturbances. The precision and the speed of nanomanipulation are two important factors in the construction of a dimensionally well-defined pattern in a minimum amount of time.

In this paper, we present a new approach to RF MEMS shunt switch modeling from K-band up to W-band. The switch model is based on a size parameter that allows to scale the models for different frequencies.

A 1.25-2.5Gb/s burst-mode limiting amplifier for gigabit passive optical networks (GPON) is presented in this paper. It supports both PIN-PD and APD diodes. A response time of 5 ns and sensitivity of 4 mVpp is achieved by introducing a modified amplified stage with active feedback and negative Miller capacitance compensation techniques. This circuit operates with a supply voltage 3 V and it is fabricated in 180 nm CMOS technology. The influence of the parasitic layout elements and their effects on the performance of the limiting amplifier will be illustrated using RC and RLC parasitic extraction and simulation results.

The growing of RF/Microwave industry for satellite, mobile and terrestrial communications relies on new devices and design technologies. Metamaterials may offer a these capabilities, even so they were investigated in the research laboratory only. A power divider is an indispensable component commonly used to split an input signal into two output signals in RF, microwave or millimeter communication systems. A new power divider, composed of metamaterials is theoretically investigated. By adjusting the parameters, the power divider shows perfectly symmetric power division. The results are compared to Wilkinson splitter. The new power divider may be o good choice for aria where weight, size, low insertion loss, simplicity, and symmetric power division are critical design factors.

Plasmons are resonant modes that involve the interaction between free charges and light. Nanoparticle-based photonic explorers have been developed for photodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT has been widely used in both oncological (e.g., tumors) and nononcological (e.g., age-related macular degeneration, localized infection, and nonmalignant skin conditions) applications. Three primary components are involved in PDT: light, a photosensitizing drug, and oxygen. The photosensitizer adsorbs light energy, which it then transfers to molecular oxygen to create an activated form of oxygen called singlet oxygen. The singlet oxygen is a cytotoxic agent and reacts rapidly with cellular components to cause damage that ultimately leads to cell death and tumor destruction. The changed topography of the film surface after deposition is caused by a local material transport and a material separation between formed particles (probably AgNO₃) and an embedding polymer matrix as chitosan. This paper focuses on the current use of injectable in situ Au/(Ag)/chitosan hydrogels in cancer photodynamic treatment. Formulation protocols for their cytotoxic properties, their effect on cell growth in vitro and inhibition of tumor growth in vivo using mouse models, are discussed.

The development of a miniaturized electrochemical cell for biosensor application regards both the structuring of an array of electrodes in a fluidic chamber and their connections to the control & processing unit The sensitivity of the chrono-amperometric measurement performed with the cell is increased by: (a) integrating the reference electrode on the same chip with the counter- and working- electrodes, (b) designing a specific pattern of the gold electrodes and (c) serially distributing them along the pipeline reservoir. Borosilicate glass is used as substrate for the electrodes, allowing, due to its transparency, an accurate and easy pad to pad alignment of the up-side-down chip versus a PCB soldered on a standard DIL 40 socket. This alignment is necessary to accomplish the elastomer-based-solderless electric contact, between chip and PCB. The solderless contact significantly improves both reliability and signal processing accuracy. The reservoir and its cover are micromachined out of silicone rubber respectively photosensitive glass in order to easy disassemble the fluidic chamber without any damage. Both thickness and elasticity of the photosensitive glass rend the device less brittle. A plug-in -plug-flow device with improved characteristics has been obtained with a modular structure that allows further extension of the number of electrodes.

This paper presents a straightforward way to decode a quadrature shaft encoder output in order to obtain an accurate estimate of velocity linear actuators. The resolution of the implemented velocity sensor will be theoretically estimated and experimentally measured. A digital signal processing method to overcome the inherent error of the method at low speed will be discussed. Optical encoder combines high accuracy with low cost and is, therefore, in widest use for position feedback. Optical encoders are also used in linear configuration for machine tools.

Clock synchronization plays a crucial role in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Assuming that there is no clock skew between sensor nodes, the Maximum Likelihood Estimate (MLE) of clock offset was derived by [1] for clock synchronization protocols assuming exponential random delays and a two-way message exchange mechanism as in TPSN (Timing-sync Protocol for Sensor Networks [2]) or NTP (Network Time Protocol). The MLE is appropriate for the case that the random delays in WSNs are exponentially distributed. However, the performance of the MLE is deteriorated considerably in the case that the underlying distribution is contaminated by or mixed with other distributions. Hence, a robust estimator is needed. In this paper, clock offset estimators based on the robust M-estimation method are proposed and it is shown that the proposed estimators present excellent performance in the mean squared error (MSE) sense under the condition that the underlying distribution is mixed with other distribution.

Rigorous monitoring of technological parameters optimizes the activities and reduces energy losses in distribution points of heat and water from utility companies. Extra efficiency can be achieved by remote monitoring via Internet or GSM communications and using networks of wireless sensors for collecting data. Presented paper focuses on hardware and software design aspects of wireless sensors for measuring parameters required by water and heat distribution, with focus on flow and temperature measurement. The sensors consist of two modules - one control and communication unit and sensing unit. Sensing unit is specific to measured parameter (flow, temperature, humidity etc.) but control and communication unit is the same for all sensors. Software for sensing unit was developed and tested on a universal electronic module for industrial control. Sensors group together in a plug-and-play wireless mesh network and one of them is connected to an Internet/GSM communication module for remote access. Wireless sensors are battery based devices so energy management issues (hardware and software) play a big role in sensor design. Current consumption of different configurations and in different operation states is analyzed.

The present paper presents a hardware simulator of an integrated array of microminiaturized SnO₂ sensors and their preconditioning circuit for measurement of CO, NOx and VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) pollutants emitted in urban traffic. The SnO₂ sensor array is simulated by three discrete SnO2 sensors together with their conditioning circuitry and the power supply coupled to a microcontroller. SnO₂ sensors are characterized by short response times and high fiability, but low discrimination. The design main goal is to surpass this problem through technological design of the sensors, electrical circuit optimization and special software for the measured data. The hardware simulator includes three low power sensors, obtained on SnO₂ deposited on ceramic, analogue with the sensors which will be integrated in the array. Experimental calibration curves were obtained, using a special calibration chamber for each of above gases. The calibration and measured data are included in a special designed software, using Visual Basic 6.0 and a subroutine of Fortran Power Station Library. The hardware simulator presented in this paper was used to measure the concentrations of the pollutants emitted from the Bucharest urban traffic, and are in good agreement with those reported by the Romanian National Agency for Environmental Protection.

Exposures to disinfection by-products (DBPs) in residential drinking water occur through multiple routes and vary across the population because of differences in the amount and ways people use water. Municipal water in the Romania is disinfected, with chlorine being the most common disinfectant agent. Disinfection of water, in additional to having the benefit of destroying microbes that can transmit diseases, has the drawback of producing a series of compounds known as disinfection by-products (DBPs). Chlorination produces many compounds containing chlorine and/or bromine, some of which have been shown to be carcinogenic, mutagenic, and/or teratogenic in animal studies. The most abundant class of DBPs that result from chlorination of drinking water are trihalomethanes (THMs) - chloroform (CHCl₃), dichlorobromomethane (CHCl₂Br), dibromochloromethane (CHBr₂Cl) and bromoform (CHBr₃). The most predominant THM species was CHCl₃ and it highest concentration was 85∙10⁶ ng/m³. The others THMs compounds concentration were lower, between 65∙10⁴ ng/m³ and 12∙10⁶ ng/m³. THMs compounds were analyzed on gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer detector (GC-MS) and head space technique (HS) was used for all analysis.

The paper approaches the task of automatically reading and recognition of registered data on the utility meters of the users and is a part of a more complex project of our team concerning the remote data acquisition from industrial processes. A huge amount of utility meters in our country is of mechanical type without remote acquiring facilities and as an intermediate solution we propose an intelligent optical acquisition system which will store the read values in desktop and mobile devices. The main requirements of such a system are: portability, data reading accuracy, fast processing and energy independence. The paper analyses several solutions (including Artificial Neural Networks approach) tested by our team and present the experimental results and our conclusions.

Quality sleep enables your body and mind to be efficient during the day. The good rest of subject on bed depends by many factors; one of them can be the physical discomfort. In this paper one presents the medical system to prevent the discomfort and to identify the subject behavior during the sleep. The epochs of the sleep are classified using the fuzzy system with many inputs. The aim of this analysis is to realize an expert system to diagnose the sleep. A good diagnostic is obtained if the patient is supervised along all day. The system has a microsystem to control, command the pressure sensors and the relay for tuning the airbags pressure.

The fiber optic transmission systems have been used extensively for obtaining communication and intercommunication links within the public telephonic network, but lately the fiber optics has entered the vehicles field. The cable method might imply low costs if the coupling of the transducers to the optical fiber is optimised from the point of view of cost and fiability. The paper presents several methods of the optical fiber coupling, implying a glass or a plastic optical fiber, based on modern optical devices produced by Infineon.

The paper refers to some experimental research activities carried out with a view to accommodate the functional parameters of a laser controlled system with the actual horizontal grading conditions (the slopes in x and y directions of the grading plane are null). Experimental research activities were carried on a device which comprises two electrohydraulic servomechanisms: one mechano-hydraulic servomechanism, which the quota laser sensor is mounted on and simulates the land profile; one electro-hydraulic laser controlled servomechanism, identical with the one on the machinery, which traces the first servomechanism and brings the quota laser sensor back into the optimum reference plane (generated by the rotary laser generator) whenever this one is offset of the laser plane. Experiments were meant to determine: the dynamic of the tracing laser controlled system for various land profiles; the stability and response time of this system; the dynamic of the tracing laser controlled system under simulating external noise comparable with the vibrations generated by the grading machinery.

The paper describes a systematic approach regarding the development of a linear position and speed transducer used in hydraulic applications. The electronic module of the transducer is integrated into the LVDT sensor body, to obtain an assembly capable to operate into hydraulic specific environment conditions: vibrations, wide range of operating temperature and high humidity with condensation, significant mechanic and hydraulic shocks, important electromagnetic interference with the intense electric current circuits specific for hydraulic equipment a.o. To obtain the functioning and precision performances needed, it was assessed the use of a reduced number of small size electronic components. It was chosen an original solution for excitation and processing of the signal from the sensor that allows the direct connection of the sensor with the microcontroller used into the electronic module of the transducer. The power supply of the transducer was implemented throughout commutation (buck-converter) providing a superior efficiency and reducing the risk of overheating the electronic module by Joule effect. The performances determined by experiment confirms the designing data by meaning to obtain the position indication of 10000 of stabile divisions and the speed indication of 1000 stabile divisions; the process time of the electronic module is 40ms.

The large scale use of hydropneumatic equipments into fabrication process, combined with the production pursuit informational systems impose complex measurements of parameters must be transmitted to the informational systems. The integration of some mechatronic ensembles into the hydropneumatic equipments, ensembles which allow the measurement and the network transmission of the measurement results through the informational systems, makes an easy way for the production centers to informational improve their fabrication process whit all the benefits implied. The global evolution of embedded systems, combined whit new tips of sensors and measuring methods of hydro pneumatic devices specific physic parameters, allows the tackle of those measuring mechatronic ensembles in partnership whit the European research centers that have the same goals in those fields.

Surface Acoustic Wave sensors - SAW have been recognized for their efficiency and versatility in the electrical signals processing. The majority of results reported till the present, regarding SAW sensors, have been used Rayleigh SAW, on the principle of delay line. Reflexive delay line can be used for passive sensing and remote control. In the paper is presented a short introduction regarding the actual level of SAW devices development and their applications. A comparative study in connection with diversity of piezoelectric materials used for SAW devices manufacturing, (Quartz, LiNbO3, LGS with emphasis on GaPO4) evidence the advantages of GaPO4. The development directions of SAW sensor devices are shown: telecommunication, RFID SAW systems, SAW devices for remote monitoring, SAW sensors for early cancer diagnostics. Some applications of SAW sensor devices with GAPO4 are presented in the directions: remote monitoring and identification of gas. Some conclusions regarding trends in the development of SAW sensor devices are presented in the end of the work.

Reliability estimation is becoming an important issue of the design process of complex heterogeneous systems. The concept of reliability is frequently seen as being one of the least controlled points and for some as being the critical point. Since these systems are very complex to study, the evaluation of their reliability is extremely difficult. In this paper, we propose a global method to estimate the mechatronic system reliability using operating field data. Since we have a small amount of data, we use an estimation method called Bayesian Restoration Maximization (BRM) method, thus increasing the estimation accuracy. The BRM method needs to define some prior knowledge. For this purpose, we propose to define the prior distribution using a Monte-Carlo simulation based on stochastic Petri Nets (SPN) model and on the operating field data. The stochastic PN model describes the functional and dysfunctional behaviours. In this study, we deal with the case of n repairable systems until a deterministic censoring time (for example, this censoring time may be the warranty period of an ABS system). We consider repair as the replacement of the failing component by an identical one in the case of electronic and mechanical subsystem and in the case of software, the default is rectified on all the subsystems. We simulate the failures times and we compute the confidence interval. The proposed method allows reliability evaluating both for n mechatronic systems and for their different subsystems.

Manganites have stimulated intensive studies due to their potential application in a variety of devices in magnetic/temperature sensors. The manganites exhibit the phenomenon of colossal magnetoresistance (CMR). The La_0.54Ln_0.11Sr_0.35MnO₃ (LL'SMO) doped with V has been successfully fabricated by spin-coating deposition on the Al₂O₃ support. The effects of temperature and magnetic fields on the resistivity of LL'SMO are discussed within the framework of crystalline phase separation scenario.

The Alk_1-xRe_xMnO₃ manganites, where Alk=Sr, Ca, Ba and Re=rare earth, are very well known as magnetoresistive materials near room temperature. The substitution of Mn with other transition cations produce a change of Mn-O-Mn interactions, followed by corresponding change in the electronic phase diagram. The samples La_0.54Sm_0.11Ca_0.35Mn_1-xCuxO₃ (LSCMCO) nominal composition thick films were prepared by spin-coating deposition method on Al₂O₃. We have discussed the dependence of the transition from the metal to insulator behavior and the modification of FM/AFM concentrations for each active element composition of sensor.

The electromagnetic forming is a process to manufacture a part from sheet metal. The final shape of the part depends on the geometry of the dies, the material behaviour of the workpiece and the process parameters. This paper describes magnetic field transient analysis into electromagnetic forming devices using the finite element method (FEM). The electromagnetic force which causes plastic deformation of a metal disk is obtained from flat coil covered by a damped sinusoidal current. One finite element model, with nonlinear structural and electromagnetic material properties, is solved in two dimensions. Magnetic induction for a nonlinear axisymmetric electromagnetic forming device is shown to agree closely with measurements.

A strategy for the implementation of the Six Sigma method as an improvement solution for the ISO 9000:2000 Quality Standard is proposed. Our approach is focused on integrating the DMAIC cycle of the Six Sigma method with the PDCA process approach, highly recommended by the standard ISO 9000:2000. The Six Sigma steps applied to each part of the PDCA cycle are presented in detail, giving some tools and training examples. Based on this analysis the authors conclude that applying Six Sigma philosophy to the Quality Standard implementation process is the best way to achieve the optimal results in quality progress and therefore in customers satisfaction.

In this paper work is analysed the structure of double collector vertical magnetotransistor realised in the bipolar integrated circuits technology. Based on the model of dual Hall devices, are established the main characteristics of device operating as magnetic sensors. By using the numerical simulation it is emphasized the way in which the adequate choise of its geometry and material features, allow the obtaining of high performance devices.

An essential parameter in the setting up of the performance of the measurement systems that uses Hall microsensors is the magnetic offset of such devices. This paperwork presents the structure, the operating conditions, and the main characteristic for the Hall plates and for bipolar lateral magnetotransistor. By using numerical simulation, the values of the offset-equivalent magnetic induction for the two analysed devices are compared and it is also emphasised the way in which choosing the geometry and the material features allows getting high-performance sensors.

In a system of measuring in which the Hall device is used as input transducer, its stability is essential for transfer constant of system. In this work is analyzed the variation of the charge carriers density on the stability of magnetic sensors realized on the MOS Hall plates. In the same time it is emphasized the way in which the adequate choice of the material properties and geometry of the device allow an increase in its stability.

The noise-signal at the output of a Hall magnetic sensor can be interpreted as a result of an equivalent magnetic induction, acting on a noiseless Hall device. In this paperwork based on the adequate models it is analysed the operating conditions, and are established the noise main characteristic for three magnetic microsensor structures, realized in the bipolar and the MOS integrated circuits technology. By using the numerical simulation the values of the signal-to-noise ratio and the noise-equivalent magnetic induction spectral density for different structure devices are compared and it is also emphasized the way in which choosing the geometry and the material features allows getting high-performance sensors. (properties influence on the device performances.)

Dedicated integrated circuits have dramatically simplified stepper motor driving. To apply these ICs designers need little specific knowledge driving techniques, but an under-standing of the basics will help in finding the best solution. This note explains the basics of stepper motor driving and describes the drive techniques used today.

The new idea of liquid fuel (kerosene) aeroramp injector/plasma igniter was tested in cold flow using a supersonic wind tunnel at Mach 2.4. The liquid fuel (kerosene) injector is flush wall mounted and consists of a 2 hole aeroramp array of impinging jets that are oriented in a manner to improve mixing and atomization of the liquid jets. The two jets are angled downstream at 40 degrees and have a toe-in angle of 60 degrees. The plasma torch used nitrogen and air as feedstocks and was placed downstream of the injector as an ignition aid. First, schlieren and shadowgraph photographs were taken of the injector flow to study the behavior of the jets, shape of the plume, and penetration of the liquid jet. The liquid fuel aeroramp was found to have better penetration than a single, round jet at 40 degrees. The Sauter mean droplet diameter distribution was measured downstream of the injector. The droplet diameter was found to vary from 21 to 37 microns and the atomization of the injector does not appear to improve beyond 90 effective jet diameters from the liquid fuel aeroramp.

The new idea of liquid fuel (kerosene) aeroramp injector/plasma igniter was tested in cold flow using a supersonic wind tunnel at Mach 2.4. The liquid fuel (kerosene) injector is flush wall mounted and consists of a 2 hole aeroramp array of impinging jets that are oriented in a manner to improve mixing and atomization of the liquid jets. The two jets are angled downstream at 40 degrees and have a toe-in angle of 60 degrees. The plasma torch used nitrogen and air as feedstocks and was placed downstream of the injector as an ignition aid. First, schlieren and shadowgraph photographs were taken of the injector flow to study the behavior of the jets, shape of the plume, and penetration of the liquid jet. The liquid fuel aeroramp was found to have better penetration than a single, round jet at 40 degrees. The Sauter mean droplet diameter distribution was measured downstream of the injector.

This article will try to shed some light on the long process that has led to the signal baseline we have today. Special care will be placed on describing all the modulations of the final Galileo Signal Plan.

All shipping companies are involved in the several management programs for increasing of efficiency of transportation on the sea. Optimal transportation is one of actual tendency in the world shipbuilding which requests a lot of human resources in design development respectively in construction of the ships. One direction with very good results is to use one part of propulsion energy for electrical power generating on board with multiple technical and economical advantages. Based on this, more resources in research and design are encouraged by development projects in order to increase the efficiency of described system. Even if, power-generating plant is one of classic ship mecatronics system, it must to be continuously perfected in the way of decreasing of specific fuel consumption as well in the increasing of the friableness and endurance.