This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 7519, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and the Conference Committee listing.

In the past decade the analysis of microarrays which are rich in biology information has generated considerable interest. One of the conventional techniques in this area is to detect the biomolecules labeled with fluorescence agents. In recent years, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging plays an important role in the detection of microarrays. The intensity of fluorescence signal acquired from fluorescence imaging is proportional to the amount of biomolecules, while the refractive index obtained from SPR imaging is relative to the concentration of sample, a comparison study of microarrays by these two detection techniques may be of great value. We develop a quasi-confocal parallel scan fluorescence imaging system which has only one moving part and can produce wide-field confocal images. The bacterial 16s rDNA universal primer labeled with CY5 fluorescence agents are used as probes and prepared as a microarray. The DNA-array is detected by both the quasi-confocal parallel scan fluorescence imaging system and the parallel scan spectral SPR imaging system. The results from these two imaging systems were compared and discussed in resolving power, homogeneity, etc. The refractive index information from the SPR imaging system and the fluorescence intensity information from the fluorescence imaging system are linked by bio-array concentration. The measured results can be inter-referred for bio-array studies.

Laser assisted vascular anastomosis (LAVA) is looked as a particularly promising non-suture method in future. However, aneurysm formation is one of the main reasons delay the clinical application of LAVA. Some scientists investigated the incidence of aneurysms in animal model. To systematically analyze the literature on reported incidence of aneurysm formation in LAVA therapy, we performed a meta-analysis comparing LAVA with conventional suture anastomosis (CSA) in animal model. Data were systematically retrieved and selected from PUBMED. In total, 23 studies were retrieved. 18 studies were excluded, and 5 studies involving 647 animals were included. Analysis suggested no statistically significant difference between LAVA and CSA (OR 1.24, 95%CI 0.66-2.32, P=0.51). Result of meta analysis shows that the technology of LAVA is very close to clinical application.

The pursuit of efficient and highly targeting-selective transporters is an active topic in cancer-targeting therapy. In this study, a novel cancer-targeting transporter with integrin α_vβ₃ monoclonal antibody functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was developed to investigate cancer cell targeting in vitro. SWCNTs were first modified by phospholipid-bearing polyethylene glycol (PL-PEG). PL-PEG functionalized SWCNTs were then conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled integrin α_vβ₃ monoclonal antibody to construct SWCNT-integrin α_vβ₃ monoclonal antibody system (denoted as SWCNT-PEG-mAb). In vitro study revealed that the system had a high efficiency in cancer cell targeting in integrin α_vβ₃ positive U87MG cells. Moreover, the SWCNT-PEG-mAb is stable in physiological media, and can be readily transported into U87MG cells via integrin α_vβ₃-mediated endocytosis in cell. In summary, the integrin α_vβ₃ monoclonal antibody labeled SWCNT is a potential carrier-candidate for cancer-imaging and drug-delivering in cancer-targeting therapy.

A novel but brief method is developed for spectral domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT). This method is based on two mirror locales in both sample arm and reference arm, independent of a mercury argon calibration source, and then get the exact spectral distribution on the line array charge coupled device (CCD) through fitting and interpolation. The rescaling parameters is determined by a short time Fourier transformation(STFT) and a series of calculation. A SD-OCT system is set up. The signal-noise-ratio(SNR) of this system is experimentally found to be 51dB. Axial resolution is 8.5μm. Improved 3D image of human retain based on the proposed method is demonstrated.

The objective of this paper was to determine soluble solids content (SSC) of intact Gannan navel orange by a portable near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer with the optical fiber in the wavelength range of 551~950nm. The effective wavelength regions (EWs) were chosen from the spectra pro-processed by second derivative by interval partial least square (iPLS) and backward interval partial least square (Bipls). Then the partial least square (PLS) and least square support vector machine (LS-SVM) models were developed with EWs. 60 unknown samples were used to evaluate the performance of them. The LS-SVM model was better than others with EWs chosen by Bilps. The correlation coefficient (R) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) for LS-SVM (Bipls) were 0.86 and 0.55°Brix. The results showed that the portable NIR combination with LS-SVM was a feasible method to determine SSC of intact Gannan navel orange nondestructively.

To explore the assessing technique which could objectively reflect the characteristics of Chinese medicine in the prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, four balance features of infrared thermal images (ITI) corresponding to the up and down, left and right, proximal and distal balance of blood circulation of human body were studied. First, the ITI features of the middle-aged and elderly people with lipid abnormality history were compared with those of the healthy youth. It was found that the balance state of the youth was significantly better than that of the middle-aged and elderly, P≤0.01 for all the balance features. For the youth, the balance state of females was better than that of the males. But this sexual difference disappeared for the middle-aged and elderly group. Second, a double-blind randomized trial was carried out to study the influences of Shengyi capsule, a Chinese medicine health food with the function of helping to decrease serum lipid, on the balance features. The subjects were middle-aged and elderly people with lipid abnormality history. Shengyi capsule was taken by the trial group while Xuezhikang capsule (with lovastatin as the main effective component) by the control group for 108 days. The balance features of ITI showed that Shengyi was significantly better than Xuezhikang in improving the whole body balance of blood circulation (including the up and down, left and right, proximal and distal balance). The relative efficacy rate was 81.0% for the trial group and 33.3% for the control group, there was significant difference between the two groups (P=0.002). Shengyi could effectively decrease the low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) but the effect of Xuezhikang in decreasing total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C was better than Shengyi. Though the lipid-lowering effect of Shengyi was not as good as Xuezhikang, ITI reflected the obvious advantage of Shengyi in improving the whole body balance of blood circulation which indicated that helping to decrease serum lipid is only part of the health function of Shengyi. The physiology and pathology basis of the influences of Shengyi on the four balance features and its relationship with the clinical outcome deserves further study. So the prospect of infrared thermal imaging is indicated as the suitable evaluation technique which could objectively reflect the whole balance regulation advantage of Chinese medicinal compounds.

In order to identify the relations between the Si-Bin Bian-stone of the mineral composition characteristics and Bian-stone of the good infrared emission features. A detailed study of the Sibin Bian-stone samples was conducted by using the laser Raman spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The study is to provide theoretical physical support for Bian-stone in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. And Thermal tomography technology (TTM) is intended to be carried out to assess the effects of Bian-stone. The Raman spectroscopic study confirmed the existence of fine-grained pyrite, anatase, calcitepyrite and graphite. It is believed that the combination of good thermal properties of the above 4 minerals make the Sibin Bian-stone as a useful material with very good physiotherapical functions. The ultrasonic has a resonance with the body's biological molecules so that it can improve meridians microcirculation. Hence, the Sibin Bian-stones can be used to make acupuncture tools for stimulating the circulation of the blood in vessels and relieving pains of human beings by utilizing its infrared thermal radiation property. TTM which accepts the heat produced by the metabolism process of life can reflect the energy status information, TTM will be introduced to evaluate effect at the overall level of the abdomen from the thermal image and analyze to derive a comprehensive diagnosis. In sum, this experiment is explored to provide a new idea for the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine.

Ultraviolet B (UVB) has been used in dermatological phototherapy widely. Narrowband UVB (NB-UVB), with a peak at 311nm, is considered more effective than broadband UVB (BB-UVB). However, the safety of NB-UVB is controversial. Optical coherence tomography (OCT), a novel, non-invasive and depth-resolved imaging technology, is a useful tool for detection of the skin structure in vivo. This study assessed the effect of NB-UVB and BB-UVB on the skin using OCT for the first time. In this study, Balb/c mouse model was surveyed by an OCT system with 1310 nm central wavelength. The two UVB sources were applied on mice dorsal skin with equal biological doses. Mice skin were exposed with increasing UVB doses (1MED, 3MEDs and 5MEDs), OCT images of UVB induced skin tissues were obtained 48h later. The experimental results indicated that, the changes of NB-UVB induced skin tissues (increase in stratum corneum, crust formation, increase of penetration depth of the light and erythema/edema response) are similar to that of BB-UVB induced skin tissues at low and moderate UVB doses. However, the skin tissues exposed with 5MEDs NB-UVB suffered from more lesions than BB-UVB induced skin tissues. In conclusion, potential risk should be considered before NB-UVB phototherapy. Optimized treatment times and frequency as well as close clinical monitoring (e.g., using OCT to real-time monitor the lesions) should be taken to reduce the latent risk of NB-UVB phototherapy.

Biomedical images denosing based on Partial Differential Equation are well-known for their good processing results. General denosing methods based on PDE can remove the noises of images with gentle changes and preserve more structure details of edges, but have a poor effectiveness on the denosing of biomedical images with many texture details. This paper attempts to make an overview of biomedical images texture detail denosing based on PDE. Subsequently, Three kinds of important image denosing schemes are introduced in this paper: one is image denosing based on the adaptive parameter estimation total variation model, which denosing the images based on region energy distribution; the second is using G norm on the perception scale, which provides a more intuitive understanding of this norm; the final is multi-scale denosing decomposition. The above methods involved can preserve more structures of biomedical images texture detail. Furthermore, this paper demonstrates the applications of those three methods. In the end, the future trend of biomedical images texture detail denosing Based on PDE is pointed out.

Cutaneous photo-thermal damage is the common damages in clinical medicine; it is a complex and dynamic process that follows an orderly sequence of events. The sequence can be roughly divided into three distinct, yet sequentially overlapping phases-inflammation, granulation tissue formation, and tissue remodeling. Characteristic structural changes associated with each phase could provide a basis for photo-thermal damage assessment with imaging technologies. Monitoring the skin tissue response during the skin after irradiated by laser and tracing the process of skin remodeling would help to understand the mechanism of photo-thermal. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and multiphoton microscopy (MPM) imaging were used to observe the process of the collagen remodeling in mouse dermis photo-thermal injured which after irradiated by intense pulsed light source (IPLs) in this paper. Our finding showed that the OCT and MPM techniques can image the process of collagen remodeling in mouse dermis.

For the purpose of comparing the response in local skeletal muscle oxygenation and blood lactate concentration during incremental exercise, 8 female finswimmers were recruited to take an incremental exercise on a cycle ergometer. Muscle oxygenation in right vastus lateralis (VL) were monitored by continuous wave near infrared spectroscopy (CW NIRS), respiratory gas exchange and blood lactate concentration ([La]_b) were simultaneously measured by a metabolic system and a portable blood lactate analyzer respectively. NIRS measurements showed a muscle oxygenation index inflection point (OIip), from which the muscle oxygenation started to decrease dramatically. Significant correlations have been found between OIip and blood lactate threshold identified at the lowest [La]_b value which was >0.5 mmol/L lower than that obtained at the following workload. These results might suggest that the CW NIRS measurement could be applied to monitor lactate threshold noninvasively.

Objective: A system for real-time pyrosequencing by biolumino-metric assay coupled with a photodiode array is presented. The approach is based on the detection of DNA polymerase activity by an enzymatic luminometric inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) detection assay. It is designed to offer a convenient pyrosequencing-based platform for DNA sequencing with low cost and simple structure. Method: Together with the automated dNTPs micro-dispensers, a photoelectric conversion circuit with high sensitive photodiode S1133-01 and ultra-low bias current monolithic operational amplifier OPA129 is chosen to detect the luminometric, monitoring the ATP production continuously. The signal to noise ratio is improved efficiently by routing PCB and shielding carefully. Results: A C14 standard light source is selected to compare the sensitivity of the system to the photomultiplier tubes (PMT). The results show that the magnification of the circuits is ten times higher than the PMT, which is sufficient for detecting the DNAs as small as 10 fmol. Four different type of dNTPs are injected into the reaction cell in turn and the peak of luminescence illuminates the result, which is coinciding with the commercial system. Conclusion: The system is small, simple and inexpensive, which is enough for real-time pyrosequencing. But there are many works to do to construct the fast and high-flux DNA sequencing system.

A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) bio-sensing system has been developed. The system is based on polarization interferometry and angel modulation. In this paper, we apply it in the biological detection. We use the DNA fragment of Escherichia coli (Bacterial 16S rDNA universal primer) as bioprobe and . The process that analyte attach with the bioprobe, and coli DNA as analyte, get a resolution about 2.7× 10^-6RI and 0.18nM/L in coli DNA detection.

In this work, we demonstrate the use of the nonlinear spectral imaging technique in differentiating normal and cancerous stroma. It was found that nonlinear spectral images from normal and neoplastic stroma exhibit different organization features. Combining the image-guided spectral analysis function and the extracting channels function, some information on the biomorphology and biochemistry of tissue can be acquired, including alteration in proportions of matrix molecules, collagen-related changes, elastin-related changes. These results give insight into the stromal changes associated with cancer progression and provide substantial potential to be applied in vivo the clinical diagnosis of epithelial precancers and cancers.

In this paper, we have developed a fast dual-modality imaging system for reconstruction photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging based on a novel digital phased array. The scanning mode and image reconstruction algorithms were modified from our previous work to improve the image quality. A 128-element linear transducer array is connected to a multichannel signal acquisition and digital beam-formation system providing techniques of dynamic receiving focus and dynamic receiving apodization to process the signal. We use the linear transducer array with combined scanning mode to detect signals at multiple locations on a circle around the sample. It makes our dual-modality imaging own the ability of imaging complicated structures of objects. An improved limited-field filtered back projection algorithm with directivity factors was applied in photoacoustic imaging to further improve the lateral resolution. Phase-controlled imaging algorithm was applied to reconstruct acoustical impedance difference in the pure ultrasound imaging. The experiments on phantoms and in vivo early breast cancer detection in a mouse model were performed. The images are clearly, accurately provided.

Biomolecular interactions can be detected by many established technologies such as fluorescence imaging, surface plasmon resonance (SPR)^[1-4], interferometry and radioactive labeling of the analyte. In this study, we have designed and constructed a label-free, real-time sensing platform and its operating imaging instrument that detects interactions using optical phase differences from the accumulation of biological material on solid substrates. This system allows us to monitor biomolecular interactions in real time and quantify concentration changes during micro-mixing processes by measuring the changes of the optical path length (OPD). This simple interferometric technology monitors the optical phase difference resulting from accumulated biomolecular mass. A label-free protein chip that forms a 4×4 probe array was designed and fabricated using a commercial microarray robot spotter on solid substrates. Two positive control probe lines of BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) and two experimental human IgG and goat IgG was used. The binding of multiple protein targets was performed and continuously detected by using this label-free and real-time sensing platform.

Laser ablation biologic tissue is an important performance of laser application. Based on the combination function of two-wavelength laser to biologic tissue ablation, the semi-continuous two-wavelength laser at 532nm and 1064nm ablating blood tissue was investigated by experiment. The fresh pork and pig liver specimens were ablated at different laser power density and different laser power proportion in water conditions and ablation depth and thermo-damage thickness were measured. The experiment results indicate that there is no effective ablation but deeper thermo-damage of the 1064 nm laser to biologic tissue in water conditions when the 532nm laser power is little but the ablation efficiency sharp inc- reases and the thermo-damage sharp decreases when the 532nm laser power arrives to a threshold. The combination function of two wavelength laser to tissue ablation is appeared here. It indicates that the ablation efficiency and hemostatic function in laser surgery can be adjusted by the two-wavelength laser power proportion.

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is an optical sensing technique which is highly sensitive to a slight change of refractive index and is widely used in physical, chemical and biological researches. However, sensitivity of the most commonly used SPR sensors which are based on Kretschmann module, seriously depends on the types and the thicknesses of the metal film in the SPR module. And there is not much experimental research on the relation between the properties of a metal film and the performance of a SPR sensor. In this paper, we prepare metal films with different types and thicknesses using magnetron sputtering method. SPR sensors based on angle interrogation and wavelength interrogation are built and used to estimate the SPR property of the metal films. Also the experimental SPR angular and spectral curves are compared with theoretical simulation results. We finally conclude with the optimal metal film type and thickness and the corresponding optimal parameters for magnetron sputtering to produce the film. These results are valuable for SPR studies.

The application of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in the field of biomedicine is becoming an exciting topic because of their flexible structure and propensity for chemical functionalization. In this assay, a novel noncovalently functional SWCNTs based on a natural biocompatible polymer chitosan has been developed for tumor cells targeting. First, SWCNTs were modified by chitosan (CHIT-SWCNT). Second, CHIT-SWCNT was coupled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), based on the reaction between the isothiocyanate group of FITC and the primary amino group of chitosan. Third, the FITC functionalized CHIT-SWCNT was conjugated with folic acid (FA) after activation with EDC/NHS, based on the reaction between the NHS group of FA and the primary free amino group of chitosan to construct the functional SWCNT/CHIT conjugate, CHIT-SWCNT-FA. The fluorescence CHIT-SWCNT-FA has been used to detect tumor cells with confocal microscopy imaging technology. Our experimental results indicate that the novel CHIT-SWCNT-FA is soluble and stable in PBS, and it can be readily transported inside tumor cells. Combining the intrinsic properties of carbon nanotubes and the versatility of chitosan, CHIT-SWCNT can be used as potential devices for targeted drug delivery and tumor cell sensing. The proposed assay could provide a feasible alternative to presently available functional SWCNTs in biological applications.

Photoacoustic imaging utilizing excitation from a pulsed laser energy source, which takes advantage of high optical contrast and high acoustic resolution, is a high-contrast, high-resolution and noninvasive imaging method. In this paper, a modified filtered back-projection algorithm with velocity potential integration was used to reconstruct the photoacoustic image, and this method can solve the problem of the low contrast in the middle of photoacoustic image. The theory of photoacoustic signal generation was derived and the relationship between velocity potential and absorption distribution was also given. An Nd: YAG laser, operating at the wavelength of 532 nm with a full-width at high magnitude (FWHW) of 10 ns and a repetition of 15 Hz, was used in the experiment as the light source. A simulation sample was irradiated by the laser, and then the photoacoustic signal was generated. The photoacoustic signal was received by a needle hydrophone, which pointed to the center of the samples and controlled by a precision stepper motor to scan circularly around the sample, last the data was saved by the computer. The photoacoustic images of the sample were reconstructed without and with velocity potential integration respectively via modified filtered back-projection algorithm. The reconstruction profile and the quantitative evaluation were presented, and the reconstruction results show that this modified reconstruction algorithm can enhance image contrast and improve image quality greatly.

One of the most important functions of blue light is to induce chloroplast movements by reducing the damage to photosynthetic machinery under excess light. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), generated by various environmental stimuli, can act as a signaling molecule that regulates a number of developmental processes and environmental responses. To investigate whether H₂O₂ is involved in high blue light-induced chloroplast avoidance movements, we use luminescence spectrometer to observe H₂O₂ generation with the assistance of the fluorescence probe dichlorofluorescin diacetate (H2DCF-DA). After treatment with high blue light, a large quantity of H₂O₂ indicated by the fluorescence intensity of DCF is produced in a dose-dependent manner in leaf strip of Arabidopsis. Enzymatic assay shows that the activity of NADPH oxidase, which is a major site for H₂O₂ generation, also rapidly increases in treated strips. Exogenously applied H₂O₂ can promote the high blue light-induced chloroplast movements. Moreover, high blue light-induced H₂O₂ generation can be abolished completely by addition of exogenous catalase (CAT), and partly by diphenylene iodonium (DPI) and dichlorophenyl dimethylurea (DCMU), which are an NADPH oxidase inhibitor and a blocker of electron transport chain. And subsequent chloroplast movements can be abolished by CAT and DPI, but not by DCMU. These results presented here suggested that high blue light can induce oxidative burst, and NADPH oxidase as a major producer for H₂O₂ is involved in blue light-induced chloroplast avoidance movements.

A uniform energy field of microwave illumination on sample is assumed for microwave-induced thermoacoustic tomography. However, microwave transmitting out of the waveguide surface is nonuniform due to microwave diffraction, which would lead to uneven excitation of thermoacoustic pressure. Hence, the thermoacoustic images may be distorted especially at the edge of microwave radiation. A fast thermoacoustic tomography system at 6 GHz was developed for phantom study and in vivo animals imaging. The effects of microwave distribution inhomogeneity on nonuniform excitation of acoustic pressure were theoretically studied and a corresponding calibration algorithm for image distortion was also provided and experimentally verified. The distribution formulas of microwave field were derived using a Huygens diffraction principle model. Then a point microwave absorber moved under the microwave waveguide to measure the microwave field distribution. The measure data is in good agreement with the deduced result. Once the calibration map was obtained via the theoretical calculation, the TAT (thermoacoustic tomography) images could be calibrated by dividing the reconstructed image by the calibration map. Thermoacoustic images without and with calibration were reconstructed for comparison. According to the statistical results, after calibration the thermoacoustic contrast can be enhanced 2 times or more. Also it can be supposed that the farther the distance away from the illumination centre, the greater signal-noise-ratio (SNR) could be enhanced by the calibration. The results of experiment showed that this method could achieve even distribution of SNR and improve the reconstructed image quality. Therefore, this calibration method has potential application in solving the problem of imaging distortion especially at the edge of microwave illumination.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a kind of double-stranded DNA virus whose subspecies have diversity. Near 40 kinds of subspecies can invade reproductive organ and cause some high risk disease, such as cervical carcinoma. In order to detect the type of the subspecies of the HPV DNA, we used the parallel scan spectral surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging technique, which is a novel type of two- dimensional bio-sensing method based on surface plasmon resonance and is proposed in our previous work, to study the immobilization of the HPV DNA probes on the gold film. In the experiment, four kinds of the subspecies of the HPV DNA (HPV16, HPV18, HPV31, HPV58) probes are fixed on one gold film, and incubate in the constant temperature condition to get a HPV DNA probe microarray. We use the parallel scan spectral SPR imaging system to detect the reflective indices of the HPV DNA subspecies probes. The benefits of this new approach are high sensitive, label-free, strong specificity and high through-put.

Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging possesses many advantages as an in vivo non-invasive optical imaging modality for studying diseases in preclinical models. In this study, low density lipoprotein(LDL) fraction was quickly isolated from human plasma by modified heparin-citrate precipitation method and then conjugated to near infrared fluorescence dye ICG-Der-02 with excitation and emission wavelengths at 760nm and 830nm, respectively. The conjugates LDL-ICG-Der-02 were intravenously injected into the mice bearing different tumor models. And real time series fluorescence tumor images at different intervals of post-injection were in vivo acquired by a self-built NIR reflectance fluorescence imaging system. Results demonstrated that LDL-ICG-Der-02 conjugates could efficiently target to the tumor sites that over-expressed LDL receptors and could be completely eliminated at last.

Lead is a leading environmental toxicant and Lead exposure has effects on many systems. Bone lead measured in vivo, has been shown to reflect cumulative lead exposure. Objective: To introduce and study in vivo XRF Measurements of Lead in Bone. Methods: Important progress and technology were summarized and introduced. Results: In vivo XRF is a safe and effective tool, which has enabled skeletal lead concentration measurement. X-ray spectrometry in vivo has contributed to the understanding of long-term human lead metabolism in ways that would not otherwise have happened. Conclusion: Efforts to introduce further improvements to the XRF technique are ongoing in order to lower its measurement uncertainty and enhance reproducibility. This may become especially important as the method becomes more widely used in the study of non-occupationally exposed populations, whose bone lead concentrations are generally quite low and thus comparable with the MDL of the standard XRF technique.

We combined SPRi and protein microarray to build a system for dynamic monitoring of interaction between biomolecules. With this system, we achieved label-free, real-time and automatic detection of specific antigen-antibody interactions. Because protein microarray can be high-throughput, and SPRi is able to achieve real-time and simultaneous monitoring of each probe on the microarray, our system has great potential to realize large-scale and dynamic tracing interactions among biomolecules, thus facilitating drug discovery, molecular diagnostics, signal pathway studies and many other fields.

The first successful experiment of laser vascular welding was reported in 1979. Laser assisted vascular anastomosis (LAVA) is looked as a particularly promising non-suture method in future. We performed a Medline literature search on laser vessel welding combined with cross-referencing. According to the former experimental animal studies, CO₂-, argon-, diode-, KTP-, Holmium:YAG-, and Nd:YAG-lasers have been used for LAVA. Almost all lasers have been used in combination with stay suture and/or solders in order to improve the strength on anastomosis site. Advantages of LAVA are minimal vessel damage, faster operation and the potential for minimally invasive application. However, the clinical application of LAVA is still seldom employed because of aneurysm formation. In conclusion of the literature study, the diode laser is the most popular, but long-term evaluation is required.

Low-power laser irradiation (LPLI) can modulate various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Recently, LPLI has been applied to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. The protective role of LPLI against the amyloid beta peptide (Aβ), a major constituent of AD plaques, has not been studied. PI3K/Akt pathway is extremely important in protecting cells from apoptosis caused by diverse stress stimuli. However, whether LPLI can inhibit Aβ-induced apoptosis through Akt activation is still unclear. In current study, using FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) technique, we investigated the activity of Akt in response to LPLI treatment. B kinase activity reporter (BKAR), a recombinant FRET probe of Akt, was utilized to dynamically detect the activation of Akt after LPLI treatment. The results show that LPLI promoted the activation of Akt. Moreover, LPLI inhibits apoptosis induced by Aβ_25-35 and the apoptosis inhibition can be abolished by wortmannin, a specific inhibitor of PI3K/Akt. Taken together, these results suggest that LPLI can inhibit Aβ_25-35-induced cell apoptosis through Akt activation.

Degree of orientation is an important parameter for the oriented high polymer, determining shock strength and elongation at break. An optical method sensitive to the well-oriented sample, was originated at our lab, and named as rotating linear polarization imaging. This method expresses the polarization difference as a function of multi-incident and multi-detection polarization angles. A parameter, α, is fitted and the resulting α image shows the 2-dimensional spatial distribution of the orientation of sample. Experiments are designed to acquire the α images when stretching is performed under different directions according to changes of the degree of orientation; and these α images are compared with the normal case in which no stretching is performed. The acquired α images show that when stretching along the orientation of sample (enlarge degree of orientation), the values of α become larger than the normal case, and at the perpendicularity direction (reduce degree of orientation), the values are smaller. Experiments show that á could characterize the degree of orientation well and indicate the potential of our method to measure the degree of orientation of high polymer.

A novel minimally invasive way to measure blood glucose concentration is proposed by combining interstitial fluid transdermal extraction and surface plasma resonance (SPR) detecting. 55K Hz low-frequency ultrasound pulse is applied for less than 30 seconds to enhance the skin permeability and then interstitial fluid is extracted out of skin by vacuum. The mathematical model to express the correlation between interstitial fluid glucose and blood glucose is also developed by considering the changes of the skin conductivity. The glucose concentration in the interstitial fluid is determined using an optical SPR biological sensor that measures the refractive index. A protein-glucose binding technology using Dgalactose/ D-glucose Binding Protein for specific absorption of glucose is employed to increase SPR measurement precision. By immobilizing GGBP onto the surface of the SPR sensor, the experimental result indicates the detecting resolution of glucose rises to 1mg/L, the system succeeds in distinguishing glucose from other components in mixture. The feasibility of this method is validated for clinical application with the requirements of bloodless, painless, continuous glucose monitoring and a prototype microfluidic diabetes-monitoring device is under development.

Some cases with cerebral infarction were treated by He-Ne laser irradiation on blood. In the treatment before and after, membrane-cholesterol(C)/membrane-phosphatide(P), membrane fluidity(F) and deformability of erythrocyte were determined. The results showed that low level laser irradiation on blood (LLLIB) can sure reduce the ratio of (C)/(P), can heighten fluidity and improve deformability of erythrocyte .Thus the metabolism ability of erythrocyte membrane-lipid ,the blood circulation and the properties of hemorheology can be improved. In this paper, the microscopic mechanism of those aforesaid action effects by low level laser irradiation on blood were analyzed by means of Quantum theory and some corresponding models.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have a high optical absorbance in the near-infrared (NIR) region. In this special optical window, biological systems are known to be highly transparent. The optical properties of SWNTs provide an opportunity for selective photothermal therapy for cancer treatment. The application of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in the field of biomedicine is becoming an entirely new and exciting topic. Here, SWNTs are conjugated to integrin αvβ3 monoclonal antibody, which can bind specifically to the surface of the tumor markers. In vitro study revealed that SWNT-PEG-mAb presented a high targeting efficiency on integrin αvβ3-positive cells. Thus, SWNTs, combined with suitable tumor markers, can be used as novel nanomaterials for selective photothermal therapy for cancer treatment.

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in American men and the second leading cause of deaths from cancer, after lung cancer. The tumor usually grows slowly and remains confined to the gland for many years. During this time, the tumor produces little or no symptoms or outward signs. As the cancer advances, however, it can metastasize throughout other areas of the body, such as the bones, lungs, and liver. Surgical resection, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy and radiation therapy are the foundation of current prostate cancer therapies. Treatments for prostate cause both short- and long-term side effects that may be difficult to accept. Molecular mechanisms of prostate cancer metastasis need to be understood better and new therapies must be developed to selectively target to unique characteristics of cancer cell growth and metastasis. We have developed the "in vivo microscopy" to study the mechanisms that govern prostate cancer cell spread through the microenvironment in vivo in real-time confocal nearinfrared fluorescence imaging. A recently developed "in vivo flow cytometer" and optical imaging are used to assess prostate cancer cell spreading and the circulation kinetics of prostate cancer cells. A real- time quantitative monitoring of circulating prostate cancer cells by the in vivo flow cytometer will be useful to assess the effectiveness of the potential therapeutic interventions.

The object of this study is to evaluate the morphological changes of dentin tissue after Er, Cr: YSGG laser Irradiation. The wavelength is 2.78 μm with pulse repetition rate of 20 Hz and pulse duration of 140 μs. The samples extracted from sound intact adult human premolars were cut into 1 mm thick dentin slices, and then polished by abrasive papers. After preparation, specimens were randomly divided into two groups: one group treated with conventional drills (a diamond drill and a fissure bur), and the other group treated with lasers at four different power settings (2W to 3.5W). The morphological alterations produced by the different treatments were observed and compared by scanning electron microscope (SEM). It showed that the dentin surfaces had distinct and characteristic morphological alteration with different power settings. Compared with the samples treated with conventional drills, the irradiated samples revealed an absent smear layer with open dentinal tubules. The ablation of intertubular dentin was more evident than that of peritubular dentin.

We have constructed a new version of retinal imaging system with chromatic aberration concerned and the correlated optical design presented in this article is based on the adaptive optics fundus camera modality. In our system, three typical wavelengths of 550nm, 650nm and 480nm were selected. Longitude chromatic aberration (LCA) was traded off to a minimum using ZEMAX program. The whole setup was actually evaluated on human subjects and retinal imaging was performed at continuous frame rates up to 20 Hz. Raw videos at parafovea locations were collected, and cone mosaics as well as retinal vasculature were clearly observed in one single clip. In addition, comparisons under different illumination conditions were also made to confirm our design. Image contrast and the Strehl ratio were effectively increased after dynamic correction of high order aberrations. This system is expected to bring new applications in functional imaging of human retina.

We present a new method of glucose concentration detection with a differential absorption optical low-coherent interferometry (DAOCI) technique. In our system, we uses two OCI signals recorded by turns in one period with the same detector. Two different light sources are selected corresponding to the different absorption coefficient of the glucose absorption band. The ratio of the two intensities depends on the concentration of the glucose in samples. With the known difference in the absorption cross section or experimental data, it is possible to calculate the mean glucose concentration of samples. In our experiment, we measured a series of glucose solution in a cuvette, and the systemic resolution we got is 16.14mg/dL which achieves the required accuracy(20mg/dL) for practical application. The results prove the feasibility of this method to be used for no-invasive detection of glucose in the aqueous humor.

The adriamycin and galactose was grafted to dextran. The novel nanopartcile drug delivery system (DDS) was prepared from the chemical modified polysaccharide by the dialysis. The content of the ADR moiety in the polymeric-drug conjugate was about 2 mol%. The size and morphology of prepared nanoparticles were characterized using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscope. The results showed that the nanoparticles were spherical and their size was less than 200 nm. In vitro cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles was tested by the MTT assay. The nano DDS has similar cytotoxicity as free adriamycin for incubation with HepG2 cells. In contrast, for the incubation with Hela cells of the DDS, there was no signicant cytotoxicity change.

Nanotechnologies and nanomaterials have gained much success in the fields of biological applications. In particular, quantum dots (QDs) are emerging as a revolutionary means for imaging and optical detection in opposition to conventional organic dyes. For their robust photostability, large extinction coefficients, and relatively small size, QDs present superior advantages in single molecules monitoring over long time period in living cell. The interaction between functionalized QDs and living cell is the primary problem of the QDs application in living cell. In this work, carboxyl and transferrin conjugated CdS QDs were evaluated using total internal reflect fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy and single particle tracking (SPT) techniques at living cell surface. The diffusion and binding were quantitively measured by mean square displacement (MSD) versus time plotting. To study the influence of different QDs surface on interaction between QDs and cell, dynamic characters of carboxyl and transferrin conjugated QDs were calculated respectively. The photonic characters of QDs were also investigated, considering that functionalized surface can lead to behavior altering of QDs under illuminating. Simultaneous imaging of several QDs with frame rates of up to 30 frames/s and localization accuracy of ~10 nm was present.

Multiphoton microscopy based on two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) was firstly employed to investigate pathological process from the unaffected skin to the erythematous phase and to finally affected skin of Jadassohn-Pellizzari anetoderma. Our study showed that the normal elastic fibers in unaffected skin were almost completely absent in erthematous skin tissue, then replaced by a lot of elastic fibers with granular morphology in affected skin. The obvious change of collagen fibers and occurrence of inflammatory cell infiltration in erthematous tissue suggested that variation of these two components were also main pathogenesis of anetoderma except for deficiency of elastic fibers. Our results give a sight to noninvasively study the pathological process of skin disease and the other disease with tight relation to variation of collagen and elastic fibers in skin dermis and cell in skin epidermis.

Based on the measurement of ultrasonic waves induced by electromagnetic pulses, photoacoustic imaging and thermoacoustic imaging can reveal optical or dielectric properties of tissues that are closely related to the physiological and pathological status of tissues and they have became the promising clinical imaging modalities. In this paper, a high frame rate tomography instrument with 64-channel parallel data-acquisition system was designed and developed for photoacoustic biomedical imaging. In the system, the pulse-laser-induced ultrasonic signals are converted to voltage signals by a 128-element linear ultrasound transducer array. The 128-channel signals are acquired by the 64-channel parallel data-acquisition system twice through the 2:1 multiplexer, and the OPO (optical parametric oscillator) laser provides laser with a pulse repetition rate of 15 Hz. Therefore, the acquisition rate can reach about 7 frames per second and photoacoustic images can be displayed dynamically. Based on the above signal acquisition system, biomedical application of photoacoustic imaging was explored and successfully performed. Fast photoacoustic tomography for flow-field visualization was demonstrated by flowing object. Thermoacoustic tomography was developed to detection of low-density foreign targets in small animals which was indistinguishable with X-ray. All the experimental results show that photoacoustic and thermoacoustic imaging with fast parallel data-acquisition system is a highly-efficient approach for functional imaging of biomedical tissues.

It is of great importance to study the manifestations and the influencing factors of the time-related changes of infrared thermal images (ITI) of human body since the variable body surface temperature distribution seriously affected the application of ITI in medicine. In this paper, manifestations of time-related changes of the ITI of human body from three double-blind randomized trials and their correlation with meteorological factors (e.g. temperature, pressure, humidity, cold front passage and tropical cyclone landing) were studied. The trials were placebo or drug controlled studying the influences of Chinese medicine health food (including Shengsheng capsule with immunity adjustment function, Shengan capsule with sleep improvement function and Shengyi capsule with the function of helping to decrease serum lipid) on the ITI of human body. In the first thirty-six days of the trials images were scanned every six days and image data in the seven observation time spots (including the 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36 day of the trial) were used for the time-related study. For every subject the scanned time was fixed in the day within two hours. The ITI features which could reflect the functions of the health foods were studied. The indexes of the features were relative magnitude (temperature difference between the viewing area and the reference area). Results showed that the variation tendencies of the trial group and control group were basically the same in placebo controlled trials and some of the long-term effects of Chinese medicine health food could be reflected significantly in certain time spots in the first thirty-six days. Time-related changes of the ITI of human body were closely related with meteorological factors but there were other influencing factors still need to be studied. As the ITI of human body could reflect the influences of Chinese medicine health foods and are closely related with meteorology, there are bright prospects for the application of ITI in health monitor.

A domestic-made Hadamard transform spectral imaging microscope was employed to provide high-resolutional fluorescence spectrum and image of tiny samples such as single cells and tissues. By using agron laser line at 454 nm to excite fluorescence and based on immunostaining with quantum dots (QDs) at different wavelengths to tag and trace breast cancer biomarkers in human breast cancer tissues, in situ single-color and dual-color fluorescence imaging for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), estrogen receptor (ER) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in tissues were realized, by using the Hadamard imaging microscope to capture the high S/N ratio fluorescence images. Moreover, through the comparative study of the differences between fluorescence spectra and images of positive samples and negative control, a method was proposed to evaluate tumor malignancy of the specimens based on the analysis of distribution of HER2, ER and PCNA in the tissues. The results show that the Hadamard transform spectral imaging technique can be applied to visualize and quantitatively measure the subcellular molecules inside the tumor tissues and has great potential in biology and medical diagnosis.

The size and shape of ventricle are very important to analyze and diagnose pathology of human heart. So it is very necessary to measure the profile of ventricle. It is very difficult to measure the ventricle by vivisectional method for its unique function of heart, so the ventricle specimen is adopted to be measured. Three-dimensional (3D) automatic measurement methods are widely used in many fields. In Biology and Medicine society, it can be applicable for surgery, orthopedics, viscera disease analysis and diagnosis etc. Here a new method to measure the 3D surface of ventricle specimen is proposed. Although the traditional 3D measuing method with equal or stated phase-shifting step length possess excellent accuracy, they are much dependent on the consistency of these phase-shifting step lengths. In fact, this condition is very difficult to guarantee. which may lead to the incorrect wrapped phase and incorrect phase unwrapping in some regions, even the reconstructed object may be misshapen or anamorphic. In the proposed method, a novel improved three undecided step lengths phase-shifting algorithm with three unequal phase-shifting steps has been presented detailed and is applied to measure the profile of ventricle sucssesfully. Experiments show that the improved algorithm can not only effectively improve the measuring accuracy, but also branch out its application.

Protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) mediates apoptosis downstream of many apoptotic stimuli. However, whether PKCδ is involved in high fluence low-power laser irradiation (HF-LPLI)-induced cell apoptosis is still not understood. In this study, we investigated the activity of PKCδ in response to HF-LPLI treatment in human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7). Cells were transiently transfected pGFP-PKCδ and irradiated with a He-Ne laser for 10 minutes under a fluence of 120 J/cm² after 36 hours expression. Nuclear staining with Hoechst 33258 and analysis of flow cytometry based on Annexin V-FITC/PI revealed that overexpression of PKCδ promoted the apoptotic effect of HF-LPLI. Taken together, we demonstrated that PKCδ promoted cell apoptosis caused by HF-LPLI, providing a new insight of mechanisms of HF-LPLI.

PUMA (p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis, also called Bbc3) was first identified as a BH3-only Bcl-2 family protein that is transcriptionally up-regulated by p53 and activated upon p53-dependent apoptotic stimuli, such as treatment with DNA-damaging drugs or UV irradiation. Recently studies have been shown that Puma is also up-regulated in response to certain p53-independent apoptotic stimuli, such as growth factor deprivation or treatment with glucocorticoids or STS (staurosporine). However, the molecular mechanisms of PUMA up-regulation and how PUMA functions in response to p53-independent apoptotic stimuli remain poorly understood. In this study, based on real-time single cell analysis, flow cytometry and western blotting technique, we investigated the function of PUMA in living human lung adenocarcinoma cells (ASTC-a-1) after STS treatment. Our results show that FOXO3a was activated by STS stimulation and then translocated from cytosol to nucleus. The expression of PUMA was up-regulated via a FOXO3a-dependent manner after STS treatment, while p53 had little function in this process. Moreover, cell apoptosis and Bax translocation induced by STS were not blocked by Pifithrin-α (p53 inhibitor), which suggested that p53 was not involved in this signaling pathway. Taken together, these results indicate that PUMA promoted Bax translocation in a FOXO3a-dependment pathway during STS-induced apoptosis, while p53 was dispensable in this process.

In this paper, high resolution images of collagens based on second harmonic generation (SHG) were obtained in the dermis of different scar tissues and surrounding considered uninjured skins, demonstrating differences in their microstructures. In order to quantitatively analyze their structural features, Fourier analysis was applied for the SHG images to compare the alteration in collagen orientation of different scars. Moreover, depth dependant decay of SHG signals was also analyzed to provide more credible information. Our results show that the different types of scar tissues can be successfully distinguished with the two combined methods, which will help to determine the most appropriate clinical treatment strategy.

Psoralen plus ultraviolet A radiation (PUVA) therapy is a very important clinical treatment of skin diseases such as vitiligo and psoriasis, but associated with an increased risk of skin photodamages especially photoaging. Since skin biopsy alters the original skin morphology and always requires an iatrogenic trauma, optical coherence tomography (OCT) appears to be a promising technique to study skin damage in vivo. In this study, the Balb/c mice had 8-methoxypsralen (8-MOP) treatment prior to UVA radiation was used as PUVA-induced photo-damaged modal. The OCT imaging of photo-damaged group (modal) and normal group (control) in vivo was obtained of mice dorsal skin at 0, 24, 48, 72 hours after irradiation respectively. And then the results were quantitatively analyzed combined with histological information. The experimental results showed that, PUVA-induced photo-damaged skin had an increase in epidermal thickness (ET), a reduction of attenuation coefficient in OCT images signal, and an increase in brightness of the epidermis layer compared with the control group. In conclusion, noninvasive high-resolution imaging techniques such as OCT may be a promising tool for photobiological studies aimed at assessing photo-damage and repair processes in vivo. It can be used to quantitative analysis of changes in photo-damaged skin, such as the ET and collagen in dermis, provides a theoretical basis for treatment and prevention of skin photodamages.

Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is potentially tool in the characterization of biomolecules such as amino acids, complicated peptides and proteins, and even tissues or living cells. Amino acids and short peptides contain different functional groups. Therefore, they are suitable for the investigations of the competitive-interactions of these functional groups with colloidal silver surfaces. In this paper, Normal Raman and SERS of amino acids Leucine and Isoleucine and short peptide Leu-Leu were measured on the silver colloidal substrate. Raman shifts that stem from different vibrational mode in the molecular inner structure, and the variations of SERS of the samples were analyzed in this study. The results show that different connection of one methyl to the main chains of the isomer amino acids resulted in different vibration modes in the Normal Raman spectra of Leucine and Isoleucine. In the SERS spectra of the isomer amino acids, all frequency shifts are expressed more differently than those in Normal Raman spectra of solid state. Orientation of this isomer amino acids, as well as specific-competitive interactions of their functional groups with the colloidal silver surface, were speculated by detailed spectral analysis of the obtained SERS spectra. In addition, the dipeptide Leu-Leu, as the corresponding homodipeptide of Leucine, was also measured adsorbed on the colloidal silver surface. The SERS spectrum of Leu-Leu is different from its corresponding amino acid Leucine but both of them are adsorbed on the silver surface through the carboxylate moiety.

As a non-destructive and non-invasive technique, Raman spectroscopy (RS) plays an important role in the field of biomedical research. Great progress has been made in the research of biological samples from cellular level to macro-tissues. In this letter, advances of RS in tumor cells and some statistic algorithm developed in recent years for cancer differentiation and diagnosis are introduced. Also, Raman spectra of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) cell line CNE1 and normal nasopharyngeal cell line NP69 are acquired by confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy system. Raman bands are analyzed and compared to investigate the differences and relationship between CNE1 and NP69, Principle Components Analysis (PCA) is used to classify CNE1 and NP69 accurately with an accuracy of 100%. Comparing with CNE1, a blue-shift is observed in NP69 cells at band 936cm^-1 and 2935cm^-1 which are assigned to C-C stretch and CH₃ stretching, respectively. Meanwhile, a red-shift is observed at 1338cm^-1 assigned to A, G and C-H deformation vibration of protein. The results show that Raman spectroscopy has its potential and reliability to be one of the diagnostic methods for NPC and at the same time can provide valuable information for cancer early diagnosis.

Inhibit angiogenesis is one of the important tumor therapy. If the mechanism of vascular changes can be detected at molecular level, it will have therapeutic significance. Raman spectroscopy, which can be applied to the structural analysis of solid, liquid or solution of biological molecules, is a non-destructive spectral technology holding very rich information. Basing on Confocal Raman Microscope, a unique system is developed for obtaining the different Raman spectra of the chick embryo vascular with the anti-angiogenic drugs - thalidomide and without. In the study, the location and shape of the average Raman spectra of vessels in drug 5h were very similar to the ones without medicine, and the intensity of some characteristic peaks changed, such as 1441cm^-1,1527cm^-1 and 1657cm^-1 showing markedly increasing, while the 971cm^-1 and 1081cm^-1 decreasing. This change was due to anti- angiogenic drugs that caused the nucleic acid, protein, phospholipids, and other important biological molecules of the vessels on the structure or content tovary. PCA was used to distinguish between the two kinds of vascular with the result that they were accurately partitioned.The study indicated that Raman spectroscopy could be an effective tool for detection of the mechanism of vascular changes.

An antitumor drug cisplatin was employed to treat the leukemic cells and induce apoptosis of the cancer cells. Confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy has been applied to investigate the effectiveness of the treatment using near-infrared laser (785nm) excitation, scanning range from 500 to 2000 cm^-1. The Raman spectra of leukemic cell treated with cisplatin for 4, 6, 8, 12 and 14 h were measured separately. The major difference of the apoptotic cells from the cancer cells are the reduction in intensities of vibration bands generated by cellular lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. In particular, large intensity reduction in nucleic vibrations at 782, 1092, 1320, 1340, and 1578 cm^-1 was observed upon apoptosis of the leukemic cells. Up to 45% reduction in the magnitude of the 782 cm^-1 peak in Raman spectra of the apoptotic cells was observed, which suggests the breakdown of phosphodiester bonds and DNA bases. We showed that the principal components analysis (PCA), a multivariate statistical tool, can be used to distinguish single apoptotic cells and leukemic cells based on their Raman spectra. Our results indicate that the Raman spectroscopy with PCA is a novel, nondestructive mean for studying the cisplatin -treated leukemic cells, which could also provide useful data for clinical dosage optimization for cisplatin.

The purpose of this study was to explore near-infrared (NIR) Raman spectroscopy for distinguishing cancer from normal gastric tissue. In our study, a total of 236 Raman spectra of mucosa from 43 gastric cancer patients were obtained by NIR Raman spectroscopy system with an excitation wavelength of 785 nm. After pretreatment, a comparison of the Raman spectra between cancer and normal tissues occurred. It was found that the gastric cancerous mucosa showed lower intensities at around 748, 944, and 1520cm^-1, while higher at 807 and 1661cm^-1, compared with normal tissue. And there was only one peak at 1022cm^-1 in the spectra of normal mucosa, while there were two peaks at 1022 and 1052cm^-1 in the spectra of cancerous mucosa. Support Vector Machine (SVM) was employed to classify Raman spectra between cancer and normal gastric tissues. A sensitivity of 88.2%, a specificity of 91.9%, and an overall diagnostic accuracy of 90.3% were achieved for discriminating gastric cancer from normal tissues with a Radial Basic Function (RBF) SVM algorithm. The experimental results show that Raman spectra differed significantly between cancerous and normal gastric tissue, which provides the experimental basis for the diagnosis of gastric cancer by Raman spectroscopy technology. And RBF SVM algorithm can give the well generalized classification performance for the samples, which expands the application of mathematical algorithms in the classification.

An adaptive optics confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) for retina imaging is devoloped in this paper. By using a wavefront sensor (Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor with 11×11 lenslet array) to measure aberrations of human eye and a wavefront compensator (37-channel PZT deformable mirror) to correct for the aberrations, the AOSLO system can acquire near diffraction-limited image of human retina over the whole field of view (1×1 degree ~ 3×3 degree). The imaging frequency is 30Hz, which provides a real-time observation of human cone mosaic in vivo. The system has potential application in early disease diagnose and vision research.

The polycomb group protein enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) regulating cell cycle and functioning as a transcriptional repressor, is overexpressed in several human cancers. Therefore it can be a molecular marker for detection of cancer progression and metastasis. Here the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay was developed to detect and quantify the amount of EZH2 mRNA expression in cancer cell. Total mRNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA. The cDNA was amplified using a forward and reverse primer pair which were labeled with biotin and Tris (2, 2-bipyridine) ruthenium (II) (TBR) on the 5' end, respectively. The amplification product was captured on streptavidin coated magnetic beads and then separated using a magnetic field. The TBR labels were reacted with the most efficient coreactant, TPA, on the electrode. Photons were produced and detected by a custom-built ECL system. The housekeeping gene hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) was used as an approximate reference to quantify the amount of EZH2 mRNA expression, whose primer pairs were labeled the same as EZH2. Result indicated that the EZH2 mRNA was overexpressed in MCF-7 cells relative to normal blood cells. This assay is specific and sensitive and could be used for the clinical diagnosis and prognosis of cancer.

A growing body of literature indicated the cytosolic free Ca²⁺ concentration of skeletal muscle cells changes significantly during exercise-induced fatigue. But it is confusing whether cytosolic free Ca²⁺ concentration increase or decrease. Furthermore, current researches mainly adopt muscle tissue homogenate as experiment material, but the studies based on cellular and subcellular level is seldom. This study is aimed to establish rat skeletal muscle cell model of exercise-induced fatigue, and confirm the change of cytosolic free Ca²⁺ concentration of skeletal muscle cells in rats preand post- exercise-induced fatigue. In this research, six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: control group (n=3) and exercise-induced fatigue group (n=3). The former group were allowed to freely move and the latter were forced to loaded swimming to exhaustive. Three days later, all the rats were sacrificed, the muscle tissue from the same site of skeletal muscle were taken out and digested to cells. After primary culture of the two kinds of skeletal muscle cells from tissue, a fluorescent dye-Fluo-3 AM was used to label the cytosolic free Ca²⁺. The fluorescent of Ca²⁺ was recorded by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results indicated that, the Ca²⁺ fluorescence intensity of cells from the rat of exercise-induced fatigue group was significantly higher than those in control group. In conclusion, cytosolic free Ca²⁺ concentration of skeletal muscle cells has a close relation with exercise-induced fatigue, and the increase of cytosolic free Ca²⁺ concentration may be one of the important factors of exercise-induced fatigue.

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is an optical label-free sensing technique with high sensitivity and has been widely used in biological and chemical studies. Recently, there are many reports about sensing DNA microarrays with two-dimensional surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) technique. However, the relations between the SPR refractive index response and the conditions of DNA immobilization are still not well known. This impedes the development of SPR bio-sensing. In this paper, we use a SPR imaging technique which we have previously reported-parallel scan spectral SPR imaging-to study the equivalent refractive index of the DNA probes (Bacterial 16S rDNA universal primer) immobilized on gold surface of the SPR sensing module. We change the immobilization conditions including types of the buffer solution, the incubation time and the concentrations of probe, obtain the equivalent refractive index of these biochemical molecules on the gold surface. From the relations of the equivalent refractive index and these conditions, we finally conclude with the optimal conditions of the DNA immobilization. These results are useful for further DNA microarray studies base on SPR.

In this article, the relationship between the states of Ag core-Au shell (core-shell) nanoparticles (NP) and the intensity of Raman scattering of analytes dissolved in the water and adsorbed on the NP was studied. The core-shell NP were synthesised by coating Au layers over Ag seeds by the method of "seed-growth". To highlight the advantage of the core-shell NP, Ag colloid and Au colloid were chosen for contrasting. The analyte that were chosen for this testing were methylene blue (MB) for the reason that MB has very strong signal in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The SERS activity of optimalizing states of Ag and Au colloids were compared with that of core-shell NP when MB was used as analyte. In this study, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate and sodium nitrate were used as aggregating agents for Ag, Au colloids and core-shell NP, because anions have a strong influence on the SERS efficiency and the stability of colloids. The results indicate that core-shell NP can obviously enhance the SERS of MB. The aim of this study is to prove that compared with the metal colloid, the core-shell NP is a high efficiency SERS active substrate.

Glycerol has been proved to be the best optical clearing agent on skin, but the ideal optical clearing effect can only be achieved by injecting glycerol underneath the skin. As a result of our former research, high concentrations of glycerol injection may lead unrecoverable injury on skin, while the injecting of 30% glycerol solution can achieve good clearing effect and be recovered for macro observation. In order to get further investigation of the biocompatibility on skin for 30% glycerol solution, skin samples were achieved 10 min, 30 min, 24 hour and 10 day after the injection of 30% glycerol solution. The samples were observed by optical microscopy with HE staining and electron microscopy separately. Also, the Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) technique was used to monitor the influence of glycerol on rat dermal vessels. The result shows the thickness of the dermal layer or the diameters of collagen fibers have no significant changes, and obvious injury like swell or fracture haven't been observed on fibers. From the dermal side, it can be clearly seen that arteriole and venule turned clearer. The blood flow in vessels appears to be slowing down or stopped in a short time, and recovered in 16 min. The results represent for dermal injection of optical clearing agents, 30% glycerol solution is an ideal agent.

In biological tissue, the relative strongly SHG (second-harmonic Generation) will be shown in the collagen and the cell membrane with dye molecules under the irradiation of laser. The SHG has a broad prospect in detecting and imaging of the biological tissue for its non-phototoxicity and non-photobleaching. In biological tissue, not only the SHG intensity and emission angle will have more obvious change, but also the spectrum of the SHG will be subject to certain changes when the temperature in the outside world and its structure got a obviously change. According to Kuzyk and Kruhlak's dipole-free sum-over-states theory which gives a introduction for the nonlinear susceptibilities, the relationship between hyperpolarizability of biological tissue, environment temperature and biological tissue's structure is shown in mathematics. In the conditions of control the temperature in experiments, the biological tissue's structure shift can be detected by analyze the SHG spectrum of biological. Also diverse biological tissues' differences in structure can be demonstrated in the spectrum. The change of SHG spectrum for the same biological tissue with environment temperature is discussed. Therefore, SHG spectroscopy analysis provides a new technology for the process of biological tissue lesions. Beside, this research gives a theory results provided by environment temperature which give an explanation for experiment result.

In Raman detection, the most popular solution for the samples is tri-distilled water. But the effect of aqueous solution is barely studied in Raman spectroscopy. In fact Raman spectroscopy of solid-state and liquid-state are obvious different. In addition, FWHM of Raman spectral peaks also change evidently. In this paper, several samples were selected for the experiment; including sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, glucose and caffeine. By comparing the Raman spectroscopy of samples at different concentrations, it is found that the concentration of the sample can affect the strength of Raman spectroscopy, but it can hardly impact FWHM of Raman spectral peaks. By comparing the Raman spectroscopy of liquid-state with the Raman spectroscopy of solid-state, it is observed that the FWHM of some Raman spectral peaks varied obviously; that may be because when the sample was dissolved into the water, the crystal lattice structure was broken, and for some samples atom form became ion form in aqueous solution. Those structural variations caused the variation of the FWHM. The Raman spectroscopy of caffeine aqueous solution at very low concentration was also detected and analyzed. Compared with the Raman spectra of solid-state samples, it is found that some Raman spectral peaks disappeared when the sample was dissolved in water. It is possible that the low concentration of the sample result in the weakening of Raman signals and the disappearing of some weak Raman spectral peaks. Then Ag nanoparticles were added into the caffeine aqueous solution, the results suggest that surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) not only can enhance the Raman spectral signal, but also can reduce the effect of aqueous solution. It is concluded that the concentration of sample only affects the strength of Raman spectroscopy; the aqueous solution can affect the FWHM of Raman spectral peaks; and SERS can reduce the effect of aqueous solution.

Tm:YAG laser, the wavelength is 2.01μm which is safe for eyes, has very important application at Coherent Laser Radar and surgical medical, and is a kind of ideal laser scalpel. As its wavelength is adjacent to the water absorption peak, the laser energy can be absorbed strongly by water, thus the effect of surgical cutting and evaporation is better than traditional methods, and bring smaller surrounding tissue injury, effective vascular incision condensation. Otherwise, the laser can be carried by ordinary silica fiber. Summarily, Tm:YAG laser is quite suitable for high-precision surgery. In the high-power case, Side-pumped instrument is an efficient one. Then how to select the parameters of the structure of side-pumped laser system has important practical significance for improving the laser performance. For the development and optimization of laser system, rate equation model of quasi-three rank energy levels was used to simulating the absorption process of side-pumped optical by media, laser threshold, efficiency and optimal parameters of activation medium. The results showed that Tm: YAG laser's output energy can achieve the maximum average output power of about 110W under the given parameters. The work can be referred to practice laser performance.

The surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy of DCM dye was firstly present in this paper. We have studied their chloride ion effects on the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activities of the silver solution. For the positive charge dyes, no SERS could be observed without the addition of chloride ions for lack of the electrostatic interaction. The chloride ions served to enlarge silver particles and to contribute the existence of the surface active sites, making the silver solution SERS active to the dye samples. With the change of the DCM concentration, the SERS of DCM show significant change in their features, indicating different orientation changes of the molecule on the colloidal silver surface with DCM concentration. The broad long-wavelength band in the absorption spectra of the silver sol with added DCM at certain concentrations has been explained in terms of the aggregation of the colloidal silver particles.

Microwave thermotherapy (MT) has been an important treatment in oncology. The measurement of temperature during microwave thermotherapy is vital to ensure the safety of normal tissues. Thermoacoustic signals induced are temperature dependent. This phenomenon demonstrates that the thermal parameters are closely related to the generation of thermoacoustic pressure. Here we present the studies on pulsed microwave-induced thermoacoustic signals toward temperature monitoring of tissue thermotherapy. A high power pulsed microwave was used as thermoacoustic excitation source and heating source simultaneously, thermoacoustic pressure was captured by a multi-element linear transducer array. Excellent agreement was obtained between the inversion calculation results and the actual measurement temperature. The results suggest that thermoacoustic signals can be used to monitor thermotherapy temperature, and has the potential of reconstruct the temperature distribution by filter back-projection algorithm. This method has a great potential to develop into an integrated system for pulsed microwave thermotherapy and curative effect monitoring.

By analyzing the relationship between nanotechnology and medical science, especially nanotechnology and acupuncture and moxibustion science, the application of nanotechnological methods for the mechanism research on acupuncture and moxibustion for the treatment of women climacteric syndrome was discussed. It is indicated that nanotechnology is one of the fastest developmental, the most potential and the far-reaching high and new technologies in current world, and it greatly promotes the development of medical science and acupuncture and moxibustion science. Nanotechnology will make the development of acupuncture& moxibustion science possess a unprecedented field. It's pointed out that breakthrough will be achieved from the research of the application of nanotechnology on mechanism research on acupuncture and moxibustion for the treatment of women climacteric syndrome.

This paper presents a transmissive rapid scanning optical delay line (RSOD) for balance detection based optical coherence tomography (OCT). This transmissive RSOD, consisting of a reflective blazed grating, a Fourier lens, a fast-scanning galvo-mirror, a right-angle prism and a mirror, functions for phase modulation, axial scanning and dispersion compensation in OCT just as a reflective RSOD. The developed transmissive RSOD is implemented in OCT for balance detection. Comparison study indicates that improved quality of imaging is archived by the transmissive RSOD based OCT, in contrast to that by a conventional reflective RSOD based OCT.

In this paper, the delayed ultra-weak luminescence (UWL), Nitrate reductase (NR) activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents of maize varieties (Zhengdan958 and Jundan20) under 100 and 200 mmol NaCl stress were analyzed. The results showed that the UWL intensity was decreased and the curve attenuating accelerated under the NaCl stress. With the NaCl concentration increasing, the total photon number reduced more notably, compared with Jundan20, the decreasing of total photon number and the tendency of curve attenuating was more obviously. The activity of Nitrate reductase, which is a key marker reflecting internal physiology status, decrease 18% in Zhengdan958 and 15.4% in Jundan20 under 100 mmol NaCl, while it decreased 28.8% and 31.07 under 200 mmol NaCl, respectively. Contrarily, the ROS contents increased remarkably, ranging from 146% to 116% under different NaCl stress in Zhengdan958 and Jundan20, respectively, the corresponding value at 200 mmol NaCl were increased from 525% to 543%, respectively. Summarized, the NaCl resistance of Jundan20 was superior to Zhengdan958. From these results, it was suggested that UWL decreasing tendency was consisting with the change character of Nitrate reductase activity, and rather the in vivo metabolism reactions than the ROS contents, was the main resources of ultraweak photon emitting. In conclusion, the UWL and the physiological status are closely related, ultra-weak luminescence could be used as a time-saving, sensitive method for evaluating NaCl stress resistance of different maize varieties.

Recently, QDs have attracted enormous attention for their potential applications ranging from physics to medicine. However, the toxicity of QDs impends its development in clinics experiment. In this work, we investigated the reproduction toxicity of QDs for in vitro oocytes matureation. The immatured oocytes of 28 day Kunming mice were harvested and cultured in vitro. And the biocompatible lysine-coated CdSe/CdS/ZnS QDs were incubated with oocytes for a certain periods. Then, each single oocyte-cumulus-complex was visualized under Leica scanning confocal microscope and rendered the 3-dimensional image. After 24 hrs, the maturation rate of oocytes decreased obviously (from 62% to 21.8%) with the concentration of QDs increasing. The 3D rendered images of oocyte-cumulus-complex showed that the most QDs distributed inside the cumulus, but no QDs entered oocytes. In summary, the results suggeste that the oocytes maturation process has high susceptibility for disturbances of QDs. The more QDs were uptaken by cumulus cells, the lower maturation rate of in vitro oocytes. We presume the QD interfere the process of oocytes maturation by dysfunctioning the cumulus cells or disturb the signal-interaction between germ cell and somatic cell. To our best knowledge, this is the first time that 3D visulization methods are used to analysize the reproduction toxicity of in vitro oocytes. The further toxicity mechanism of QDs for oocytes in vitro is undergoing investigation.

In order to enhance the longitudinal resolution and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of Spectral domain OCT (SDOCT), a SDOCT using white light source is developed. By analyzing relationship between axial total number of pixels in the horizontal direction of CCD, spectrum of white-light source and longitudinal resolution, a white-light source SDOCT(WSSDOCT) based on partial spectrum analysis is developed and introduced. Proper white light source required and band width for detection selected, SNR is improved with maximum detecting depth and high longitudinal resolution guaranteed. Experimental results validate the measurement method for the coherence length of the light source, and system and image longitudinal resolution, and also testify the feasibility of WSSDOCT.