This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 7511, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, the Conference Committee listing, and introduction.

An instantaneous polarized phase-shifting interferometer (IPSI) with an optical image combiner is designed to form a one-shot surface profile measurement system. The interference images are captured simultaneously by using one CCD camera. Digital image correlation (DIC) method is applied effectively to correct the position mismatch among the images. Test of the measurement system on flat mirror, tilted mirror and wafer are given. An average error between 0.07μm~0.09μm can be achieved, and the maximum error is about 0.2μm.

A composite RGB fringe projection and processing method is presented to simultaneously obtain 3D shape and color information of objects from one-shot acquisition. Three fringe sets with optimum fringe numbers are coded into the red, green and blue channels of a digital light projector to generate one composite RGB fringe pattern. The deformed fringes on an object surface are recorded by a three-chip color CCD camera from a different viewpoint. Fourier transform analysis is applied to the obtained fringe patterns in each color channel to retrieve the wrapped phase maps. Absolute phase across the full-field is calculated from the three obtained wrapped phase maps on a pixel-by-pixel basis using the optimum three-frequency method. Color data are also extracted from the same composite RGB fringe pattern image, so there is an exact one-to-one correspondence between the absolute phase and color data. Only one RGB fringe image is required to calculate the shape and color information, thus the proposed method can measure dynamic objects. Experimental results on static and moving objects having discontinuities and/or isolated surfaces show the validity of the proposed method for measuring the shape and color information.

In this paper, the aberration measurement technique using aerial image sensor (AIS) is further derived, and the influence of partially coherent illumination on the performance of this technique is analyzed comprehensively in practice. The AIS based technique detects the intensity of the aerial image to obtain the wavefront aberration on each sampling point of the exit pupil using a set of 36 binary gratings with different pitches and orientations. The simulation work conducted by the lithographic simulator PROLITH has demonstrated that the aberration measurement errors grow with the partial coherent factor increasing. Two effects of the partially coherent illumination are proposed to interpret such influence that causes the measurement errors.

An optical system of digital holography based on 4f system for microstructure measurement is studied. Fresnel off-axis hologram generated by a magnified image of microstructure is recorded with a CCD, and the magnified reconstructed image can be obtained by the angular spectrum method. The quantitative phase information of the microstructure under test is obtained. A theoretical analysis is performed in detail and the experiment done, and the experimental results are also given. The research shows that the method presented in this paper can be applied to micro-object imaging and its quantitative measurement.

In this paper, the aberration measurement technique using aerial image sensor (AIS) is further discussed, and an approach to optimize the pupil sampling scheme for this technique is proposed. The accuracy of this technique heavily relies on the pupil sampling scheme as it has a significant impact on the random error propagation of the Zernike coefficients. We formulate the optimization problem using a continuous function and using the gradient information to search the solution space. We also employ the regularization framework using penalty functions to restrain the complexity of the sampling scheme. The simulation work has demonstrated that the pupil sampling scheme obtained by the proposed optimization approach are more suitable than those by the trial and error method.

Gyrotropic, magnetically-hard hexaferrite materials, are very promising candidates to operate as quasi-optical nonreciprocal devices at high frequencies (> 90GHz), with the consequent advantage of obviating the need for requiring extra biasing magnets and avoiding low temperature demagnetization. In this paper, a THz TDS system is used to make measurements on a thin (2.02 mm thickness) hexaferrite plate for both parallel and perpendicular polarisation of the pump beam. From these data, the intrinsic circular-polarisation transmittances of both senses of polarisation are computed and these are analysed to determine the magneto-optical constants of the hexaferrite plate over the range of 200 GHz to 1THz.

The aim of this paper is to promote the accuracy of the quantity for spectral irradiance of standard lamps at transferring, optimize the calibration uncertainty of ultraviolet irradiance, analyze and solve the problem which will effect the measuring course of ultraviolet irradiance, and provide reliable calibration standard for application areas. The main contents include: 1. Put forward a new three segment fitting function of spectral irradiance of standard lamp and an optimizing method for non-linear parameter. Compare relative errors of different curve fitting methods by a new successive error analysis method. The relative deviation of the new curve fitting function is: 0.27% between 250nm and 2500nm which is acceptable comparing to the uncertainty of national primary standard of spectral irradiance lamp. 2. Through a new designed measurement system for cosine response property of UV radiometers, we do some measuring experiments to 21 kinds of UV radiometers and calculate the relative deviation of each UV meters. By measuring experiments we can understand the cosine response property of UV radiometers exactly and do cosine compensation accordingly. 3. Design and fulfill an experimental system to reflect the measuring errors of UV radiometers when measuring sources and calibrated sources are mismatched. Calculate the spectral mismatch correction factor and spectral matching characteristic factor to modify the measuring data.

In this particular research authors have made an effort to investigate the relationships between linear and angular elemental errors through a pragmatic way and analyzing them. Correlation between the errors was considered by the case study of the coupling mechanism between the joint kinematic angular and straightness errors of a prismatic joint of a machine tool, and was validated through measurement. The laser interferometer was employed in conjunction with its optics under controlled environmental conditions for validation purposes. Prismatic joint of a 5-axis grinding machine was used for error characterization and its quantification by establishing the relevance between linear (straightness) and angular (pitch and yaw) errors. Results exhibited a quite agreement to the relationship while compensation factor added with the methodology. It was investigated whether the methodology is beneficial for reducing the elements of parametric calibration which provides an efficient characterization and error evaluation, or is just better for an estimation and quick check of a machine tool error.

The impurities in solution affect the measurement results of effective diameter and polydispersity of nanoparticles by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy. The purification of solution should be taken adequate concern to reflect the real characteristics of measured nanoparticles. The impurities in ultrapure water of three manufacturers were observed by differential interference microscope, Nikon Eclipse ME600. Based on the micrographs results, one of the equipments was chosen to manufacture water, and the water was purified into three different purification stages. The micrographs and background scattering light intensity of the three kinds of water were analyzed, and then the three kinds of water were used to measure standard particle nominated 90nm, and the measurement angle was from 50° to 130°. The measurement results indicate that water with high quality being used to measure nanoparticles can get stronger scattering intensity and lower value of polydispersity, and it is suitable for measurement with high precision. Impurities in water would weaken the light intensity scattered by measured nanoparticles and affect the measurement results of effective diameter and polydispersity. When laser power was relative lower, the effective diameter increased as angle. So the impurities in solution and the laser power should be paid special attention. Suggestions about choosing different stages of water purification for measurement with different precision are also given, when the equipment of water purification is determined. The effects of floc in ultrapure water on the measurement of nanoparticles still need study in future.

A halogen lamp and an acousto-optic tunable filter are used to construct a sinusoidal wavelength-scanning interferometer with the scanning width of 210 nm. A linear wavelength-scanning with the scanning width of 220 nm is utilized to determine amplitudes of three different interference signals produced from multiple-reflection lights by front and rear surfaces of a thin film. Amplitudes of time-varying phases produced by a sinusoidal wavelength-scanning and constant phases in the interference signals are estimated by minimizing a difference between detected signals and theoretical ones. From the estimated values, the positions of the front and rear surface of the thin film with a thickness of about 460 nm are measured with an error less than 4 nm.

A fiber interferometric vibration measurement system which is based on demodulating the phase of a fiber Michelson interferometer which is made with a fiber 3dB-coupler is presented. In the work, the system employed the characteristics of fiber Brag gratings (FBGs) to interleave two fiber Michelson interferometers which share almost the same part of the main optical path. One of the fiber interferometers is used to stabilize the system, employing an electronic feedback loop to drive a piezoelectric actuator to tune the optical path of the reference beam in order to keep the interferometer in quadrature state. By this way, the low frequency drifts in the phase of the interferometric signals which are resulted from environmental disturbances are compensated for. The other one is used to perform the measurement task. By employing the characteristics of 3dB-coupler, the interferometric signals from the two outputs of the 3dB-couper are 180º out of phase. The two interferometric signals are input into an electronic processor and convert into currents, which are linear to the power of the optical interferometric light. The signals are collected by NI USB-5132 acquisition card and processed by a program in a personal computer. The measurement system is configured with fiber and fiber components which are integrated together. As the cutoff frequency of the feedback loop is 1.5Hz, the measurement system is capable of measuring vibration with frequencies bigger than 1.5Hz and the amplitude of the measured vibration is not limited.

The dynamic interferometry is used to overcome the problem of the vibration and the air turbulence present in the testing process of concave aspherical mirror, whose aperture is extra large, and optical path is extra long. Aiming to 4.5m aperture concave mirror, two schemes have been designed: offner refractive and reflective compensators. The analytical model of the theoretical error analysis under the dynamic interferometry condition has been built. According to the result we can come to a conclusion that using the method of dynamic interferometry, the accuracy of measuring can be reached within λ/80. The optical testing path of mirror with multiple segments has been designed in the end. Results of this paper could provide references for the design, processing, assembling and testing technologies of large or extra large optical system.

Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) as a special type of optical fibers have a wide range of applications including fiber lasers, amplifiers, telecom components, fiber-optic sensors of various kinds and quantum optics. Chromatic dispersion (CD), which is one of the PCFs' most important parameters, plays key roles in its performance and the device which is made of it. Due to the diversity of PCFs' structure and study of its relevant devices, the precision measurement of PCFs' CD is particularly important. Based on the analysis of CD measurement method, a set of experimental system for measuring PCFs' CD value was developed by using white-light Michelson interferometry. The maximum CD is 1000ps/nm using this system. The algorithms of extracting the CD from the interference spectra were studied. Experiments were carried out to measure the PCFs' CD value based on the CD measurement system. The experimental results show that: the CD value of PCF is -25.8634 ps/(nm • km) at 1300nm wavelength.

An oral cavity inspecting system is designed and developed to inspect the detail of teeth. The inspecting system is composed of microscopic imaging part, illuminating part, image capture and processing, display part. The two groups of cemented lenses were optimized to minimize the optical aberration and the collimated beam light is gotten between the two lenses. A relay lens is adopted to allow the probe to access the oral cavity depth. The illumination optic fiber is used and the brightness and color temperature can be adjustable. The illumination fiber end surface is oblique cut and the optimum angle is 37°. The image of teeth is imaged on CMOS and captured into computer. The illumination intensity and uniformity were tested and the proper parameter is set. Foucault chart was observed and the system resolution is higher than 100lp/mm. The oral inspecting system is used to test standard tooth model and patho-teeth model. The tooth image is clear and the details can be observed. The experimental results show that the system could meet dental medical application requirements.

A new method for accurate measurement of content of textile mixture based on Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy is put forward. The near infrared spectra of 56 samples with different cotton and polyester contents were obtained, in which 41 samples, 10 samples and 5 samples were used for the calibration set, validation set and prediction set respectively. The wavelet transform (WT) was utilized for the spectra data compression. From the linear and nonlinear perspective, multivariable linear regression (MLR) model based on the Lambert - Beer's law and back propagation (BP) neural network model based on WT were developed. It indicates that the prediction accuracy of WT-ca3-BP network model is 2% for calibration sample and 4% for validation sample, which is much higher than the MLR model and is suitable for the prediction of unknown samples. On the basis of not changing the structure of the WT-ca3-BP network model, calibration and validation samples were utilized fully to be re-set to new calibration samples, which upgraded this model. The upgraded WT-ca3-BP network model was applied to predict unknown samples. Experimental results show that this approach based on Fourier transform Near Infrared Spectroscopy can be used to quantitative analysis for textile fiber.

Unexpected mechanical vibrations can significantly degrade the otherwise high accuracy of phase-shifting interferometer (PSI). Because the data acquisition takes place over time, sensitivity to vibration is as a function of the frequency, the phase, the amplitude of vibrations, the smoothness of test surface and the slope coefficient of reference plane. A complete, nonlinear, continuing mathematical model of PSI with well defined longitudinal and transverse vibrations is presented. The approach to quantifying vibration is using the discrete sum formula instead of the continuing integral model. Computer simulations are performed over a range of vibration frequencies and amplitudes for 4,7,11 and 15 frames phase-shift algorithms. Numerical simulation results demonstrate the methods to increase the accuracy of PSI is to choose more phase steps and higher speed CCD camera and PSI with small slope coefficient of reference surface and good smooth test surface has low sensitivity to transverse vibration. Finally programs basing on the phase-shifting interference theory are given to imitate the process of obtaining interferogram with vibrations. After intensity signal is processed through PSI algorithm and phase unwrapping algorithm, the sensitivity of PSI to vibration is achieved and described by the difference of the computer phase and test phase. The results of numerical simulation are supported by several examples on dummy experimental platform.

It is very important to measure the vibration amplitude and the dynamic deformation of the object so Electrical Speckle Pattern Interferometry technique has developed rapidly in recent years because of its Non Destructive Testing (NDT) methodology. A dynamic Electrical Speckle Pattern Interferometry technique was described in the paper. The Spatial Phase-shift System was implemented through four CCD cameras. The object light interferes with the given phase shifting value of reference light at the baget of each CCD camera. The vibration amplitude and the dynamic deformation can be measured by the phase detecting method. The error of the influence of the disturbance of the air, the influence of the changing temperature, and the influence of the vibration of the environment can be eliminated. The image matching and image emendation technology were used for the images of four CCDs to optimize the result of the measurement. The Space Phase-shift System was promoted by the transient vibration and dynamic deformation system.

This paper presents a method for on-line measuring photoresist grating profiles during the development process by detecting the diffraction efficiencies of surface-relief photoresist gratings on transparent substrates. A He-Ne laser of 594.1 nm wavelength is employed as the monitoring light source. Firstly, the groove depth of a grating is determined from the minimum value of the monitoring curve of the 0th-order transmission intensity. Then, with the groove depth known, the duty cycle of the grating is measured from the -1st-order transmission intensity. The feasibility of our method has been demonstrated through fabrication of many rectangular photoresist gratings of 1200, 2200, and 3000 lines/mm on glass substrates. Good agreement between the on-line, real-time measured results and the scanning electron microscopy results is obtained.

Most manufacturing machine tools are utilized for mass production or batch production with high accuracy at a deterministic manufacturing principle. Volumetric accuracy of machine tools depends on the positional accuracy of the cutting tool, probe or end effector related to the workpiece in the workspace volume. In this research paper, a methodology is presented for volumetric calibration of machine tools by on-line measurement of an artifact or an object of a similar type. The machine tool geometric error characterization was carried out through a standard or an artifact, having similar geometry to the mass production or batch production product. The artifact was measured at an arbitrary position in the volumetric workspace with a calibrated Renishaw touch trigger probe system. Positional errors were stored into a computer for compensation purpose, to further run the manufacturing batch through compensated codes. This methodology was found quite effective to manufacture high precision components with more dimensional accuracy and reliability. Calibration by on-line measurement gives the advantage to improve the manufacturing process by use of deterministic manufacturing principle and found efficient and economical but limited to the workspace or envelop surface of the measured artifact's geometry or the profile.

In light of the difficulties to directly measure plume gas concentration by existing methods, the paper proposed an inversion algorithm based on multivariate regression analysis. We first of all built up a multivariate regression model of plume gas concentration by dividing the plume into several homogeneous layers along the observation direction. Then a group of discrete spectral data was sampled out from plume infrared radiation curve at the intervals of certain wave numbers. Thus the spectroscopic data without atmospheric attenuation could be obtained when the discrete spectral data was divided by the atmospheric transmittances at corresponding wave numbers. After that, we worked on the temperature profile of the plume, figuring out the average temperature of each layer of plume through integration according to the outcomes of plume layering. At the same time, supported by the High Resolution Temperature Gas Spectral Database (HITEMP), we also computed out the average absorption coefficient of each layer of plume. Thereby, the triplicity of the spectroscopic data without atmospheric attenuation, the average temperature of each layer of plume and the average absorption coefficient of each layer of plume, as the input parameters for the multivariate regression model of plume gas concentration, could finally enable us to work out the concentration distribution of the plume gas along the observation direction by least squares method which, however, only took into consideration the effect of vapor and carbon dioxide. The comparison with the concentration distribution acquired through numerical computation of plume flow field proves the feasibility of the inversion algorithm.

The polarization properties of scattered light are being exploited to determine the optical and physical information of small particles. In this paper, a scatterometer is developed for simultaneously measuring the Mueller scattering matrix elements as functions of the scattering angle. The scatterometer uses an electro-optic modulator to modulate the polarization state of the incident light, and uses two photomultipliers provided with different polarization optics to consist multichannel polarization-state detector. The instrument takes advantage of combination of the polarizationmodulation technique and division-of -amplitude photopolarimeter, which make for a compact design and substantial increase in measurement throughput and speed. The methods of calibration and alignment using the polarizationmodulated light are established, with which the instrument is calibrated precisely. The methods of data processing and error analysis of the measured Mueller matrix elements are developed. A hybrid experimental/theoretical approach to study the light scattering properties of smoke particles is also presented.

Infrared Thermography is a Nondestructive Testing and Evaluating (NDT&E) technique. it is an effective technique for quantitative prediction of defect depth and defect area, an analysis of depth measurement based on theoretical one-dimensional solution of pulsed thermography is used, assuring the depth of defects by calculating break time that the Logarithmic time evolution of the health area begins to deviate from that of the defective area. Several back-drilled flat-bottom holes which located at three different depths in the aluminum plate are used as simulated defects. Meanwhile, other two coating samples buried with nine defects are also detected. The experimental results of the infrared thermography can demonstrate the capability to predict the depth of defects. The advantages and disadvantages of this method are also outlined.

An external-cavity laser diode that performs static wavelength scanning is proposed. It eliminates problems such as repeatability and tuning rate that arise due to mechanical movements induced in the external cavity of conventional systems because it requires no mechanical elements. Experiments have revealed that the scanning range and tuning rate are 1.3 nm and 1 kHz, respectively.

Numerical simulations of light scattering by irregularly shaped bacteria are carried out using the T-matrix method. A previously developed T-matrix code for the study of light scattering by randomly oriented non-spherical particles is used for the current purpose and it is validated against Mie-theory using coccus. Simplified particle shapes of spheroids and cylinders for simulating scattering by irregularly shaped bacteria are studied. The results for the angular distributions of the scattering matrix elements of B.Subtilis at wavelength 0.6328μm are presented. Their dependence on shape and model are discussed. Analysis suggests that spheroids perform better than cylinders for B.Subtilis. Calculations of the scatter matrix elements to determine bacteria sizes as well as shapes may be an accurate method and may be used to determine what the bacteria are.

Atmospheric turbulence increases bit error rate and degrades beams quality for wireless laser communication links as laser light propagation in the turbulent atmosphere, and atmospheric refractive index structure constant is an important parameter for statistics of atmospheric turbulence. Characteristics of atmospheric turbulence in the atmosphere varies randomly and the experiments in the real atmosphere are expensive, so it is an important way to simulate atmospheric turbulence in laboratory for investigation on laser beams propagation in through the atmosphere. The structure parameter of the atmospheric turbulence in laboratory was measured based on measurement of angle-of-arrival (AOA) fluctuations of centroids as laser beam through the simulated-turbulence. The results shows a good agreement with the previous result measured by thermal method, the strength of simulated-turbulence was 1000 times stronger than that in the real atmosphere. The characteristics of turbulence varies temporally with air temperature and wind velocity, and statistics of atmospheric turbulence was presented for various air temperature and wind velocity along the propagation path.

A method to encode and decode the spatial position using polarization is proposed. Birefringent wedge and photoelastic modulator (PEM) are used to encode and modulate the laser with a polarizer and an analyzer. The state of polarization (SOP) of laser beam changes gradually along the gradient direction of birefringent wedge. The spatial polarization encoding beam is transmitted by a beam expander to form a spatial encoding field. A part of laser carrying the information of spatial position in the field is received by detector. With signal processing, the harmonic terms of detected intensity are obtained to realize the single channel decoding. With the single channel spatial polarization encoding and decoding method, the problem of incorporating automatic gain control (AGC) between separate channel signals can be overcome and the precision of decoding is improved by its rotation-invariant feature, and the results of decoding vary linearly with retardation in the range of ±180°. In experiments, the relationship between decoding spatial position and the true value of position is linear. Usefulness of the method is verified.

The main production method of branched chain amino acid (BCAA) is microbial fermentation. In this paper, to monitor and to control the fermentation process of BCAA, especially its logarithmic phase, parameters such as the color of fermentation broth, culture temperature, pH, revolution, dissolved oxygen, airflow rate, pressure, optical density, and residual glucose, are measured and/or controlled and/or adjusted. The color of fermentation broth is measured using the HIS color model and a BP neural network. The network's input is the histograms of hue H and saturation S, and output is the color description. Fermentation process parameters are adjusted using fuzzy reasoning, which is performed by inference rules. According to the practical situation of BCAA fermentation process, all parameters are divided into four grades, and different fuzzy rules are established.

To answer the new challenge in project R & D on multiple subjects engineering optics, system design and essential methods applied to structure effective system. Base on system engineering theory, traditional optical design optimization is developed. General global optimization, which based on central optics system integrated with up-to-date comprehensive modules and methods in created way, is presented and supported by abundant results of research and development. Advantages such as system intellect, response ability, research periods and compatibility for renew situations demonstrate validity and potential.

Due to the residual chromatic aberration of lens in star tracker, the position accuracy of the star image decrease with the increase of the field of view (FOV). The spectral distribution characteristics of guide star catalog including about 4600 stars are analyzed statistically, and the function model of stellar spectrums is established in this paper. The centroid position for each of the guide star images is a function of its color type and the radial distance to the center of the FOV. The principle of calibration of the centroid error is to make the weighted polynomial, and use a least square fitting approach to obtain the best values of the position errors compensatory parameters for star image considered in a wide field of view (FOV) and with different color temperature. As an example, at the 2.5 DEGREES (FOV) star position errors for Spectral types F, G and K are 10.80μm, 6.5174μm and 4.3479μm respectively. The star position RMS error is reduced from 1.06 pixels to 0.13 pixels, after implementing the spectral compensation scheme for the lens system of a star tracker.

Used digital speckle correlation method (DSCM) to measure is researched. The experiment is designed and the laser irradiates a PZT which is driven by some signal to obtain the dynamic speckle patterns. The dynamic speckle patterns are shot by CCD, then the DSCM is used to process the sequential images and also the experiment is simulated. The movement of reflection target is controlled by PZT which is driven by the different model signal. When the reflection target is moving, the dynamic speckle patterns are shot by CCD, the sequential images are stored in computer through an image board. Then the digital speckle correlation method is used to process the sequential images. There are three output parameters after the images correlation calculation: (x_i ,y_i) and α that represent for position and moving direction of the object, Initial (x_i ,y_i) is (0,0). (▵xi , ▵yi) represents pixel difference in coordinates of two adjacent images. α is the angle specifying the direction of the object's motion relative to the x-axis: αε[0⁰,90⁰]. Varying the speed of the aluminum plate, variant values of (▵x_i ,▵_i) are obtained and varying the direction of numeric control caterpillar track, variant values of α were obtained. From the obtained displacement and the collected frequency, the vibration frequency was obtained. The experimental results show the DSCM can confirm the frequency and displacement of vibration, and have a good agreement with the simulation results, and the results show the digital speckle correlation method can be used to measure vibation.

Along with modern science and technology development, Optical precise instrument, especially in space applied optical precise instrument, all set the very high request in the surface quality and the processing precision aspect, and have already achieved a nanometer precision to the surface roughness Ra request. Therefore this paper puts forward to use self-reacting machining method, process for floating polish, as well as measure and analyze the shape, appearance, roughness of work-piece surface. Through comparing proof with the work-piece surface condition that the grinding processing method of tradition gets: in from meet processing condition take off , the plasticity region processing that can be stabilized and realize brittleness optical material gets very good processing surface quality. Under the experiment condition of this paper, can get Ra 2-3nm processes mirror surface in shorter time.

Low-level-light (LLL) sight-glass measurement technologies based on multiple environmental testing conditions are always concerned by military equipments manufacturers. The article puts forward the concrete steps and method of vibration environmental testing measurement according to military optical equipments environments testing standards. Using vibration theory and mathematical modeling analysis, vibration modal of LLL aiming sight-glass based on vibration testing conditions is constructed and analyzed. In order to study dynamic characteristic of vibration system, coordinates of the physical model are converted to modal coordinates. By means of equating system modal, vibration modal is impacted by damping coefficient. Emulating the system under the damping coefficientξ from 0.1 to 1 and natural frequency n ω_n is 89, the results indicate that damped systems is influenced by coordinates conversion of transfer function. The structure with less damping usually can be regarded as the proportional damping system otherwise can be considered as the general damping system.

A novel method for small roll angle measurement based on auto-collimation and moiré fringe is presented. A right-angle prism is used as an indicator of small roll angle around the optical axis, and a CCD is used to collect moiré fringes that are generated by scale grating image which is reflected by prism and index grating. Any small roll angle of the prism will change the include angle of the grating pair and meanwhile induce a change in the moiré fringe period. The relationship between roll angle and period of moiré fringes is established. The period data is obtained by image processing. The experimental result certifies that the principle of small angle measurement method based on auto-collimation and moiré fringe is correct and feasible. The measuring error is smaller than 0.2" within 7' range compared with 0.2" autocollimator.

With the rapid development of industry, accurate detection of liquid turbidity has attracted more and more attention, and been widely applied to many industries. According to the Mie scattering and the Rayleigh scattering law, this paper presents a novel design of laser liquid turbidimeter which uses the method of determining the turbidity by means of detecting the 90° scattered light. The entire detection system mainly consists of a 650nm red laser source, a light receiver (OPT101) and photoelectric conversion devices, an A/D converter, a data processing and controlling unit, a screen display device (LCD) and a power supply module. This turbidimeter is proved to be an intelligent instrument, which makes the process of measuring greatly simplified by displaying the result of turbidity in a digital form directly. It operates normally at a temperature range from 0 oC to 50 oC . From 0 NTU to 1000 NTU, the measuring ranges can be adjusted in accordance with the situation of samples automatically, and a single measurement takes about 1.608 ms. A high precision of 0.001 NTU is realized in our experiments. After repeated measurements, an average error of ±2.2% is obtained, and the repeatability is less than 1%. Moreover, two measuring modes are provided, one can store and view the measuring records repeatedly, while the other can be used for batch testing with an additional alarm device. This turbidimeter possesses a good practicality either in laboratory measurement or in industrial and environmental inspection.

A series of dynamic light scattering (DLS) experimental systems basing on photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) are brought forth for measuring the size of nanometer particles and the corresponding measuring results are shown. The results obtained through these experimental systems are all compared with the results obtained by instrument of Brookhaven. Mono-disperse and double disperse nanometer particle solutions systems are both studied. The light source is the diode laser with the single transverse mode and its wavelength is 532 nm. It is the avalanche photon diode (APD) instead of the traditional photomultiplier tube (PMT) is selected as the detector for its high quantum efficiency. The scattering light transmits in a closed channel. The experimental systems are designed in two different kinds. The first kind of experimental system is a system without fiber. The second kind of experimental system introduces one fiber for transmission of scattering light. In these two kinds of experimental system, the influences of the polarization state of the incident laser are investigated. The photon counting board is a product of self designed and the dynamic software correlation system is introduced instead of the traditional hardware digital correlator for lower costs. The size of the nanometer particles is computed by the famous CONTIN and NNLS programs.

The parameter of laser beam is to evaluate the characteristics of the laser beam from quality. Laser beam analysis apparatus in this paper is use knife-edge method to get the laser beam quality. This machine move knife-edge line with laser beam cross section, which on the mechanical platform. Light detector measure the transmission power of laser beam. The sensor's analog signal input the A /D converter, then change digital corresponding signals. The instrument's measure system can calculated the parameter of the laser beam though the power and the position of the power that be measured. The knife-edge in the measure system must be sure has good quality, thinning enough, and must be perpendicular to the direction of the axis laser beam, or it will impact on measurement accuracy. During the measure process, in order to decrease the measurement error we must carefully rotating micrometer screw device. It mainly because the response speeds of light detector and A/D converter is not fast enough. In waist position, laser power density is relatively high, so the situation should be based on the actual choice of laser power to prevent the knife-edge will not burn. At last using the MATLAB to carry out the simulation analysis, the method is proved that it can accurately recover the complicated energy distribution, and the system is proved that it can improve the measurement accuracy effectively and can get parameter of laser beam goodly. Key words: knife-edge method, laser beam quality, MATLAB, energy distribution, laser beam analysis apparatus, natural density filter

Measuring the thin film thickness by modern interferometry has advantages of the whole test, high precision and non-contact measurement, the kernel of which is to obtain necessary surface shape and parameter by processing interferogram with reasonable algorithms. The pre-treatment of the interferogram is the most crucial and a basal part, which includes the edge identification of based on Mathematical Morphology, regional extension based on the 2-D FFT and unwrapped and wrapped phase based on the non-weighted least squares algorithm for DCT. At the result, surface distribution can be obtained, which lays the groundwork for getting the thin films thickness correctly. In this paper, the image collection of the SiO2 film and the pretreatment of interferogram is performed. The result indicates that it is basically consistent to the result tested by Zygo interferometer.

A new structure of Si_xN_y thin film transverse thermal conductivity measuring by comparative method is introduced. And by using finite element software ANSYS we emulated the effect to thermal distribution by the factors of heatpower, length & width of suspending beam, and the thermal conductivity. This method, with no limitation of measuring in vacuum, is simply structured and easily operated.

The industrial parts' dimensions are the important characteristics for their eligibility evaluation; typically, the multiple cameras system is the preferred technology that fitting the inspection, especially for on-line testing, but the cameras calibration, images matching, etc. are necessary when put in practice, also, multiple cameras system is either too costly or impractical sometimes. A novel dimensions inspection technology based on single-image for planar industrial parts is presented. The technology described here uses single-image taken by a camera in arbitrary pose, and requires four scale-bars with known distances sticking on the planar industrial part, the four known distances are used to correct the single-image to normal, and the part's dimensions are obtained by triangulation comparability from the normal image. The utilities of this method are its low-cost, simplicity, ease of implementation and camera calibration needless. The technology is being used in the real-time inspection of precision machining for the evaporator tubes plate of nuclear boiler, applications show that the method is effective, and the typical dimensions accuracy is 0.05 mms if the testing range is about 0.5ms by 0.5ms per-time.

This paper attempts to explore the feasibility of a system based on laser Doppler technique which has been established to realize remote dynamic measurement of high velocity deformation parameters of explosion vessel. It aims at developing a stable and reliable non-contact instrument with high precision for the measuring of explosion on site. Doppler signal's SNR is very low in remote measurement of explosion vessel, a moving solid object with high velocity. To enhance signal intensity, restrain noise and extract weak Doppler signal is the key to realizing remote measurement with high precision. Both optical structure optimizing and digital signal processing used to solve the arduous problem above will be discussed in this paper. The test results prove that the relative error of the instrument is less than 1% in measuring displacement.

In optic communication systems, the nonlinear effect of the optical fiber is of great importance. There are several methods measuring optical fiber nonlinear coefficient. A novel method measuring optical fiber nonlinear coefficient is proposed, which is based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer fabricated with 3×3 coupler, polarization controller and so on. According to cross phase modulation (XPM), when two optical waves are injected into the same optical fiber, the phase of one optical wave will be changed because of the other one. So a sinusoidal phase signal will be generated through coupling a sinusoidal modulated high-power laser into one arm of the interferometer, and then the three outputs of the interferometer will contain the sinusoidal phase signal. According to the characteristic of the 3×3 coupler, the phase difference between the three outputs is 2π / 3 . Through mathematics disposition of the three outputs of the interferometer, a couple of orthogonal signals can be yielded. Then the amplitude of the sinusoidal phase signal can be demodulated accurately by arctan method. The length of the optical fiber and the power of the laser can be measured easily, according to expression about the nonlinear phase shift induced by XPM, the optical fiber nonlinear coefficient of certain wavelength will be calculated. The optical fiber nonlinear effect is simulated by the software optisystem, and the process measuring the optical fiber nonlinear coefficient is analyzed in detail based on the schematic design.

A line-scan imaging system is used in the dynamic deformation measurement of a human arm when the muscle is contracting and relaxing. The measurement principle is based on the projection grating profilometry, and the measuring system is consisted of a line-scan CCD camera, a projector, optical lens and a personal computer. The detected human arm is put upon a reference plane, and a sinusoidal grating is projected onto the object surface and reference plane at an incidence angle, respectively. The deformed fringe pattern in the same line of the dynamic detected arm is captured by the line-scan CCD camera with free trigger model, and the deformed fringe pattern is recorded in the personal computer for processing. A fast Fourier transform combining with a filtering and spectrum shifting method is used to extract the phase information caused by the profile of the detected object. Thus, the object surface profile can be obtained following the geometric relationship between the fringe deformation and the object surface height. Furthermore, the deformation procedure can be obtained line by line. Some experimental results are presented to prove the feasibility of the inspection system.

High accuracy is required in surface testing of 90nm nodal point lithography projecting lens. By comparing various aspheric surface testing methods, we adopt Offner null compensator to test the aspheric surface in the point diffraction interferometer at last. In this paper, an Offner compensator is presented on the base of the third order aberration theory to test concave aspheric surface, the optical construction parameters of which is determined by introducing equal-quantities spherical aberration to compensate all orders of aspheric coefficients. The field of view of the system is 0.02º; the structure layout of the compensator is a meniscus positive lens combined with a Plano-convex positive lens. The design results indicate that: primary and high order aberrations are balanced well, MTF exceeds diffraction limit, root-mean-square (RMS) of wave front error <λ/167. The F-number of the system can achieve F/1.64. By the analysis of the process of aspheric surface testing with the designed system, a loosen distribution of the tolerance was presented based on the accuracy of measuring apparatus.

The spectral responsivity measurement theoretical outline was demonstrated. Absolute spectral responsivity of the Silicon trap detector is calibrated with laser intensity stabilizer, closed loop refrigeration cryogenic radiometer. Seven wavelength laser beams of 476.1nm, 488nm, 514.7nm, 568nm, 632.8nm, 647.1nm and 1064nm, are chosen for the calibration experiments. Relative spectral responsivity of the cavity pyroelectric detector is calibrated in the band from 600nm to 15μm. Absolute spectral responsivity of the pyroelectric detector is transferred at 1064nm. The absolute and relative measurement uncertainty is evaluated. Results demonstrated that the absolute spectral responsivity of the Silicon trap detector and the cavity pyroelectric detector is 0.3954A/W, whose uncertainty is better than 0.04%, and 5.4E-7A/W, whose uncertainty is better than0.4%, respectively, at 1064nm. The pyroelectric detector absolute spectral responsivity uncertainty is better than 5% in other wavelength.

Visual principle point is a key photogrammetry parameter while the position change of it can only indirectly be estimated by the inverse calculation of the ground control point presently. To get the exact position change of the visual principle point an on-orbit monitoring system of three-line array camera is proposed. The system is composed of light source part and photoelectric detecting part that move along with the lens and the line array CCD respectively. The position change of the visual principle point can be derived by the position change of the two light spots. This system will not change the structure of the camera and influence the function of it. Experimental system is built up and ground test results prove the feasibility of the monitoring system and show the accuracy of it is better than 1^μm.

The biological warfare agent (BWA) is a kind of terrible threat during the war or raid from the terrorist. Last decade, the interest in utilizing ultraviolet laser-induced fluorescence (UV-LIF) LIDAR to detect the bioaerosol cloud has risen in order to measure the distribution of the bioaerosol particle. The UV-LIF LIDAR system can remotely detect and classify the bioaerosol agents and it is an active detecting system. As the infrared absorbing in the atmosphere is less, the range of infrared remote sensing is very far. The infrared laser at 1064 nm wavelength firstly begins to work in the UV-LIF LIDAR system and the aerosol cloud can be detected at very long range through the elastic backscattering signal from aerosol irradiated by infrared laser. But the category of aerosol can't be identified yet. If the infrared elastic backscattering level exceeds a threshold, UV laser at 355 nm wavelength will be triggered and induce the fluorescence. The excitated spectra of fluorescence can be used for discrimination of different aerosol species and particle concentration. This paper put forward for a UV-LIF LIDAR system model and the principle of the model is described summarily. Then the system parameters are presented and the simulation and analysis of the infrared elastic backscattering and laser-induced fluorescence are made, which is based on these parameters. Raman backscattering signal of Nitrogen gas in the atmosphere generally is taken to reduce measuring error, so the article also simulates this Raman backscatter signal at 387 nm wavelength. The studies above may provide some valuable instructions to the design of a real UV-LIF LIDAR system.

The effect of beacon Anisoplanatism needs to be considered in analyzing the error of the adaptive optical system. Therefore, thermal blooming anisoplanatic effect of the Gaussian beam is analyzed numerically and theoretically. Wavefront distortion of the Gaussian beam caused by thermal blooming anisoplanatic effect is expanded by the Zernike polynomials. The Zernike coefficient and the fitting error are obtained by numerical calculations. The comparisons between the Zernike coefficients indicate that the defocus item is the most important to the angular anisoplanatic error. Based on the Wave-front distortion caused by the thermal blooming angular anisoplanatic effect, the defocus coefficient of the Zernike polynomials is obtained theoretically. The result of the angular anisoplanatic error calculated by theoretical formula is consistent with the outcome of the numerical calculation, and the result also indicates that the angular anisoplanatic error is the function of the caliber size and varies as the square of the anisoplanatic angle. The square relation of angle anisoplanatism is consistent with the result obtained by the turbulence angular anisoplanatic effect.

A simulated annealing-simplex downhill hybrid algorithm is presented to solve the problems of ellipsometric data inversion. Basing on Monte Carlo technique of simulated annealing algorithm, the hybrid algorithm uses simplex downhill algorithm to get the local optimization and avoids the local optimization to get the global optimization by Metropolis accepting principle, then the global optimum ellipsometric data are obtained quickly. A typical model with single-layer absorbing film was dealt with by the hybrid algorithm and the simulated annealing algorithm respectively in numerical simulation experiments. The results show that the hybrid algorithm is feasible, credible and ascendant in ellipsometric data inversion. Furthermore, with the same testing conditions and inversion precision, the hybrid algorithm can save time with two quantity degrees, so it will be found more applications in practice.

Based on the analyze of the infrared object detection mechanism, a new physical quantifier --detectability, which is used to describe how difficult it is to detect an object, has been defined. The change of flying velocity influence the radiation characteristic; the change of flying altitude also influence the radiation characteristic of the object ,the radiation characteristic of atmosphere background, the most effect view of detector for the object, atmospheric transmittance of the path and so on. Based on the large number of calculation, the article analyses the rule of the influence and change, the influence that the flying altitude and velocity to infrared band detectability. The analyzing result show that when the flying velocity of target enhances 0.5 Mach, the work range will enhance 5 kilometers for the same infrared detector. The detectability of an object will increase as the flying altitude increasing until reach the 8 kilometers; at the altitude of 8 to 10 kilometers the detectability reaches the max, when the altitude overrun 10km the detectability of an object will reduce as the altitude increase.

Magnet chip is a kind of industrial work piece widely used in electronic equipment. Manual examination is still the main method for its surface quality test and cannot meet the demand of high efficiency and accuracy. A universal online image acquisition method was proposed based on asynchronous reset of CCD. The fast trigger, precision placement, movement blur and image definition were resolved. (1)A focused optical fiber was used in optoelectronic sensor to generate trigger signal timely when work piece moved through the little optical spot. (2)Precision hardware time-delay and asynchronous reset pulse generation circuits were designed. The image was acquired only when work piece moved into the designed position. (3) The image acquisition was fulfilled by hardware interrupt mode. The maximal processing time could be designed to ensure the normal acquiring flow. (4) Quantitative relation between position accuracy and speed, time-delay error, CCD resolution and imaging region was deuced. Relation between moving blur and speed, exposure time was also decided. (5)The entire time sequence of asynchronous reset was designed. (6) Testing system was designed. The position accuracy achieved 0.1mm when moving speed reached 100mm/s. Moving blur was limited in less one pixel size. Experiments showed the system can meet the demand of real and online measurement of magnet chip surface quality.

A novel approach and system based on parabolic mirror is proposed for measuring a surface's bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) rapidly and accurately. In virtue of a truncated paraboloid with reflecting film on the interior surface, the angular distribution of surface optical reflectance in tri-dimensional space is transformed into a twodimensional planar image, which is collected by a CCD camera and goes though a followed angular mapping and data processing correspondingly, a fast measurement of in plane and out of plane reflectance distribution is realized within a few minutes. Furthermore, the laser beam is reflected by parabolic mirror to irradiate the sample surface in various incidence angles. Primary measurements and analysis of surface reflectance of varied substance along with various machining process are carried out with this system. Results indicates that this novel measurement system, compare with conventional ones, can avoid the measuring errors generated by the fluctuation of laser's power and the sensitivity of the detector, as well as dramatically shorten the acquisition time. In addition, a compact and portable configuration eases the measurement procedure consumedly.

The error of retrieving the aerosol backscattering ratio with partial Raman spectrum is calculated in present paper. A new method is presented for reducing the error. One low-level and one high-level spectrum line are chose to make up a new pseudo-line independent on the temperature. Finally, aerosol backscattering coefficient ratio profiles of the atmosphere were obtained from the signals of a rotational Raman Lidar in our lab. The results show that Tropospheric aerosol backscattering coefficient ratio can be retrieved by using the new rotational Raman pseudo-line without considering the relation between aerosol extinction and backscattering.

Interferometry is one of the effective approaches for characterizing dispersive optical components. The foundation is partial coherence theory. A derivation of partial coherence theory relating to the characterization of dispersive medium is presented here by combining with the measurement of CFBG (Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating), a dispersive fiber optic component with wide application in the compensation of the dispersion in optical telecommunication system. In the derivation the dispersion property, generally neglected in conventional partial coherence theory, is taken into account. It will make sense for instructing the measurement, research and investigation employing interferometric system in which dispersive medium is involved.

A new global optimization method for thin film thickness calculation is presented in this paper. A new adaptive simulated annealing (ASA) combining with genetic algorithm is brought out. Adding traditional genetic algorithm to simulated annealing process avoids the premature convergence problem and improves the ability of global searching effectively. Firstly it generates a new group of local optimums through genetic and mutation operation; then the solutions are accepted at a certain probability, and will be calculated respectively in ASA process as the initial solutions. At last conjugate gradient algorithm is utilized to search accurately and quickly. This new ASGA can effectively enhance the robustness of the algorithm and reduce the limitation of the searching area. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can calculate the thickness of single layer and 2-layer thin film within the range of 10nm to 1μ m and less than 4% calculation error.

Online detecting is increasingly used in industrial process for the requirement of product quality improving. It is a trend that the "machine detecting" with "machine version + computer intelligence" as new method replaces traditional manual "eye observation". The essential of "machine detecting" is that image of object being collected with high resolution video lens on sensor panel of photoelectric (CCD ,CMOS) and detecting result being automatically gained by computer after the image saved and processed. "Machine detecting" is developing rapidly with the universal reception by enterprises because of its fine accurateness, high efficiency and the real time. Video lens is one of the important components of machine version system. Requirements of wide field and high resolution enlarged the complexity of video lens design. In this paper a design case used in visible light with field diameter Φ32mm, β=-0.25× and NA'=0.15. We give design parameters of the video lens which obtained with theoretically calculating and Oslo software optimization: MTF>0.3 in full field and 215lp/mm, distortion <0.05%.This lens has an excellent optic performance to match with 1.3 million pixels 1/2"CCD, and a high performance price ratio for being consist of only 7 single lens in the way of 5 units.

In order to improve the performance of the intensity modulation with direct detection atmospheric laser communication system, adaptive optics technique without a wave-front sensor based on guide laser is proposed. Performance metric detector replaces the wave-front sensor in the adaptive optics, so that the invalidation of wave-front measurement and compensation in strong scintillation is avoided. The induced guide laser eliminates the misjudgment of attribute the intensity change caused by intensity modulation to the phase distortion. Numerical simulation based on SPGD algorithm shows that when the performance metric of the guide laser is increased from 0.09 to 0.67, the far-field Stehl ratio of carrier wave laser can be increased from 0.0028 to 0.6138, almost 220 times improvement, which indicates the adaptive optics system can reduce the bit-error and improve the performance of atmospheric laser communication greatly.

Measuring cable-stayed bridge's cable tension in real time is very worthiness in construction control, cable replacing and bridge's health monitoring. A novel distributed cable tension fiber Bragg grating vibrate measuring system is designed in this paper. Utilizing the relationship between tension and frequency to measure the cable tension indirectly based on theory of string vibration. Double fiber Bragg grating micro accelerometer is designed to improve measuring sensitivity and resolution. Using continues wave tunable frequency technique to demodulate the distributed grating vibrating measuring system and applying the system in tensional stress control when build the bridge. The experiment results and theory indicate that the monitoring system has a simple structure with good stability, linear response capacity, and wide measurable range of the cable tension. It is can satisfy the needs for long term monitoring of cable-stayed bridge, as well as provide continuous and accurate information.

The energy measurement of high energy laser is converts incident laser energy into heat energy, calculates energy utilizing absorber temperature rise, thus the energy value can be gained. Temperature measurement of high-energy laser energy meter and energy loss compensation during the course of the measurement were studied here. Firstly, temperature-resistance characteristics of resistance wire was analyzed, which was winded on exterior surface of the absorbing cavity of high-energy laser energy meter and used in temperature measurement. Least square method was used to process experiment data and a compensation model was established to calibrate the relationship of temperature vs. resistance. Experiment proved that, error between resistance wire and Pt100 is less than 0.01Ω and temperature error is less than 0.02°C. This greatly improves accuracy of the high energy meter measurement result. Secondly, aimed to the compensation of laser energy loss caused by absorbing cavity's heat exchange, the heat energy loss of absorbing cavity, resulted from thermal radiation, heat convection and heat conduction was analyzed based on heat transfer theory. Its mathematics model was established. Least square method was used to fit a curve of experiment data in order to compensate energy loss. Repetitiveness of measurement is 0.7%, which is highly improved.

In optical interference measurement, the standard wave provided by the standard optical flat owing to the influence of manufacturing processes, affects seriously on the improvement of the accuracy of the test. To solve this problem, a method brings forward based on the computer-generated hologram to achieve the reconstruction of the standard wave-front; Secondly, on the basis of the mathematical model of standard wave-front reconstruction, the required wave-front is reconstructed in use of the different coding to encode wave-front hologram and MATLAB; Finally, the different coding techniques for standard wave-front have been compared. The results show that the theory based on the standard computer-generated hologram wave-front reconstruction algorithm can achieve the standard wave-front reconstruction.

The light beam wave front form is often base to complete accurate parameter calculations of such objects under test as optical systems and components, transparent and reflecting materials, man-made radiation souses and so on. The adequacy of measured data to reconstruct wave front form and technical practicability of various optical measuring systems are analyzed to determine applicability of such methods and devices as Hartmann Method, Wavefront Sensing by Pseudo Phase-Conjugate Interferometry, Talbot Method, Phase Modulation Method, Linnik Interferometer and Shearing Interferometry. Information losses of wave front spatial frequency spectrum are determined on mention methods and optical systems. Experimental data and end-use measurements are submitted.

The identification of the spilled oil is an essential and important part in the investigation and handling of oil spill accidents. The combination of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and chemometrics is ideal for such a situation. NIR spectroscopy is a powerful and effective technique and qualitative information can be obtained with classification models. Support vector machines (SVM) have been introduced recently in chemometrics and have proven to be powerful in NIR spectra classification tasks, such as material identification and food discrimination. In this work, the SVM is utilized to classify near infrared spectroscopy of simulated spilled oils of gasoline, diesel fuel and kerosene on the marine. A good classification performance is obtained :the identification rate were 100%, 96% and 98% on the test sets respectively.

There is a new method that the rocket nozzle 3D motion is measured by a motion tracking system based on the passive optical markers. However, an important issue is required to resolve-how to assess the accuracy of rocket nozzle motion test. Therefore, calibration equipment is designed and manufactured for generating the truth of nozzle model motion such as translation, angle, velocity, angular velocity, etc. It consists of a base, a lifting platform, a rotary table and a rocket nozzle model with precise geometry size. The nozzle model associated with the markers is installed on the rotary table, which can translate or rotate at the known velocity. The general accuracy of rocket nozzle motion test is evaluated by comparing the truth value with the static and dynamic test data. This paper puts emphasis on accuracy assessment of novel two-axes rotating and single-axis translating calibration equipment. By substituting measured value of the error source into error model, the pointing error reaches less than 0.005deg, rotation center position error reaches 0.08mm, and the rate stability is less than 10^-3. The calibration equipment accuracy is much higher than the accuracy of nozzle motion test system, thus the former can be used to assess and calibrate the later.

A real-time optoelectronic measurement system is proposed to measure the wavefront distortions of scanning beams of a phased-array laser radar. This measurement system includes electric control rotating and translating platforms and a cyclic radial shearing interferometer(CRSI). CRSI is an effective interferometry to mesure the laser wavefront. A inversion algorithm is used to precisely reconstruct wavefront phase distribution from interferograms generated by the CRSI. An actual experiment of laser wavefront distortion measurement is implemented successfully. The experimental results show that this optoelectromic measurement system can measure laser wavefront distortion of a phased-array laser radar in accuracy and in real time.

In order to satisfy the detective distance requirements of TV-seeker, dual-CCD scheme is used in its optical imaging system. But the distortion of CCD camera has seriously affected on the image quality, which can not get high-precision image of registration and mosaic. Therefore its quantitative measurement and calibration is the key to the attack accuracy of the precision guided weapon. Aiming at the problem as distortion of TV-seeker, firstly Tsai two-stage method based on radial constraint is used to calibrate the CCD camera whose interior parameter and exterior parameter have been determined. The high performance electronic target is established whose advantages are high contrast, high brightness, excellent uniformity and so on by use of TFT-LCD spatial light modulator and visible image display technology. On basis of this, the distortion measurement system is formed to measure the CCD camera. Then polynomial model is established by applying the inversion algorithm and the measured distortion is calibrated by the least squares fit. The calibrated result shows that the measurement precision using this algorithm is higher than that using the positive one obviously and the average distortion after calibration is better than 0.15%.

Electron optical analysis and simulation of the streak tube is completed, which is a core component of the camera system for ICF investigation. Principles and methods of the streak tube are applied to design the tube. The tube structure and voltage parameters are obtained according to electron optical theory. Multiple important evaluation parameters are also obtained through computer simulation and numerical analysis of the model. Results reveal that the designed image tube has a time resolution better than 11ps, sweep time distortion better than 43ps and space distortion smaller than 4%. Moreover, it also has a good spatial resolution. The steak tube is fabricated, static performance is tested and experimental data is analyzed. The experimental results show that the tube has a good static performance and meet the design requirements.

Pure Rotational Raman Lidar is a new technique for detecting vertical troposphere temperature profile. Since the backscattering Raman signals are so weak that the photon-counting method is applied by using a multiscaler. By setting the threshold of the multiscaler, most noises mixed with the signals can be filtered. However, difference exists between the set threshold and the actual threshold of the two count channels, and also exists between the set thresholds of the two count channels. This will affect quick-setting of the appropriate thresholds. In this paper, a rule is put forward and the measuring system is established to confirm the set threshold value corresponding to an actual one, making use of the amplitude fluctuation of square wave. By this system, pairs of set threshold and actual threshold are obtained, and the curve of the set threshold against the actual threshold of a single count channel, as well as the curve of thresholds of the two count channels, is fitted. The theoretical analysis is well agreed with the experimental results, and it indicates that the appropriate threshold can be set more quickly by using the curve.

Differential Absorption Lidar for detecting atmospheric NO₂ (NO₂-DIAL) is used extensively for its high precision and spatial resolution, and the measurement can be done real-time with a wide range. The uniaxial crystal reflectivity must be considered in optical path adjustment. From the point of view of energy, based on optical electromagnetic theory and Jones matrix, the relationship between intermediary reflectance and polarization state of incident light is discussed, and the normal relational expression of them is gained. An experiment example is given, and the measured value of the example is in conformity with the computer simulation curve. The result shows that the regulation of crystal reflectivity has useful significance for adjusting the optical path of NO₂-DIAL.

Diffusers are important parts of a light pipe which can diffuse light evenly to the place need to illuminate. The lamphouses used in the experiment were two ultraviolet radiation lamps with the power of each lamp 8W and main wavelengh was 365nm. The ultraviolet intensity on the surface of the catalyst was about 120μW/cm². The experiments also showed that diffusers without photocatalysis could reduce the fraction volume of SO₂ in a little box of 0.1 m³ volume made up of stainless steel from 1.0 × 10^-6 to 0.36 × 10^-6. Diffuser coated with photocatalysis within 1h SO2 fraction volume decomposed from 1.0 × 10^-6 down to 0.25 × 10^-6 with faster and more complete degradation of SO2. The experimental results showed that the performance of photocatalysis combined with diffusers of light pipe had better effect in a small space.

The survey mainly concerns the use of the external surface color of buildings in Beijing. The color parameter values of the external surface of buildings color are accessed through contrasting with the Chinese Standard Color Chip on-site. Hue, lightness and chroma are analyzed to research the color of the external surface of buildings. The data provide a basis for the advanced research of the energy consumption of buildings. Using the color reduced the energy consumption of buildings; especially in summer air-conditioning energy consumption is of great significance.

In the processing of fiber collimator packaging, the main factor that impacts the packaging quality is the optical coupling loss which aroused by the phase offset of optical fiber base pin inclined surface and grin lens inclined surface. Based on "detectable" and DFT, a new fiber collimator packaging method has been put forward. Using machine vision and digital image processing technology to make sure tips at correct phase, then the tips was inserted into the stainless steel sleeve and keep a feed motion to regulate the gap between the tips and grin lens. This way helps find the best packaging phase and makes sure the biggest output power. The system is composed of CCD camera, image acquisition card and VC++ image processing software. Experiments proved the effectiveness and practicality, the phase tolerance can be controlled in ± 3° and meet the fiber collimator packaging precision requirement. This packaging process have been used in practical production and it improved efficiency and qualified rate, it also has applied for the invent patent.

The development of the hidden hazard in earth and rockfill dams is a long-term process, but the symptom of its occurrence can be extracted from monitoring measured-data. However, severe disaster may happen since the cryptic proof in these measured-data was ignored. A method of data processing to identify the seepage degree is proposed. Distributed optical fiber sensing system is employed to monitor the change of the temperature caused by the seepage flow inside the dam. Due to tiny difference between two temperatures of the earth and stable seepage water, measureddata need to be processed further to identify unconspicuous seepage flow. MATLAB wavelet method is used to analyze these tiny changes hidden in measured-data, which is effective to tell the location and degree of the seepage.

The burst strongly flashing event taking place in space such as strong explosion in low air is very random in time and position, and its duration time is very short. In this paper, a photoelectric measuring device, namely, 2D angle localizer for measuring 2D angle of a burst strongly flashing object appearing in place randomly has been presented. It mainly includes detecting head with narrow slot, cylinder silicon photoelectric receiver, absolute photoelectric encoder and computer. It can complete the measurement of 2D information, namely, the azimuth angle and pitching angle of the center position of a spatial flashing object. The principle of measuring angle and basic structure of measuring angle device are introduced. The critical parts of the device are briefly described. A contrast experiment of measuring the sun's 2D angle by 2D angle localizer and theodolite was made. The measuring results and accuracy analysis have been given. Due to being equipped with variable gain amplifiers and three silicon photoelectric accepters with cylinder surface, the 2D angle localizer has the characteristics of Wide dynamic measurement range and omnidirectional angle measurement. The measuring accuracy of 2D angle localizer is more than 2mil and the act of measuring can be finished in 0.5s.

The effectiveness of the lidar scattering signal can be intuitively reflected by SNR. Thus the effective detection range can be objectively evaluated. Usually by theoretical analyzing the devices of lidar signal detection system, an ideal SNR model of scattering signal can be built. Under these circumstances the theoretical SNR might be an inflated value. For instance, when the detection distance is 20Km the SNR can be up to 20dB. However, in the practical experiment the 10Km's SNR is merely 3dB. From the results, it can be deduced that the effective distance range is far less than the simulation value. Consequently, other practical factors must be considered in SNR analysis for Mie-scattering lidar. In the paper the results of Mie scattering lidar experiment are shown firstly. Then the SNR is calculated through deducting the background noise. The background radiation specific gravity is also presented in this paper. The photomultiplier tubes dark-current is detected. And the effect of all noise components to the SNR is estimated. Meanwhile, some improve measurements to reduce the interference noise are mentioned.

This paper presents a novel computer-generated hologram algorithm fit to be implemented on hardware circuit, called recurrence formula method. In order to improve the speed of the hologram computation, the computation units based on this algorithm in FPGA chip were implemented by programming the chip with the Very-hight-speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language. The number of the units is determined by the resources of the FPGA chip. Much more computation units can also be implemented by paralleling more FPGA chips to work together. This article will promote the implementation of the computer-generated holographic display technology.

For solving the shortages such as difficult and complicate initial calibration, especially aimed at the difficulty in measurement of incidence, a measure model based on linear partition method of computer vision was presented. According to the principle of intersection measurement, a mathematic model of measurement system was established and calibration model was deduced. The measuring position was about 0.5%.

In this paper, a novel optical-film thickness measurement method by the concurrent phase-unwrapping technology of double interferometric fringes based on digital wavefront interferometry (DWI) is presented. By using this method, some experiments were implemented on some substrates covered with a kind of optical film such as mono-layer transparent photoresist. The experimental values of photoresist-layer thickness were acquired by the computer-aid digital processing of two groups of interferometric fringes synchronously. These results match well with accurate data measured by spectroscopic ellipsometer. Compared with common techniques of optical-film thickness measurement, the proposed method has a few advantages as following: non-contact, undamaged, realtime, adaptive capacity to environment and high accuracy, etc. Theoretical simulation and experimental studies show that the method has favorable measuring robustness. In addition, the method can be applied to guide, control and improve optical fabrication based optical film techniques. Furthermore, it is also applicable to the thickness measurement of curved-surface monofilm or planar multi-layer film, which is important for the optical film-coating of conventional optical systems based on curved-surface lens.

Near infrared spectroscopy has been proposed as an effective way for measuring complex component compositions noninvasively. However temperature-induced spectral variation can cause accuracy problems if not taken care of in a proper manner. The influence of temperature on optical measurements has been studied for determining fat and protein contents in complex food systems. A model system consisting of mixtures of fat, protein, water and emulsion was developed to create an imitation of complex food systems. The changes in optical properties, including the absorbance coefficients and reduced scattering coefficients, of the system from 25°C to 40°C were measured in the wavelength from 1100 to 1670 nm. Complex changes in the absorbance coefficient and decreasing changes in the reduced scattering coefficients with the increasing temperature were founded. The mechanisms of the influences were analyzed. In order to correct the effect, a statistical method was needed. Then, a method called global robust temperature calibration model is proposed. Accordingly, the validating experiments using the samples made up of 54 complex food systems were executed. The experimental results indicated that the method can significantly reduce the temperature effect on optical measurement.